Performance of Activities of Daily Living in Typically Developing Children in Korea: Normative Value of K-MBI.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the normative values of the Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) score for typically developing children in Korea and assess its suitability for use in children. METHODS: Rehabilitation physicians and occupational therapists with children were invited through an online platform to participate in a survey assessing their children's performance of activity of daily living (ADL) using the K-MBI. The questionnaire encompassed queries on sociodemographic information of children and the assessment criteria outlined in the K-MBI. The standardized K-MBI scores by age were estimated using the nonlinear least squares method. RESULTS: The analysis incorporated responses from a total of 206 individuals. K-MBI total scores showed a rapid increase over the first 8 years of life, with 99% of children achieving a score of 90 or higher by age 8. Mobility scores exhibited a swift increase during early childhood, surpassing 90% of the maximum score at 3 years of age and nearing 100% at 7 years of age. In contrast, self-care scores demonstrated a more gradual advancement, achieving approximately 100% of the maximum score by the age of 10 years. CONCLUSION: Age-specific normative values for K-MBI scores of typically developing children were established, which can be used as a reference in clinical care. While the K-MBI captured the overall trajectory of children's ADL development, it did not discern subtle differences across various developmental stages. There is a need for the development of more refined assessment tools tailored specifically to children.

Changes in Trunk Muscle Activity during Unilateral Weight Bearing and Abnormal Postural Gait in Healthy Individuals.

Background and Objectives: Many people tend to carry their bags or baggage on only one side of their body. Due to smartphone use, people also tend to walk bent forward in a kyphotic posture. In this study, we aimed to assess trunk muscle activity changes due to weight-bearing, carried in the left or right hand, and using three different gait postures. Materials and Methods: We recruited 27 healthy participants (aged 19−75 years) with no history of LBP within the last 6 months before study participation. Electromyographic activities of the lower back and the abdominal muscles of the participants were evaluated using four-channel surface electromyography (EMG). Surface EMG recordings were obtained from four trunk muscles, including the flexor (rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO)) and extensor muscles (lumbar erector spinae (LE), and the superficial lumbar multifidus (LM)), during unilateral weight-bearing tasks and with different gait postures (normal gait, with a sway back, and thoracic kyphosis). Results: In the "unilateral weight-bearing task", there was a significant difference in the activity of all the trunk muscles between the weight-bearing limb side and the opposite side (p < 0.05). The activation of the left trunk muscle was greater than that of the right trunk muscle when the dumbbell was lifted using the right hand. The other side showed the same result. In the "gait posture task" performed by the participants using a sway-back posture, the RA and EO had a higher level of activity in the stance and swing phases compared with that in a neutral gait (p < 0.05). Moreover, in the participants with a thoracic kyphosis posture, the LE and LM had a higher level of activity compared with that in a neutral gait (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our results indicate that abnormal gait posture and unilateral weight-bearing tasks may impair the balance of trunk muscles, increasing the incidence of LBP. However, further large-scale, prospective, controlled studies are warranted to corroborate our results.

Preservation of Cerebellar Afferent Pathway May Be Related to Good Hand Function in Patients with Stroke.

Many chronic stroke patients suffer from worsened hand function, and functional recovery of the hand does not occur well after six months of stroke. Therefore, predicting final hand function after stroke through acute phase imaging would be an important issue in counseling with the patients or their family. Thus, we investigated the remaining white matter integrity in the corticospinal tract (CST) and cortico-ponto-cerebellar tract (CPCT) at the acute stage of stroke and chronic hand function after stroke, and present the cut-off value of fiber number (FN) and fractional anisotropy (FA) of CST and CPCT at the acute stage for predicting final hand function after the recovery period. This retrospective case-control study included 18 stroke patients who were classified into two groups: poor hand function with stroke (n = 11) and good hand function with stroke (n = 7). DTI was done within two months ± 15 days after onset, and the Jebson's Hand Function test was conducted 6-12 months after onset. The investigation of white matter was focused on the values of FN and FA for CST and CPCT, which were measured separately. The normalized (affected/non-affected) FA and FN values in the CPCT in the good hand function group were higher than those in the poor hand function group. The normalized FN and FA values in the CST were not significantly different between the poor hand function group and the good hand function group. The normalized cut-off value that distinguished the good hand function group from the poor hand function group was 0.8889 for FA in the CPCT. The integrity of the CPCT in the acute stage was associated with hand function in the chronic stage after a stroke. Ultimately, the integrity of the CPCT in the early stage after onset can be used to predict chronic hand function. Based on these results, cerebellar afferent fiber measurements may be a useful addition to predict hand function and plan specific rehabilitation strategies in stroke patients.

Possible effects of agent orange and posttraumatic stress disorder on hyperglycemia in Korean veterans from the US-Vietnam war.

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to examine whether Korean veterans from the US-Vietnam War who had a diagnosis of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as well as past history of exposure to agent orange (AO) are vulnerable to hyperglycemia when receiving intra-articular corticosteroid injection (IACI) for pain relief.The current study included a total of 49 patients (n = 49) who received an injection of triamcinolone 20 or 40 mg to the shoulder under sonographic guidance or did that of dexamethasone 10 mg or triamcinolone 40 mg combined with dexamethasone 20 mg to the spine under fluoroscopic guidance. Their 7-day fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were measured and then averaged, serving as baseline levels. This is followed by measurement of FBG levels for 14 days of IACI. Respective measurements were compared with baseline levels. The patients were also evaluated for whether there are increases in FBG levels depending on insulin therapy as well as HbA1c ≥ 7% or HbA1c < 7%.Overall, there were significant increases in FBG levels by 64.7 ±â€Š42.5 mg/dL at 1 day of IACI from baseline (P < .05). HbA1c ≥ 7% and HbA1c < 7% showed increases in FBG levels by 106.1 ±â€Š49.0 mg/dL and 46.5 ±â€Š3.8 mg/dL, respectively, at 1 day of IACI from baseline (P < .05). In the presence and absence of insulin therapy, there were significant increases in them by 122.6 ±â€Š48.7 mg/dL and 48.0 ±â€Š20.4 mg/dL, respectively, at 1 day of IACI from baseline (P < .05). But there were decreases in them to baseline levels at 2 days of IACI.Clinicians should consider the possibility of hyperglycemia when using corticosteroids for relief of musculoskeletal pain in Korean veterans from the US-Vietnam War who had a history of exposure to AO.

Feasibility of Ultrasound-Guided Trigger Point Injection in Patients with Myofascial Pain Syndrome.

We compared the feasibility of ultrasound (US)-guided myofascial trigger point (MTrP) injection with that of a blind injection technique following the use of shear wave elastography (SWE) for the measurement of stiffness at the MTrPs in patients with trapezius myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). A total of 41 patients (n = 41) were randomized to either the trial group (n = 21, SWE combined with US-guided injection) or the control group (n = 20, SWE combined with blind injection). At baseline and four weeks, they were evaluated for the manual muscle test (MMT), the range of motion (ROM), pain visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) scores and Neck Disability Index (NDI) scores during the abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, external rotation and internal rotation of the shoulder joint. Differences in changes in pain VAS scores, NDI scores and SPADI scores at four weeks from baseline between the two groups reached statistical significance (p = 0.003, 0.012, and 0.018, respectively). US-guided MTrP injection is a more useful modality as compared with a blind injection in patients with MPS.