Comorbidity clusters in generalized osteoarthritis among female patients: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of comorbidities among female patients with generalized osteoarthritis (GOA) in comparison to an age- and sex matched control group. To identify clusters of comorbidities in both groups. METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted. Consecutive female patients with hand and knee osteoarthritis according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria were invited to participate in the study. A control group of participants without musculoskeletal symptoms, history or evidence of osteoarthritis or inflammatory rheumatic disease were also included. Cardiovascular, obstructive pulmonary, gastrointestinal, endocrine, neurological, malignant diseases and depression were recorded in both groups. In both study groups comorbidity cluster and factor analysis was performed. RESULTS: The study population included 200 GOA and 200 control participants. The following comorbidities were observed adjusted to Bonferroni correction with a significantly higher prevalence among individuals with GOA: hypertension, uterine leiomyoma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, diverticulosis, upper gastrointestinal tract ulcers, depression, diseases with vertigo (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and vertebrobasilar insufficiency) and surgery due to otoclerosis. In the GOA group 5 clusters were identified with different comorbidity patterns. CONCLUSION: We report a high comorbidity rate in GOA. Cluster analysis allowed us to identify different comorbidity subsets for vascular, gastrointestinal and malignant gynaecological disorders. Further research is required to understand the links between GOA and non-musculoskeletal comorbidities.

Reduced volumes of the CA1 and CA4-dentate gyrus hippocampal subfields in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Introduction There is evidence for hippocampal dysfunctions in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which may contribute to neuropsychiatric impairments. However, fine structural alterations of the hippocampus have not been investigated in SLE. Methods We measured the volume of hippocampal subfields in 18 SLE patients and 20 healthy control individuals matched for age, gender, and education. The MRI protocol included structural T1 volumes (Philips Achieva 3T scanner, magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo (MPRAGE)). For image processing, we used the neuGRID platform and the longitudinal pipeline of FreeSurfer v6.0 with the "hipposubfields" flag. Results Patients with SLE showed reduced volumes of CA1 (Cornu Ammonis 1) and CA4-dentate gyrus subfields relative to the control individuals. Smaller CA1 volumes were associated with worse performance on the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination. Conclusions These preliminary results indicate a prominent vulnerability and functional relevance of the CA1 hippocampal subfield in SLE.

EULAR/EFORT recommendations for management of patients older than 50†years with a fragility fracture and prevention of subsequent fractures.

The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the European Federation of National Associations of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (EFORT) have recognised the importance of optimal acute care for the patients aged 50 years and over with a recent fragility fracture and the prevention of subsequent fractures in high-risk patients, which can be facilitated by close collaboration between orthopaedic surgeons and rheumatologists or other metabolic bone experts. Therefore, the aim was to establish for the first time collaborative recommendations for these patients. According to the EULAR standard operating procedures for the elaboration and implementation of evidence-based recommendations, 7 rheumatologists, a geriatrician and 10 orthopaedic surgeons met twice under the leadership of 2 convenors, a senior advisor, a clinical epidemiologist and 3 research fellows. After defining the content and procedures of the task force, 10 research questions were formulated, a comprehensive and systematic literature search was performed and the results were presented to the entire committee. 10 recommendations were formulated based on evidence from the literature and after discussion and consensus building in the group. The recommendations included appropriate medical and surgical perioperative care, which requires, especially in the elderly, a multidisciplinary approach including orthogeriatric care. A coordinator should setup a process for the systematic investigations for future fracture risk in all elderly patients with a recent fracture. High-risk patients should have appropriate non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment to decrease the risk of subsequent fracture.

Vertebral Scheuermann's disease in Europe: prevalence, geographic variation and radiological correlates in men and women aged 50 and over.

UNLABELLED: In 27 centres across Europe, the prevalence of deforming spinal Scheuermann's disease in age-stratified population-based samples of over 10,000 men and women aged 50+ averaged 8% in each sex, but was highly variable between centres. Low DXA BMD was un-associated with Scheuermann's, helping the differential diagnosis from osteoporosis. INTRODUCTION: This study aims to assess the prevalence of Scheuermann's disease of the spine across Europe in men and women over 50 years of age, to quantitate its association with bone mineral density (BMD) and to assess its role as a confounder for the radiographic diagnosis of osteoporotic fracture. METHODS: In 27 centres participating in the population-based European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study (EVOS), standardised lateral radiographs of the lumbar and of the thoracic spine from T4 to L4 were assessed in all those of adequate quality. The presence of Scheuermann's disease, a confounder for prevalent fracture in later life, was defined by the presence of at least one Schmorl's node or irregular endplate together with kyphosis (sagittal Cobb angle >40° between T4 and T12) or a wedged-shaped vertebral body. Alternatively, the (rare) Edgren-Vaino sign was taken as diagnostic. The 6-point-per-vertebral-body (13 vertebrae) method was used to assess osteoporotic vertebral shape and fracture caseness. DXA BMD of the L2-L4 and femoral neck regions was measured in subsets. We also assessed the presence of Scheuermann's by alternative published algorithms when these used the radiographic signs we assessed. RESULTS: Vertebral radiographic images from 4486 men and 5655 women passed all quality checks. Prevalence of Scheuermann's varied considerably between centres, and based on random effect modelling, the overall European prevalence using our method was 8% with no significant difference between sexes. The highest prevalences were seen in Germany, Sweden, the UK and France and low prevalences were seen in Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. Centre-level prevalences in men and women were highly correlated. Scheuermann's was not associated with BMD of the spine or hip. CONCLUSIONS: Since most of the variation in population impact of Scheuermann's was unaccounted for by the radiological and anthropometric data, the search for new genetic and environmental determinants of this disease is encouraged.

Comparative statistical analysis of osteoporosis treatment based on Hungarian claims data and interpretation of the results in respect to cost-effectiveness.

UNLABELLED: The efficacy of interventions used in real life for the treatment of osteoporosis has not been evaluated on a national basis. We analysed the database of the single Hungarian health care provider between 2004 and 2010. A marked reduction in fracture incidence and hospitalization was seen, which also proved to be cost-effective. INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis and its consequences place a significant burden on the health care systems of developed countries. Present therapeutic modalities are effective in reducing the risk of fractures caused by osteoporosis. However, we do not know whether the interventions introduced in the past 15 years have significantly reduced the number of osteoporotic fractures in real life, and if yes, how cost-effectively. METHODS: The database of the National Health Insurance Fund Administration in Hungary was analysed for the period between 2004 and 2010. Two specific patient groups were identified within the population. Patients, who were under osteoporosis treatment in more than 80% of the potential treatment days in three consecutive years (patients with high compliance), were compared with patients where this ratio was under 20% (patients with low compliance). Several statistical comparative models were implemented in order to capture a complete picture on the differences. Because of natural data heterogeneity of administration databases, propensity matching was applied as well. RESULTS: Comparing treated vs. control subjects, patients with high compliance showed a significant decrease in fracture risk and hospitalization, which was more robust after propensity adjustment. On the basis of the observed statistically significant differences, cost-effectiveness analysis was implemented. Utility loss due the observed fractures was compared with the total cost differences of the two arms based on modelling. Our calculations proved the cost-effectiveness of the long-term high compliance in real world settings. CONCLUSION: Our findings infer that the standardized and uniform health care of osteoporotic patients in a country may reduce general fracture incidence and hospitalization in a cost-effective way.

Aseptic necrosis at multiple localisations in a lupus patient with lymphoma.

Avascular or aseptic necrosis is a well-defined entity leading to the degradation of cellular elements of the bone. The pathogenesis of osteonecrosis (ON) is still unknown. There are two main types of ON: traumatic or non-traumatic. Several clinical entities could associate with ON, systemic diseases, environmental factors, pregnancy, systemic autoimmune or rheumatic diseases, thrombophilia, corticosteroid therapy, cytotoxic dugs, infections, metabolic and hematologic diseases, etc. Corticosteroids (CS) are still the most frequently used therapeutic options in the early phase and during flares of these diseases. Inflammatory cytokines and antibodies have been described to participate in the pathogenesis of ON. The infiltrative disorders of the bone marrow could also contribute to the development of ON. Hereby, we describe a female patient with NHL followed by SLE in whom ON has developed at least in two localisations. Lupus flare, long-term CS therapy, lymphoma relapse or the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies were excluded. Although the bi-localised ON could be contributed to immunologic factors or trauma, the exact aetiology in this case could not be elucidated.

The immunopathological role of vitamin D in patients with SLE: data from a single centre registry in Hungary.

OBJECTIVES: Disproportionate vitamin D levels may play an important role in the development of certain systemic autoimmune and rheumatic diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to compare serological and clinical parameters in patients with different vitamin D levels from a single centre registry in Central-Eastern Europe. METHODS: A total of 177 patients with SLE were enrolled in the study. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). Autoantibody profiles, complement 3 (C3) and C4, clinical symptoms, and disease activity (using the SLE disease activity index, SLEDAI) of the patients were assessed. RESULTS: Vitamin D concentration in the total SLE group investigated was 26.88 ± 13.25 ng/mL. Vitamin D levels were normal (≥ 30 ng/mL) in 18.1% of patients, insufficient (15-30 ng/mL) in 44.6%, and deficient (< 15 ng/mL) in 37.3%. The vitamin levels were significantly reduced in postmenopausal compared to premenopausal patients (p = 0.02). Patients with pericarditis (p = 0.013), neuropsychiatric diseases (p = 0.01), and deep vein thrombosis (p = 0.014) had reduced vitamin D levels. SLEDAI score was significantly increased in patients with reduced vitamin D levels (p = 0.038). Anti-double-stranded (ds)DNA autoantibody concentrations increased from normal to insufficient and further increased from insufficient to deficient patient subsets (p = 0.021). Anti-Smith antigen (anti-Sm) concentrations increased (p < 0.001), C4 levels decreased (p = 0.027), and immunoglobulin (Ig)G concentration increased (p = 0.034) in patients with reduced vitamin D levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that vitamin D deficiency in SLE may play a role in perpetuation of the disease.

Variants of the IL23R gene are associated with ankylosing spondylitis but not with Sjögren syndrome in Hungarian population samples.

Recently, associations were found between several autoimmune diseases and functional variants of interleukin-23 receptor (IL23R) gene; here, we studied the possible association of nine polymorphisms of IL23R with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and with Sjögren syndrome (SS). In our study, we genotyped groups of patients with AS (n = 206), SS (n = 156) and healthy controls (n = 235) for rs11805303, rs10889677, rs1004819, rs2201841, rs11209032, rs11209026, rs10489629, rs7517847 and rs7530511 variants using PCR-RFLP methods. We observed significant increase in the carriage of the T allele of rs11805303 and the A allele of rs1004189 in the AS group compared with the controls. For the rs10889677 variant, the prevalence of the AA genotype and for the rs2201841, the CC genotype showed a more than two-fold increase in the AS group compared with the controls. By contrast, the GA heterozygous genotype of rs11209026 variant showed a significant decrease in AS patients compared with controls. Haplotype analysis revealed association of four IL23R haplotypes with AS. There was no difference in the distribution of any of the examined IL23R variants between controls and SS patients. In conclusion, we confirmed the susceptibility or protective associations of IL23R polymorphisms with AS in a Hungarian population and first demonstrated the involvement of the rs11805303 intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms, which was tested so far only for other autoimmune diseases.

Role of HLA-DRB1 and PTPN22 genes in susceptibility to juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Hungarian patients.

OBJECTIVE: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a complex immune-mediated disease characterized by environmental influences along with several predisposing genes in the pathogenesis. The present study was undertaken to investigate the association of polymorphisms in two candidate genes for autoimmunity, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1 and protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 (PTPN22) with JIA in Hungarian patients. METHODS: A case-control study including 150 Hungarian JIA patients and 200 sex and ethnically matched healthy controls was conducted. Genotyping for HLA-DRB1 and PTPN22 C1858T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs2476601) was carried out by group-specific PCR amplification and by real-time PCR allelic discrimination, respectively. RESULTS: In Hungarian patients JIA was associated with HLA-DRB1*01, DRB1*08, DRB1*13 (p=0.048, p=0.002, p=0.019, respectively) with marked differences between the disease subtypes classified according to the ILAR criteria. There was no association of the PTPN22 C1858T SNP with JIA (p=0.66). No correlation was found between the presence of this PTPN22 SNP and HLA-DRB1 alleles. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that certain HLA-DRB1 alleles reported previously as susceptibility factors are strongly associated with JIA in a Hungarian population. However, C1858T polymorphism of PTPN22, another candidate gene of autoimmunity seems to be independent of JIA in Hungarian patients. Our data taken together with various findings in different populations suggest that associations related to PTPN22 seem to be more ethnicity-specific in contrast to the general and less population-dependent role of HLA-DRB1 in JIA.

Geographic and other determinants of BMD change in European men and women at the hip and spine. a population-based study from the Network in Europe for Male Osteoporosis (NEMO).

INTRODUCTION: While the determinants of BMD change have been studied in women, there have been few longitudinal studies in men. As part of the Network in Europe for Male Osteoporosis (NEMO) study, data were analysed from 1337 men and 1722 women aged 50-86y (mean=67 years) from 13 centres across Europe to assess determinants of BMD change and between-gender contrasts. METHODS: BMD was measured at the femoral neck, trochanter and/or L2-L4 spine on 2 occasions 0.8-8 years apart (mean=3.5 years) using DXA densitometers manufactured by Hologic (n=6), Lunar (n=5) and Norland (n=2). Each was cross-calibrated using the European Spine Phantom and annual rates of BMD change (g/cm(2)/year) were calculated from the standardised paired BMD values. The EPOS risk factor questionnaire was administered at baseline. RESULTS: In multivariate linear regression models, there were large between centre differences in the mean rates of BMD change in all 3 sites for both genders (P<0.0001) with the standard deviation of the between centre heterogeneity in the adjusted means being 0.005 g/cm(2)/year at the femoral neck. The overall adjusted mean annual rates of BMD change in g/cm(2)/year (95% CI) pooled across centres by random effects meta-analysis in men were: femoral neck -0.005 (-0.009, -0.001); trochanter -0.003 (-0.006, -0.001); and spine 0.000 (-0.004, 0.004). In women the respective estimates were: -0.007 (-0.009, -0.005); -0.004 (-0.006, -0.003); and -0.005 (-0.008, -0.001). The I(2) statistic for heterogeneity was between 81% and 94%, indicating strong evidence of between centre heterogeneity. Higher baseline BMD value was associated with subsequent greater decline in BMD (P<0.001). Preserved BMD was associated with higher baseline body weight in all 3 sites in men (P<0.012) but not in women. Weight gain preserved BMD (P<0.039) in all 3 sites for both genders, except the male spine. Increasing age was associated with faster BMD decline at the trochanter in both genders (P<0.026) and with a slower rate of decline at the female spine (P=0.002). Effects of lifestyle, physical activity, medications, and reproductive factors were not consistent across sites or between genders. CONCLUSION: These results show major geographic variations in rates of BMD change in men and women over 50 years of age across diverse European populations and demonstrate that body weight and weight gain are key determinants of BMD change in men.

Whom to treat? The contribution of vertebral X-rays to risk-based algorithms for fracture prediction. Results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study.

INTRODUCTION: Vertebral fracture is a strong risk factor for future spine and hip fractures; yet recent data suggest that only 5-20% of subjects with a spine fracture are identified in primary care. We aimed to develop easily applicable algorithms predicting a high risk of future spine fracture in men and women over 50 years of age. METHODS: Data was analysed from 5,561 men and women aged 50+ years participating in the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). Lateral thoracic and lumbar spine radiographs were taken at baseline and at an average of 3.8 years later. These were evaluated by an experienced radiologist. The risk of a new (incident) vertebral fracture was modelled as a function of age, number of prevalent vertebral fractures, height loss, sex and other fracture history reported by the subject, including limb fractures occurring between X-rays. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare the predictive ability of models. RESULTS: In a negative binomial regression model without baseline X-ray data, the risk of incident vertebral fracture significantly increased with age [RR 1.74, 95% CI (1.44, 2.10) per decade], height loss [1.08 (1.04, 1.12) per cm decrease], female sex [1.48 (1.05, 2.09)], and recalled fracture history; [1.65 (1.15, 2.38) to 3.03 (1.66, 5.54)] according to fracture site. Baseline radiological assessment of prevalent vertebral fracture significantly improved the areas subtended by ROC curves from 0.71 (0.67, 0.74) to 0.74 (0.70, 0.77) P=0.013 for predicting 1+ incident fracture; and from 0.74 (0.67, 0.81) to 0.83 (0.76, 0.90) P=0.001 for 2+ incident fractures. Age, sex and height loss remained independently predictive. The relative risk of a new vertebral fracture increased with the number of prevalent vertebral fractures present from 3.08 (2.10, 4.52) for 1 fracture to 9.36 (5.72, 15.32) for 3+. At a specificity of 90%, the model including X-ray data improved the sensitivity for predicting 2+ and 1+ incident fractures by 6 and 4 fold respectively compared with random guessing. At 75% specificity the improvements were 3.2 and 2.4 fold respectively. With the modelling restricted to the subjects who had BMD measurements (n=2,409), the AUC for predicting 1+ vs. 0 incident vertebral fractures improved from 0.72 (0.66, 0.79) to 0.76 (0.71, 0.82) upon adding femoral neck BMD (P=0.010). CONCLUSION: We conclude that for those with existing vertebral fractures, an accurately read spine X-ray will form a central component in future algorithms for targeting treatment, especially to the most vulnerable. The sensitivity of this approach to identifying vertebral fracture cases requiring anti-osteoporosis treatment, even when X-rays are ordered highly selectively, exceeds by a large margin the current standard of practice as recorded anywhere in the world.

Lack of genetic association of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms with spondylarthropathies in a Hungarian population.

OBJECTIVES: Bacteria have long been suggested as aetiological factors in the genetically susceptible host in spondylarthropathies, including ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and reactive arthritis (ReA). Variability of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene has been shown to play a role in the inflammatory response to certain bacterial infections. We investigated whether TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms contribute to the genetic background of spondylarthropathies in a cohort of Hungarian patients with AS and ReA. METHODS: DNA was obtained from patients with AS (n=138), ReA (n=91) and ethnically matched healthy controls (n=140). Genotyping was carried out by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and the results were confirmed by direct sequencing. RESULTS: No significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies were observed between controls and either the AS patients or the ReA patients. Clinical characteristics of these groups were unrelated to the presence of any of these polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS: Toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms do not contribute to disease susceptibility in either AS or ReA. Functional abnormalities of the TLR4 signalling pathway suggested in spondylarthropathies seem not to be genetically determined by these two common polymorphisms.

Low BMD is less predictive than reported falls for future limb fractures in women across Europe: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study.

We have previously shown that center- and sex-specific fall rates explained one-third of between-center variation in upper limb fractures across Europe. In this current analysis, our aim was to determine how much of the between-center variation in fractures could be attributed to repeated falling, bone mineral density (BMD), and other risk factors in individuals, and to compare the relative contributions of center-specific BMD vs. center-specific fall rates. A clinical history of fracture was assessed prospectively in 2451 men and 2919 women aged 50-80 from 20 centers participating in the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS) using standardized questionnaires (mean follow-up = 3 years). Bone mineral density (BMD, femoral neck, trochanter, and/or spine) was measured in 2103 men and 2565 women at these centers. Cox regression was used to model the risk of incident fracture as a function of the person-specific covariates: age, BMD, personal fracture history (PFH), family hip fracture history (FAMHIP), time spent walking/cycling, number of 'all falls' and falls not causing fracture ('fracture-free') during follow-up, alcohol consumption, and body mass index. Center effects were modeled by inclusion of multiplicative gamma-distributed random effects, termed center-shared frailty (CSF), with mean 1 and finite variance theta (theta) acting on the hazard rate. The relative contributions of center-specific fall risk and center-specific BMD on the incidence of limb fractures were evaluated as components of CSF. In women, the risk of any incident nonspine fracture (n = 190) increased with age, PFH, FAMHIP, > or =1 h/day walking/cycling, and number of 'all falls' during follow-up (all P < 0.074). 'Fracture-free' falls (P = 0.726) and femoral neck BMD did not have a significant effect at the individual level, but there was a significant center-shared frailty effect (theta = 0.271, P = 0.001) that was reduced by 4% after adjusting for mean center BMD and reduced by 19% when adjusted for mean center fall rate. Femoral trochanter BMD was a significant determinant of lower limb fractures (n = 53, P = 0.014) and the center-shared frailty effect was significant for upper limb fractures (theta = 0.271, P = 0.011). This upper limb fracture center effect was unchanged after adjusting for mean center BMD but was reduced by 36% after adjusting for center mean fall rates. In men, risk of any nonspine fracture (n = 75) increased with PFH, fall during follow-up (P < 0.026), and with a decrease in trochanteric BMD [RR 1.38 (1.08, 1.79) per 1 SD decrease]. There was no center effect evident (theta = 0.081, P = 0.096). We conclude that BMD alone cannot be validly used to discriminate between the risk of upper limb fractures across populations without taking account of population-specific variations in fall risk and other factors. These variations might reflect shared environmental or possibly genetic factors that contribute quite substantially to the risk of upper limb fractures in women.

Back pain, disability, and radiographic vertebral fracture in European women: a prospective study.

Vertebral fractures are associated with back pain and disability. There are, however, few prospective data looking at back pain and disability following identification of radiographic vertebral fracture. The aim of this analysis was to determine the impact of radiographically identified vertebral fracture on the subsequent occurrence of back pain and disability. Women aged 50 years and over were recruited from population registers in 18 European centers for participation in the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study. Participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire which included questions about back pain in the past year and various activities of daily living, and they had lateral spine radiographs performed. Participants in these centers were followed prospectively and had repeat spine radiographs performed a mean of 3.7 years later. In addition they completed a questionnaire with the same baseline questions concerning back pain and activities of daily living. The presence of prevalent and incident vertebral fracture was defined using established morphometric criteria. The data were analyzed using logistic regression with back pain or disability (present or absent) at follow-up as the outcome variable with adjustment made for the baseline value of the variable. The study included 2,260 women, mean age 62.2 years. The mean time between baseline and follow-up survey was 5.0 years. Two hundred and forty participants had prevalent fractures at the baseline survey, and 85 developed incident fractures during follow-up. After adjustment for age, center, and the baseline level of disability, compared with those without baseline prevalent fracture, those with a prevalent fracture (odds ratio [OR] = 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0 to 2.0) or an incident fracture (OR = 1.7; 95% CI, 0.9 to 3.2) were more likely to report disability at follow-up, though the confidence intervals embraced unity. Those with both a prevalent and incident fracture, however, were significantly more likely to report disability at follow-up (OR = 3.1; 95% CI, 1.4 to 7.0). After adjustment for age, center, and frequency of back pain at baseline, compared with those without baseline vertebral fracture, those with a prevalent fracture were no more likely to report back pain at follow-up (OR = 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8 to 1.7). There was a small increased risk among those with a preexisting fracture who had sustained an incident fracture during follow-up (OR = 1.6; 95% CI, 0.6 to 4.1) though the confidence intervals embraced unity. In conclusion, although there was no significant increase in the level of back pain an average of 5 years following identification of radiographic vertebral fracture, women who suffered a further fracture during follow-up experienced substantial levels of disability with impairment in key physical functions of independent living.

Vitamin D receptor, oestrogen receptor-alpha and calcium-sensing receptor genotypes, bone mineral density and biochemical markers in Paget's disease of bone.

OBJECTIVES: The significance of genetic polymorphisms in the development of Paget's disease of bone is unclear at present. METHODS: We analysed the BsmI polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, the PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms of the oestrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha) gene, and the A986S polymorphism of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) gene in 69 pagetic patients and 120 healthy subjects. We also examined the relationship of these polymorphisms with lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD as well as with biochemical parameters (serum alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone) in Paget's disease. RESULTS: The XbaI and PvuII genotype distributions of the ER alpha gene were significantly different between patients with Paget's disease and control subjects (P<0.001). Also, the CaSR A986S genotype frequency was significantly different between pagetic patients and controls (P<0.01). No significant effect of gene polymorphisms on BMD or biochemical parameters of bone turnover was observed. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the ER alpha PvuII/XbaI and CaSR A986S polymorphisms may contribute to genetic susceptibility to Paget's disease. However, further studies are required to investigate the underlying pathomechanism and to replicate the associations.

Efficacy and safety of leflunomide 10 mg versus 20 mg once daily in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: multinational double-blind, randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety profile of two daily maintenance doses of leflunomide, 10 mg and 20 mg, for the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: In this multinational, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study, 402 RA patients were randomized equally to receive daily doses of 10 mg leflunomide (n = 202; loading dose on day 3, 100 mg) or 20 mg leflunomide (n = 200; loading dose on day 1-3, 100 mg) for 24 weeks. The study was designed to demonstrate non-inferiority of the efficacy of 10 mg compared with 20 mg by calculating 95% confidence intervals for differences in changes in tender joint count (TJC), swollen joint count (SJC) and Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ DI), comparing these confidence intervals with predefined bounds. RESULTS: In the intent-to-treat population, mean improvements at the end-point in the 10 and 20 mg groups respectively were: TJC, -7.57 and -8.89 (P = 0.061); SJC, -6.38 and -6.96 (P = 0.304); and HAQ DI, 0-0.37 and 0-0.49 (P = 0.095). By American College of Rheumatology (ACR) > or =20% criteria, response rates were 49.8 and 56.6% respectively (P = 0.1724). Adverse events (AEs) resulting in treatment withdrawal were higher in the 10 mg (15.3%) than in the 20 mg treatment group (12.0%), as were serious adverse events (SAEs): 12.9 vs 10.0%. CONCLUSIONS: This study rejected the hypothesis of non-inferiority of 10 mg compared with 20 mg daily maintenance doses of leflunomide. More AEs resulting in treatment discontinuation and SAEs in patients receiving 10 mg leflunomide daily also support a better efficacy profile for the 20 mg daily dose.

Lumiracoxib is effective in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a 13 week, randomised, double blind study versus placebo and celecoxib.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and safety of lumiracoxib with placebo and celecoxib for osteoarthritis OA in a 13 week, multicentre, randomised, double blind study. METHODS: After a 37 day washout period for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, 1702 patients with knee OA were randomised to lumiracoxib 200 or 400 mg once daily od, celecoxib 200 mg od, or placebo 2221. A visual analogue scale VAS pain intensity > or =40 mm was required. Primary efficacy variables were OA pain intensity VAS mm in the target knee, patients global assessment of disease activity VAS mm, and WOMAC pain subscale and total scores at 13 weeks. OA pain intensity, patients and physicians global assessment of disease activity, and WOMAC total and all subscale scores were analysed by visit as secondary variables. RESULTS: Lumiracoxib showed significant improvements in all primary and secondary variables compared with placebo. Lumiracoxib 200 mg od and celecoxib 200 mg od achieved similar improvements in OA pain intensity and functional status. Lumiracoxib 400 mg od demonstrated better efficacy for OA pain intensity and patients global assessment of disease activity at weeks 2, 4, and 8 and similar efficacy at week 13 compared with celecoxib 200 mg od. The incidence of adverse events AEs, serious AEs, and discontinuations due to AEs was similar in each group. CONCLUSION: Lumiracoxib demonstrated significant improvement in OA pain intensity, patients global assessment of disease activity, and the WOMAC pain subscale and total scores compared with placebo. Lumiracoxib was well tolerated in this study, with overall tolerability similar to that of placebo and celecoxib.

Effect of bisphosphonate treatment in patients with Paget's disease of the skull.

OBJECTIVES: Hearing loss has long been known to be a complication of Paget's disease of bone. The aim of this study was to investigate Paget's disease of the temporal bone with special attention to hearing loss. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with skull involvement were treated with either pamidronate or tiludronate. Imaging included radiography, quantitative bone scintigraphy (QBS), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and high-resolution computed tomographic (HRCT) scanning. Audiometric assessment was also performed. RESULTS: Twenty-three of the 25 patients with skull involvement suffered from hearing loss. Bisphosphonate treatment resulted in a decreased serum total alkaline phosphatase (serum tAP) level and QBS ratio, and also seemed to improve the complaints of the patients. HRCT demonstrated involvement of the middle ear ossicles (n = 7), involvement of the petrous pyramids (n = 14), demineralization of the otic capsule (n = 10), porosis pericochlearis (n = 8), narrowing of the external auditory meatus (n = 12), mastoid process thickening (n = 5) and stapedial footplate thickening (n = 4). The audiometric examination did not show any significant changes 1 yr after bisphosphonate treatment. CONCLUSIONS: HRCT imaging is a well suited tool for demonstrating the complication of Paget's disease. QBS and measurement of serum tAP level may also be regarded as useful techniques for monitoring treatment. However, hearing may remain impaired in spite of the improved scintigraphy and laboratory parameters, therefore, audiometric assessment is also important in pagetic patients with skull involvement.

Health-related quality of life and radiographic vertebral fracture.

BACKGROUND: Vertebral fractures are associated with back pain and disability; however, relatively little is known about the impact of radiographic vertebral fractures on quality of life in population samples. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of a recent radiographic vertebral fracture on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS: Men and women aged 50 years and over were recruited from population registers in 12 European centers. Subjects completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire and had lateral spine radiographs performed. Subjects in these centers were followed prospectively and had repeat spinal radiographs performed a mean of 3.8 years later. Prevalent deformities were defined using established morphometric criteria, and incident vertebral fractures by both morphometric criteria and qualitative assessment. For each incident fracture case, three controls matched for age, gender, and center were selected: one with a prevalent deformity (at baseline) and two without prevalent deformities. All subjects were interviewed or completed a postal questionnaire instrument which included Short Form 12 (SF-12), the EQ-5D (former EuroQol), and the quality of life questionnaire of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (QUALEFFO). The median time from the second spinal radiograph until the quality of life survey was 1.9 years. Comparison between cases and their matched controls was undertaken using the signed rank test. RESULTS: 73 subjects with incident vertebral fracture (cases), mean age 64.8 years (of whom 23 had a baseline deformity), and 196 controls, mean age 63.9 years (of whom 60 had a baseline deformity), were studied. There were strong correlations between the domain scores for each of the three instruments. There was no statistically significant difference in any of the domain scores between cases and those controls with a prevalent deformity. However, compared with the controls without a prevalent deformity the cases had significantly impaired quality of life as determined using the total QUALEFFO score (38.2 vs 33.7), the physical component score of the SF-12 (39.9 vs 43.7) and the health status score of the EQ-5D (62.3 vs 69.9). When the analysis was repeated after stratification of the cases by baseline deformity status (i.e., cases with and without a prevalent deformity at baseline), cases with a prevalent deformity had impaired quality of life compared with their matched controls, both with and without a prevalent deformity. In contrast there was no significant difference in quality of life among the cases without a prevalent deformity and either control group. CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based study a recent vertebral fracture was associated with impairment in quality of life, though this was mainly among those who had sustained a previous vertebral deformity.