Solitary Osteochondroma of the Tibial Tuberosity Mimicking Osgood-Schlatter Lesion: A Rare Cause of Anterior Knee Pain in Adolescents: A Case Report.

Osteochondroma arising from the tibial tuberosity is very rare. We report such a case which mimicked OsgoodSchlatter's disease in an adolescent. A 12 years-old boy presented with swelling over his right proximal tibia of one year duration associated with pain in the last three months. Examination revealed a 4 x 2cm bony mass arising from the proximal tibia. Radiographs revealed an osteochondroma of the tibial tuberosity. Computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the continuity of the medulla of the bony mass to that of the parent bone. Excision biopsy was done. At the final follow up, he was asymptomatic and returned back to his daily activities. We present this case for its rarity, challenges involved in diagnosis and the difficulties encountered in planning the surgery because of involvement of the apophysis and extensor mechanism attachment in a skeletally immature boy.

Fabrication of nano-silver particles using Cymodocea serrulata and its cytotoxicity effect against human lung cancer A549 cells line.

The present study reports, green synthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) under different temperature (60°C, room temperature and 4° refrigerator) using the aqueous extract of sea grass Cymodocea serrulata as a potential bioreductant. Increased temperature fabricates more AgNPs compare to room temperature and refrigerator condition. At first the reduction of Ag(+) ions were confirmed through color change which produces an absorbance spectra at 420nm in UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Additionally various exclusive instrumentations such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis and Transmission electron microscope (TEM) were authorizes the biosynthesis and physio-chemical characterization of AgNPs. From Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, it was identified that the water soluble fractions of the sea grass mainly responsible for reduction of ionic silver (Ag(+)) into (Ag(0)) nano-ranged particles and also they act as stabilizing agent to sustain the durability of NPs for long period of time. Further, synthesized AgNPs shows potential cytotoxicity against human lung cancer A549 cells (LD50-100µg/ml). The overall results suggest that C. serrulata is a valuable bioresource to generate rapid and eco-friendly bioactive AgNPs towards cancer therapy.

FTIR study of the effect of nTiO2 on the biochemical constituents of gill tissues of Zebrafish (Danio rerio).

In the present study, an attempt is made to assess the changes in the biochemical contents in general, and the protein structural changes in particular, in the gill tissues of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) due to titanium nanoparticles and their bulk counterpart using FTIR spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra show that the intensity differences between the control and titanium-exposed tissues are remarkable. For example, TiO(2)-exposed tissues show higher intensities at amide I and amide II of proteins, but lower at 2924 cm(-1) (CH(2) asymmetric stretching of lipids), 2853 cm(-1) (CH(2) symmetric stretching of lipids) and 1744 cm(-1) (CO stretching of phospholipids) when compared with the control tissues. This suggests that there is an increase or decrease in the percentage of a certain types of biomolecules relative to the total infrared-active constituents in the gill tissues. The curve-fitting analysis suggests an increase in alpha-helical structure and a decrease in beta-sheet structure due to TiO(2) exposure. These results confirm that the structural conformation of proteins in fish gill tissues was significantly influenced by TiO(2) exposure. Further, the changes are more due to nTiO(2) when compared to TiO(2) bulk, suggesting that nTiO(2) are affecting the biochemical constituents more than their bulk counterpart.

The study of the changes in the biochemical and mineral contents of bones of Catla catla due to lead intoxication.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to analyze the changes in the biochemical and mineral contents of lead-intoxicated bones of Catla catla at subchronic (15.5 ppm) exposure, and also to determine whether the effects of Pb intoxication can be reversed with the chelating agent meso 2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) on the bones of freshwater fingerlings Catla catla by using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic absorption spectrophotometer techniques. The FT-IR spectra of the lead-exposed bones show significant alteration in the biochemical constituents. The XRD analysis showed a decrease in crystallinity due to lead exposure. Further, the Ca, Mg, and P contents of the lead-exposed bones were less than those of the control group, and there was an increase in the mineral contents of the bones after DMSA treatment. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the subchronic lead exposure results in severe loss of bone minerals. The overall decrease in the FT-IR band intensity of Pb-exposed bones relative to the control indicates a decrease in the biochemical constituents like proteins and lipids. The increase in the band intensity after treatment with chelating agent DMSA indicates increased biochemical constituents, showing that the subchronic effects of lead can be reversed by DMSA. The amide I bands observed at 1654 cm(-1) in the present study suggest that the protein is dominated by alpha-helical structure.

Bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs and whole body tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala individually and in binary solutions with nickel.

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals has been receiving increased worldwide attention due to their harmful effects on human health and other organisms in the environment. Most of the studies dealing with toxic effects of metals deal with single metal species, while the aquatic organisms are typically exposed to mixtures of metals. Hence, in order to provide data supporting the usefulness of freshwater fish as indicators of heavy metal pollution, it has been proposed in the present study to investigate the bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs of freshwater fingerlings Cirrhinus mrigala, individually and in binary solutions with nickel. The results show that the kidney is a target organ for chromium accumulation, which implies that it is also the "critical" organ for toxic symptoms. The results further show that accumulation of nickel in all the tissues of C. mrigala is higher than that of chromium. In addition, the metal accumulations of the binary mixtures of chromium and nickel are substantially higher than those of the individual metals, indicating synergistic interactions between the two metals. Theoretically the simplest explanation for an additive joint action of toxicants in a mixture is that they act in a qualitatively similar way. The observed data suggest that C. mrigala could be suitable monitoring organisms to study the bioavailability of water-bound metals in freshwater habitats.

The effect of arsenic exposure and the efficacy of DMSA on the proteins and lipids of the gill tissues of Labeo rohita.

Arsenic is a naturally occurring, highly toxic environmental pollutant. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is a non-disturbing technique which provides quantitative information about the molecular composition of biological samples. The aim of this work is to study the compositional and structural changes at the molecular level occurring in gill tissues of Labeo rohita fingerlings due to arsenic exposure for various exposure periods by using FT-IR spectroscopic technique. The results of the present study suggest that arsenic exposure causes significant changes on the major biochemical constituents such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids in the gill tissues of L. rohita. The changes are more pronounced as the period of exposure is increased. The significant decrease in the intensity and area of the amide I peak and CH(3) asymmetric stretching band suggests an alteration in the protein profile and lipid levels respectively, due to arsenic exposure. The amide A peak shifts suggests a change in the level of protein amide hydrogen bonding due to arsenic exposure. Further, the treatment with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) improves the levels of biochemical constituents significantly, which suggest that DMSA treatment reduces the toxic effects and helps the recovery of gill tissues and its return to the level of the control.

Morphological changes due to Lead exposure and the influence of DMSA on the gill tissues of the freshwater fish, Catla catla.

Catla catla fingerlings were reared in freshwater and exposed to 15.5 ppm concentration of lead for 60 days. The morphological changes on the gill of the C. catla fingerlings due to lead intoxication and the effect of DMSA (meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid) on the affected tissues were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope. It has been found that the lead treated gill tissues showed certain marked changes, such as cell hypertrophy, alteration in the lamellar surfaces, epithelial hyperplasia and the fusion of adjacent lamellae. The antidote DMSA treatment reduces the toxic effects and helps the recovery of gill tissue and its return to the level of the control/normal.

Influence of pH and water hardness upon nickel accumulation in edible fish Cirrhinus mrigala.

The freshwater fingerlings of Cirrhinus mrigala were exposed to Nickel in acidic medium pH = 6.0 (5.8-6.2), alkaline medium pH = 9.0 (8.8-9.2) and water hardness (40 mg/l) of CaCO3. The study indicates that nickel accumulation was significantly influenced by pH and hardness of water The concentration was found to be significantly higher at pH = 9.0 than at pH = 6.0. Also the presence of hardness in water results in reduced toxicity of nickel.

Tentorial venous sinuses: an anatomic study.

OBJECTIVE: Certain neurosurgical procedures require sectioning of the tentorium cerebelli. The presence of venous sinuses within the tentorium makes these procedures difficult. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, size, location, configuration, and pattern of venous drainage of these sinuses. METHODS: The tentorium cerebelli was studied in 80 fresh cadavers. After the skull cap and the supratentorial portion of the brain were removed, the tentorium was inspected for the presence of venous sinuses. Their location, size, configuration, and pattern of venous drainage were noted. Subsequently, the infratentorial structures were removed via the tentorial incisura. The tentorial sinuses were again studied. In certain cases, the sinus was opened and a probe passed inside to confirm its presence. RESULTS: The tentorium cerebelli was revealed to contain sinuses in 86% of the cadavers. These sinuses were classified into the following three types: Type I sinuses constituted 25% of the total and were most often located in the medial one-third of the tentorium. They were larger than the other types, frequently occurring with a branching "stag-horn" configuration and a tendency to drain into the straight sinus, the torcular herophili, and the medial one-third of the transverse sinus. Type II sinuses constituted 25% of the total and were most often located in the lateral one-third of the tentorium. They were smaller than the other types, and tended to drain into the duction of the transverse sinus and superior petrosal sinus and into the lateral one-third of the transverse sinus. Type III sinuses constituted 50% of the total and were located in the medial one-third of the tentorium. Their size ranged from small to medium. Unlike Type I sinuses, no branching pattern was observed. These sinuses tended to drain into the straight sinus, the torcular herophili, and the medial one-third of the transverse sinus. In the present study, the medial one-third of the tentorium was observed to be the most vascular part. No venous sinus was observed in the anterior part of the tentorium. CONCLUSION: Venous sinuses are common in the tentorium cerebelli. In this study, they were observed in 86% of the cases. They can be classified into three types, based on their location, size, configuration, and pattern of drainage. The medial one-third of the tentorium is the most vascular part. A knowledge of these sinuses may be helpful while sectioning the tentorium. The importance of these sinuses in treating vascular and neoplastic diseases of the brain is highlighted. A brief review of the embryology of these sinuses is also presented.