Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome: a case report and literature review.

Background: Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly of the pituitary gland characterized by growth hormones deficiency (with or without other pituitary hormone deficiencies) along with radiological features of a thin or interrupted pituitary stalk, an ectopic or absent posterior pituitary, or a hypoplastic or absent anterior pituitary. Case presentation: A 10-year-old baby boy came with short stature. The laboratory investigations were done and showed low growth hormones and low thyroid-stimulating hormone. MRI showed an ectopic posterior pituitary, a small hypoplastic anterior pituitary, and an absent pituitary stalk. Conclusion: Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome is a very rare entity. MRI is used to diagnose it. Early detection of this syndrome improve the patient symptoms especially before puberty.

Latissimus Dorsi Flap Revisited: Coverage of Large Chest Wall Defects Following Mastectomy for Locally Advanced Breast Carcinoma and Angiosarcoma.

BACKGROUND:  The latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap (LDMF) remains a significant tool in the armamentarium of the oncoplastic breast surgeon. Despite declining popularity for reconstruction, owing to the increasing use of implants and free flaps, it still has an important role in certain salvage situations and as a flap to cover large defects. We report our experience with the use of LDMF for immediate coverage of large mastectomy defects when options are limited. METHODS:  Retrospective series of prospectively collected patient records. Patient and tumour characteristics, length of stay, and post-operative and oncologic outcomes are reported. Patients with angiosarcoma were discussed at tertiary sarcoma centres as per national guidelines. Operations were carried out by oncoplastic breast surgeons. The case series was approved by the institutional information governance department in line with institutional requirements for patient data sharing. All patients provided written consent for photography. Descriptive statistics were used to report findings. Median (IQR) was used for continuous variables. RESULTS:  Six women were included, with a median age of 62.5 years, from December 2019 to October 2022. Follow-up ranged from 15 to 49 months. Median tumour size was 72.5 (16.25) mm. Four patients had locally advanced breast carcinoma (LABC), and two had breast angiosarcoma. The donor site and chest wall defects were closed primarily in all cases. Median length of stay was three nights. All mastectomy wounds healed without issues and any delay to their adjuvant treatment. One patient had a minor latissimus dorsi (LD) donor site wound breakdown managed conservatively. Three patients had adjuvant radiotherapy after surgery. Four patients, one after high-grade angiosarcoma and three after aggressive breast carcinoma, had a locoregional recurrence or distant metastases and succumbed within 20 months of surgery. CONCLUSION:  The LDMF can be a reliable option for the primary closure of large post-mastectomy wounds. Its use can lead to timely wound healing, allowing patients to undergo adjuvant treatment without delay. However, the overall oncologic outcomes in patients with LABC and angiosarcoma are poor due to the underlying aggressive tumour biology. Long-term outcomes are to be interpreted with caution due to the small number of patients with diverse pathologic features.

Relative risk factors for seropositive hepatitis E virus among blood donors and haemodialysis patients: The pivotal role of primary health care education.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis E virus is a zoonotic virus with a worldwide epidemic outbreak. The aim of the study was to identify relative risk factors and co-infections concerning the seropositive HEV IgG among blood donors and haemodialysis (HD) patients in the central blood bank and renal dialysis centre in Wad Medani city, Gezira State, Sudan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that included 600 participants, among them 180 showed strong seropositive HEV IgG. The structured questionnaire was used to collect data of the participants' demographics, disease risk factors and HEV IgG co-infections with HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis. RESULTS: Among the 180 strong seropositive HEV IgG respondents, 84 were blood donors and 96 were haemodialysis patients. The gender and age (18-30 years) had a significant association with the virus exposure (P = 0.000, P = 0.000). Importantly, a significant association of HEV prevalence due to the localities effect exhibited with the highest rate among South Gezira (OR = 38, CI = 14.1-107; P = 0.000). This also observed in Wad Medani, Umm Algura, East Gezira and Managil localities (P = 0.000). The effect of the animal contact on HEV distribution exerted the significant association among the respondents for blood donors and haemodialysis patients in univariate (OR = 4.09, 95% CI 1.5-10.9; P = 0.005) and multivariate (OR = 3.2, CI = 1.1-9.4; P = 0.027) analysis. CONCLUSION: The relative risk factors of the HEV seroprevalence were gender, age, locality and animal contact. Besides the need of a regular survey for the virus seroprevalence, primary health care physicians can play pivotal role in health education, especially in rural areas of Sudan. In addition, primary health care physicians in Sudan are expected to establish strategies and plans to eradicate and minimise the health impact of HEV.

Current margin practice and effect on re-excision rates following the publication of the SSO-ASTRO consensus and ABS consensus guidelines: a national prospective study of 2858 women undergoing breast-conserving therapy in the UK and Ireland.

INTRODUCTION: There is variation in margin policy for breast conserving therapy (BCT) in the UK and Ireland. In response to the Society of Surgical Oncology and American Society for Radiation Oncology (SSO-ASTRO) margin consensus ('no ink on tumour' for invasive and 2 mm for ductal carcinoma in situ [DCIS]) and the Association of Breast Surgery (ABS) consensus (1 mm for invasive and DCIS), we report on current margin practice and unit infrastructure in the UK and Ireland and describe how these factors impact on re-excision rates. METHODS: A trainee collaborative-led multicentre prospective study was conducted in the UK and Ireland between 1st February and 31st May 2016. Data were collected on consecutive BCT patients and on local infrastructure and policies. RESULTS: A total of 79 sites participated in the data collection (75% screening units; average 372 cancers annually, range 70-900). For DCIS, 53.2% of units accept 1 mm and 38% accept 2-mm margins. For invasive disease 77.2% accept 1 mm and 13.9% accept 'no ink on tumour'. A total of 2858 patients underwent BCT with a mean re-excision rate of 17.2% across units (range 0-41%). The re-excision rate would be reduced to 15% if all units applied SSO-ASTRO guidelines and to 14.8% if all units followed ABS guidelines. Of those who required re-operation, 65% had disease present at margin. CONCLUSION: There continues to be large variation in margin policy and re-excision rates across units. Altering margin policies to follow either SSO-ASTRO or ABS guidelines would result in a modest reduction in the national re-excision rate. Most re-excisions are for involved margins rather than close margins.

Oncological outcome and patient satisfaction with skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction: a prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: The management of early breast cancer (BC) with skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) is not based on level-1 evidence. In this study, the oncological outcome, post-operative morbidity and patients' satisfaction with SSM and IBR using the latissimus dorsi (LD) myocutaneous flap and/or breast prosthesis is evaluated. METHODS: 137 SSMs with IBR (10 bilateral) were undertaken in 127 consecutive women, using the LD flap plus implant (n = 85), LD flap alone (n = 1) or implant alone (n = 51), for early BC (n = 130) or prophylaxis (n = 7). Nipple reconstruction was performed in 69 patients, using the trefoil local flap technique (n = 61), nipple sharing (n = 6), skin graft (n = 1) and Monocryl mesh (n = 1). Thirty patients underwent contra-lateral procedures to enhance symmetry, including 19 augmentations and 11 mastopexy/reduction mammoplasties. A linear visual analogue scale was used to assess patient satisfaction with surgical outcome, ranging from 0 (not satisfied) to 10 (most satisfied). RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 36 months (range = 6-101 months) there were no local recurrences. Overall breast cancer specific survival was 99.2%, 8 patients developed distant disease and 1 died of metastatic BC. There were no cases of partial or total LD flap loss. Morbidities included infection, requiring implant removal in 2 patients and 1 patient developed marginal ischaemia of the skin envelope. Chemotherapy was delayed in 1 patient due to infection. Significant capsule formation, requiring capsulotomy, was observed in 85% of patients who had either post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMR) or prior radiotherapy (RT) compared with 13% for those who had not received RT. The outcome questionnaire was completed by 82 (64.6%) of 127 patients with a median satisfaction score of 9 (range = 5-10). CONCLUSION: SSM with IBR is associated with low morbidity, high levels of patient satisfaction and is oncologically safe for T(is), T1 and T2 tumours without extensive skin involvement.

Revascularization of kidney allograft after renal artery occlusion secondary to angioplasty.

Arterial thrombosis causing complete occlusion is a rare event in the natural history of a transplanted allograft; an incidence of 1.4% has been reported. This condition usually results from technical problems, hyperacute rejection, severe atherosclerosis, or injury to donor or recipient arteries. The treatment of choice is transplant nephrectomy. We report a case of renal artery occlusion after a therapeutic radiological procedure and subsequent salvaging of the graft. The case report shows that an aggressive surgical approach toward restoring circulation is worth the effort.

National survey of anticoagulation policy in endoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Anticoagulated patients who need to undergo endoscopy present unique challenges to the gastroenterologist. The continuation of anticoagulant therapy increases the risk of haemorrhagic complications of gastrointestinal endoscopy. Reversing the anticoagulation increases the risk of thromboembolism. In our experience in various endoscopy units, there are variable policies on the management of anticoagulated patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy. METHODS: To study the current practice, survey questionnaires were sent to 2320 doctors, working in 231 hospitals across the United Kingdom. RESULTS: Responses were obtained from 219 hospitals (94.8%), but only from 434 doctors (18.7%). The results show 40.8% endoscopists continued the patients on warfarin when performing a planned upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, whereas 26% stopped it; 33.2% gave varying reports, that is, they used their own judgement according to the disease for which the anticoagulant was being given. For planned lower gastrointestinal endoscopy, 48.7% doctors preferred to stop warfarin; 53.3% of the endoscopists stated that they have a policy in place at their hospital for both upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy in anticoagulated patients; 5.5% had a policy for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy only and 6.2% for lower gastrointestinal endoscopy only. Thirty-five per cent doctors reported that they did not have any standard policy. We compared the responses from within a hospital to see whether the doctors were uniformly aware of an existing policy in their hospital. For upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, the responses were the same (either yes or no) by 51% of the doctors, whereas they were different by 49%. For lower gastrointestinal endoscopies, the same response was given by 49% of the doctors, whereas 51% gave different answers. The poor response rate from the doctors, however, makes firm interpretation of the data difficult. CONCLUSIONS: A wide variation in practice is seen across the country. A robust national guideline to streamline the endoscopy practice in anticoagulated patients is needed.

The presence of glomerular sclerosis at time zero has a significant impact on function after cadaveric renal transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: The aim was to determine the impact of donor glomerulosclerosis on allograft outcome. METHODS: The percentage of glomerular sclerosis (%GS) was calculated in protocol biopsies taken at engraftment. Clinical variables were obtained from the Welsh Transplantation Research Group (WTRG) database. RESULTS: Of 210 allografts, 129 showed %GS=0, but 81 kidneys showed %GS between 1 and 60. Patients with %GS=0 had the highest glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at 1 year (62.0 mL/min) and the slowest deterioration of function (-3.8 mL/min per year). Patients with %GS greater than 20 had the lowest GFR at 1 year (36.0 mL/min) and the steepest rate of deterioration (-9.0 mL/min per year). The %GS of 10 alone can reduce GFR at 4 years by 8 mL/min, a similar reduction to a single rejection episode or an increase in donor age of 30 years. Actuarial 5-year graft survival for %GS=0 was 80%, and for %GS greater than 20 was 35% ( P=0.04). CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that a biopsy taken at procurement will provide information for the most appropriate allocation of a kidney.