Efficacy of commercially available vaccines against canine leptospirosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis that affects most mammal species, including dogs and humans. Vaccination is the main strategy to control disease and urinary shedding of leptospires in dogs; however, there are few studies in the literature reporting the efficacy of commercially available vaccines. OBJECTIVES: To access and compare the efficacy of commercially available leptospiral vaccines dogs using a quali-quantitative systematic review. METHODS: The main outcome of interest was the ability to protect dogs against clinical disease and renal carrier state, as well as promoting duration of immunity. Experimental and observational study designs were eligible for inclusion, and methodology was validated by PROSPERO, under registration CRD42020178194. Five electronic databases were searched. Data about population, methodology and outcomes were extracted in a dichotomous or continuous manner. Evaluation of risk of bias for individual studies was assessed using SYRCLE tool. RESULTS: Thirteen challenge trials and eight observational studies were included, comprising 12 vaccine brands. In the calculated pooled effect, vaccinated dogs had a reduced Relative Risk of developing clinical disease (0.16) and renal carrier state (0.12) when compared to unvaccinated controls. The heterogeneity between studies was low; however, methodologies and different parameters were used in the studies to define the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Our study has demonstrated that commercially available vaccines against leptospirosis can provide an overall 84% protection against clinical disease and 88% against renal carrier status. Protection against clinical disease and carrier status by serovars Canicola, Australis and Grippotyphosa is inconsistent for some vaccine brands, and such hurdle is mostly attributed to methodological difficulties in inducing experimental infection using these serovars. Evidence shows that immunity provided by the vaccines included in our meta-analysis can persist for at least one year under experimental conditions. However, the duration of MAT titers induced by vaccination do not correlate with protection.

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics.

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data.

Evaluation of colostral immunity in swine with commercial anti-leptospira polyvalent whole-bacteria vaccine.

The intensity and duration of passive immunity against swine leptospirosis were investigated by the microscopic agglutination test and in vitro leptospira growth inhibition. Twenty-one females at first parturition were divided into three groups: Group A (n=08): received two doses with 30 days interval of the commercial anti-leptospira bacterin A. Group B (n=06) received two doses with 30 days interval of the commercial anti-leptospira bacterin B and Group C (n=07) was the control. In all groups the colostrums were collected. Blood collection of piglets was performed in four different ages. Agglutinin antibodies were equally detected in sera and colostrums for serovars Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Copenhageni, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pomona (Group A) and Canicola, Copenhageni, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona and Hardjo (Group B). Mean neutralizing antibodies titers were low. Passive immunity was low duration.