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This study investigates the antiplatelet properties of tomato pulp to combat cardiovascular diseases. Notably, it examines the formation of nitrated fatty acids (NO2-FA) in tomato pomace, renowned for its potential antiplatelet effects. Through diverse assays, including tandem mass spectrometry, microplate-based platelet aggregation, and flow cytometry, the research identifies NO2-OA, NO2-LA, and NO2-LnA as pivotal antiplatelet compounds. It demonstrates the concentration-dependent antiplatelet effects of nitrated tomato pomace against thrombin receptor activator peptide 6 (TRAP-6) and collagen-induced platelet activation, alongside the modulation of platelet activation markers. Additionally, synergistic effects were observed with nitrated tomato pomace extracts. The findings suggest therapeutic potential for NO2-FA derived from tomato pomace in preventing blood clot formation, with nitrated extracts exhibiting superior efficacy compared to non-nitrated ones. This research highlights the promising role of natural products, such as tomato pomace, in mitigating cardiovascular risks and proposes novel strategies for population health enhancement and cardiovascular disease management.
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Ácidos Graxos , Extratos Vegetais , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária , Agregação Plaquetária , Solanum lycopersicum , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/farmacologia , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/síntese química , Agregação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Nitratos/farmacologia , Ativação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
This study explores the physiological changes associated with aging that lead to frailty syndrome, characterized by reduced vitality and degeneration across multiple bodily systems, increasing susceptibility to various pathologies. While established scales like the Fried Phenotype and Frailty Trait Scale (FTS) are commonly used for assessing frailty, incorporating biomarkers is crucial for accurate diagnosis and prognosis. Our research examines plasma oxylipin levels in frail elderly individuals to identify novel biomarkers. Diagnostic criteria for frailty included assessments using the Fried Phenotype and FTS-5, with blood samples collected from 71 elderly participants (50 women and 21 men) with mean ages of 73.6 ± 5.9 and 76.2 ± 6.2 years, respectively. Women exhibited elevated platelet counts (p-value 0.0035). The significant differences in oxylipin concentrations associated with the Fried Phenotype were particularly noteworthy, predominantly observed in women. Specifically, in women, decreased grip strength (<15 kg) and slow gait speed (<0.8 m/s) correlated with increased levels of thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and 7-HDoHE (p-values 0.0404, 0.0300, 0.0033, and 0.0033, respectively). Additionally, elevated 7-HDoHE levels correlated with a BMI exceeding 28 kg/m2 (p-value 0.0123) and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) scores surpassing 5 points (p-value 0.0134) in women. In summary, our findings emphasize that frail older individuals, particularly women, exhibit higher levels of TxB2 and 7-HDoHE compared to their non-frail counterparts, aligning with established frailty classification and scale parameters, suggesting their potential as indicative biomarkers.
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Understanding the mechanisms controlling platelet function is crucial for exploring potential therapeutic targets related to atherothrombotic pathologies and primary hemostasis disorders. Our research, which focuses on the role of platelet mitochondria and Ca2+ fluxes in platelet activation, the formation of the procoagulant phenotype, and thrombosis, has significant implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Traditionally, Ca2+-dependent cellular signaling has been recognized as a determinant process throughout the platelet activation, controlled primarily by store-operated Ca2+ entry and the PLC-PKC signaling pathway. However, despite the accumulated knowledge of these regulatory mechanisms, the effectiveness of therapy based on various commonly used antiplatelet drugs (such as acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel, among others) has faced challenges due to bleeding risks and reduced efficacy associated with the phenomenon of high platelet reactivity. Recent evidence suggests that platelet mitochondria could play a fundamental role in these aspects through Ca2+-dependent mechanisms linked to apoptosis and forming a procoagulant phenotype. In this context, the present review describes the latest advances regarding the role of platelet mitochondria and Ca2+ fluxes in platelet activation, the formation of the procoagulant phenotype, and thrombosis.
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Envelhecimento , Plaquetas , Cálcio , Mitocôndrias , Ativação Plaquetária , Humanos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Ativação Plaquetária/fisiologia , Cálcio/metabolismo , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Animais , Trombose/metabolismo , Sinalização do Cálcio/fisiologiaRESUMO
Sweet potatoes are rich in cardioprotective phytochemicals with potential anti-platelet aggregation activity, although this benefit may vary among cultivars/genotypes. The phenolic profile [HPLC-ESI(-)-qTOF-MS2], cheminformatics (ADMET properties, affinity toward platelet proteins) and anti-PA activity of phenolic-rich hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from orange (OSP) and purple (PSP) sweet potato storage roots, was evaluated. The phenolic richness [Hydroxycinnamic acids> flavonoids> benzoic acids] was PSP > OSP. Their main chlorogenic acids could interact with platelet proteins (integrins/adhesins, kinases/metalloenzymes) but their bioavailability could be poor. Just OSP exhibited a dose-dependent anti-platelet aggregation activity [inductor (IC50, mg.ml-1): thrombin receptor activator peptide-6 (0.55) > Adenosine-5'-diphosphate (1.02) > collagen (1.56)] and reduced P-selectin expression (0.75-1.0 mg.ml-1) but not glycoprotein IIb/IIIa secretion. The explored anti-PA activity of OSP/PSP seems to be inversely related to their phenolic richness. The poor first-pass bioavailability of its chlorogenic acids (documented in silico) may represent a further obstacle for their anti-PA in vivo.
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Ipomoea batatas , Fenóis , Extratos Vegetais , Raízes de Plantas , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária , Agregação Plaquetária , Ipomoea batatas/química , Fenóis/química , Agregação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/química , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/farmacologia , Raízes de Plantas/química , Humanos , Quimioinformática , Animais , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The study of frailty and its effect on the risk of mortality in older people is of utmost importance, but understanding the critical factors is still limited. Our main objective was to analyze the association of frailty with all-cause mortality in a prospective community cohort of older people. METHODS: A five-year longitudinal follow-up study was conducted with 1,174 community-dwelling older adults (men and women≥65 years old) from different Family Health Centers and community groups from Chile. We evaluated the functional risk, socioeconomic status, and anthropometric variables. The frailty status was evaluated by modified Fried criteria. RESULTS: The diagnosis of frailty was reached in 290 older adult participants, who had significantly increased 5-year all-cause mortality independently of age, sex, cognitive impairment, and socioeconomic status (adjusted HR 1.51, 1.06-2.15). CONCLUSION: Frailty is a predictor of increased mortality independently of age, sex, socio-economic and cognitive factors.
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Idoso Fragilizado , Fragilidade , Vida Independente , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Chile/epidemiologia , Idoso , Fragilidade/mortalidade , Estudos Prospectivos , Idoso Fragilizado/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Longitudinais , Fatores de Risco , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Avaliação Geriátrica , Seguimentos , MortalidadeRESUMO
The small GTPase RhoA and the downstream Rho kinase (ROCK) regulate several cell functions and pathological processes in the vascular system that contribute to the age-dependent risk of cardiovascular disease, including endothelial dysfunction, excessive permeability, inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, abnormal vasoconstriction, decreased nitric oxide production and apoptosis. Frailty is a loss of physiological reserve and adaptive capacity with advanced age and is accompanied by a pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative state that promotes vascular dysfunction and thrombosis. This review summarises the role of the RhoA/Rho kinase signalling pathway in endothelial dysfunction, the acquisition of the pro-thrombotic state and vascular ageing. We also discuss the possible role of RhoA/Rho kinase signalling as a promising therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of age-related cardiovascular disease.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Trombose , Doenças Vasculares , Humanos , Quinases Associadas a rho/genética , Células EndoteliaisRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Myocardial infarction (MI) incidence and case fatality trends are highly informative but relatively untested at the population level. The objective of this work was to estimate MI incidence and case fatality in the Girona population aged 35-74 years, and to determine their 30-year trends (1990-2019). METHODS: The REGICOR (Girona Heart Registry) monitored MI incidence and case fatality rates from 1990 to 2008. For the period 2008 to 2019, we linked discharges from Girona hospitals (n=4 974 977) and mortality registry (n=70 405) during this period. Our linkage algorithm selected key MI diagnostic codes and removed duplicates. Estimates from the linkage algorithm and the REGICOR registry were compared using chi-square tests for overlapping years (2008-2009). We estimated the annual percent change (APC) of standardized MI incidence and 28-day case fatality, and analyzed their trends using joinpoint regression. RESULTS: MI incidence and case fatality estimates were similar in the linkage algorithm and the REGICOR registry. We observed significant decreasing trends in the incidence of MI. The trend was APC, -0.96% (95% confidence interval (95%CI), -1.4 to -0.53) in women from 1990 to 2019 and -4.2% (95%CI, -5.5 to -3.0) in men from 1994 to 2019. The largest decrease in case fatality was -3.8% (95%CI, -5.1 to -2.5) from 1995 to 2003 in women and -2.4% (95%CI, -2.9 to -1.9) from 1995 to 2004 in men, mainly due to prehospital case fatality declines: -1.8% (95%CI, -2.6 to -1.1) in men and -3.2% (95%CI, -4.6 to -1.8) in women. CONCLUSIONS: In Girona, MI incidence and case fatality decreased between 1990 and 2019. The incidence showed a slow but continuous decrease while case fatality only stabilized in the last decade, particularly in women.
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Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of tomato pomace were examined with the aim of optimizing the extraction process of compounds with cardioprotective activity. Once the results of the ORAC response variables, total polyphenols, °Brix, and antiplatelet activity of the extracts were obtained, a multivariate statistical analysis was performed using the Statgraphics Centurion XIX software. This analysis showed that the most relevant positive effects in the inhibition of platelet aggregation were 83 ± 2% when using the agonist TRAP-6, when the working conditions were the type of tomato pomace conditioning (drum-drying process at 115 °C), phase ratio (1/8), type of solvent (ethanol 20%), and type of extraction (ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction). The extracts with the best results were microencapsulated and characterized by HPLC. The presence of chlorogenic acid (0.729 mg/mg of dry sample) was found, a compound that has a potential cardioprotective effect documented in various studies, in addition to rutin (2.747 mg/mg of dry sample) and quercetin (0.255 mg/mg of dry sample). These results show that the extraction efficiency of compounds with cardioprotective activity depends largely on the polarity of the solvent, thus playing an important role in the antioxidant capacity of the extracts of tomato pomace.
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Deep venous thrombosis is a frequent, multifactorial disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Most of the time deep venous thrombosis is triggered by the interaction between acquired risk factors, such as hip fracture, pregnancy, and immobility, and hereditary risk factors such as thrombophilias. The mechanisms underlying deep venous thrombosis are not fully elucidated; however, in recent years, important advances have shed light on the role of venous flow, endothelium, platelets, leukocytes, and the interaction between inflammation and hemostasis. It has been described that the alteration of venous blood flow produces endothelial activation, favoring the adhesion of platelets and leukocytes, which, through tissue factor expression and neutrophil extracellular traps formation, contribute to the activation of coagulation, trapping more cells, such as red blood cells. Thus, the concerted interaction of these phenomena allows the formation and growth of the thrombus. In this work, the main mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of deep vein thrombosis will be described.
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Trombose Venosa , Humanos , Trombose Venosa/metabolismo , Plaquetas , Coagulação Sanguínea , Leucócitos , InflamaçãoRESUMO
A população mundial está envelhecendo e a América Latina e o Caribe (ALC) não são exceção. Atualmente, 8% da população da ALC tem mais de 65 anos e prevê-se que esse número aumente para 30% até 2050. Sabe-se que o processo de envelhecimento envolve alterações moleculares, fisiológicas, funcionais, psicoafetivas e sociais. Todos envelhecemos, a questão é envelhecer com saúde. Como nem sempre é esse o caso, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) declarou esse período (2021-2030) como a Década do Envelhecimento Saudável. A Década é uma iniciativa global de colaboração de diferentes setores e partes interessadas (governos, sociedade civil, organizações internacionais, profissionais, instituições universitárias, meios de comunicação social e setor privado) para melhorar a vida de pessoas idosas, suas famílias e comunidades. A colaboração centra-se em quatro pilares de ação estreitamente interligados: mudar a forma como pensamos, sentimos e agimos em relação à idade e ao envelhecimento; garantir que as comunidades promovam as capacidades dos idosos; fornecer cuidados integrados e centrados nas pessoas e serviços de saúde primários que respondam às necessidades dos idosos; e fornecer acesso a cuidados de longo prazo para idosos que deles necessitem.
The world's population is aging, and the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region is no exception. Currently, 8% of the LAC population is over 65 years old, and this number is estimated to increase to 30% by 2050. The aging process is known to involve molecular, physiological, functional, psychosocial, and social changes. We all age; the point is to age healthily. As this is not always the case, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the period from 2021 to 2030 as the Decade of Healthy Aging. The Decade is a global collaboration involving diverse sectors and stakeholders (governments, civil society, international organizations, professionals, academic institutions, the media, and the private sector) to improve the lives of older people, their families, and communities. The collaboration is centered on four closely interconnected pillars of action: changing how we think, feel, and act towards age and aging; ensuring that communities foster the abilities of older people; providing person-centered integrated care and primary health services responsive to older people; and providing access to long-term care for older people who need it. In light of this situation, what can academics from universities in LAC do? If we organize ourselves and unite efforts, we can contribute to the Decade of Healthy Aging and, consequently, influence the quality of life of older people.
La población mundial está envejeciendo y Latinoamérica y Caribe (LAC) no son una excepción. Actualmente, el 8% de la población en LAC tiene sobre 65 años, y se proyecta un aumento al 30% para 2050. Es conocido que el proceso de envejecimiento implica cambios moleculares, fisiológicos, funcionales, psicoafectivos y sociales. Todos envejecemos, el punto es envejecer saludablemente. Como no siempre ocurre así, la Organización Mundial de la Salud(OMS) ha declarado a este período (20212030) como la Década del Envejecimiento Saludable. La Década es una iniciativa de colaboración mundial de distintos sectores y partes interesadas (gobiernos, sociedad civil, organizaciones internacionales, profesionales, instituciones universitarias, medios de comunicación y el sector privado) para mejorar la vida de las personas mayores, sus familias y comunidades. La colaboración se centra en cuatro pilares de actuación estrechamente interconectados: cambiar nuestra forma de pensar, sentir y actuar con respecto a la edad y el envejecimiento; asegurar que las comunidades fomenten las capacidades de las personas mayores; ofrecer una atención integrada y centrada en las personas, y servicios de salud primarios que respondan a las necesidades de las personas mayores; y proporcionar acceso a la atención a largo plazo para las personas mayores que lo necesiten.
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Humanos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Envelhecimento Saudável , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
Some fruits and vegetables, rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, may inhibit platelet activation pathways and therefore reduce the risk of suffering from CVD when consumed regularly. Aristotelia chilensis Stuntz (Maqui) is a shrub or tree native to Chile with outstanding antioxidant activity, associated with its high content in anthocyanins, polyphenols, and flavonoids. Previous studies reveal different pharmacological properties for this berry, but its cardioprotective potential has been little studied. Despite having an abundant composition, and being rich in bioactive products with an antiplatelet role, there are few studies linking this berry with antiplatelet activity. This review summarizes and discusses relevant information on the cardioprotective potential of Maqui, based on its composition of bioactive compounds, mainly as a nutraceutical antiplatelet agent. Articles published between 2000 and 2022 in the following bibliographic databases were selected: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Our search revealed that Maqui is a promising cardiovascular target since extracts from this berry have direct effects on the reduction in cardiovascular risk factors (glucose index, obesity, diabetes, among others). Although studies on antiplatelet activity in this fruit are recent, its rich chemical composition clearly shows that the presence of chemical compounds (anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, among others) with high antiplatelet potential can provide this berry with antiplatelet properties. These bioactive compounds have antiplatelet effects with multiple targets in the platelet, particularly, they have been related to the inhibition of thromboxane, thrombin, ADP, and GPVI receptors, or through the pathways by which these receptors stimulate platelet aggregation. Detailed studies are needed to clarify this gap in the literature, as well as to specifically evaluate the mechanism of action of Maqui extracts, due to the presence of phenolic compounds.
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Elaeocarpaceae , Frutas , Difosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Antocianinas/análise , Antioxidantes/análise , Elaeocarpaceae/química , Flavonoides/análise , Frutas/química , Glucose/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/química , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/metabolismo , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/farmacologia , Polifenóis/análise , Trombina/metabolismo , Tromboxanos/análise , Tromboxanos/metabolismoRESUMO
Background and Aims: Cardiovascular (CV) risk functions are the recommended tool to identify high-risk individuals. However, their discrimination ability is not optimal. While the effect of biomarkers in CV risk prediction has been extensively studied, there are no data on CV risk functions including time-dependent covariates together with other variables. Our aim was to examine the effect of including time-dependent covariates, competing risks, and treatments in coronary risk prediction. Methods: Participants from the REGICOR population cohorts (North-Eastern Spain) aged 35-74 years without previous history of cardiovascular disease were included (n = 8470). Coronary and stroke events and mortality due to other CV causes or to cancer were recorded during follow-up (median = 12.6 years). A multi-state Markov model was constructed to include competing risks and time-dependent classical risk factors and treatments (2 measurements). This model was compared to Cox models with basal measurement of classical risk factors, treatments, or competing risks. Models were cross-validated and compared for discrimination (area under ROC curve), calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test), and reclassification (categorical net reclassification index). Results: Cancer mortality was the highest cumulative-incidence event. Adding cholesterol and hypertension treatment to classical risk factors improved discrimination of coronary events by 2% and reclassification by 7-9%. The inclusion of competing risks and/or 2 measurements of risk factors provided similar coronary event prediction, compared to a single measurement of risk factors. Conclusion: Coronary risk prediction improves when cholesterol and hypertension treatment are included in risk functions. Coronary risk prediction does not improve with 2 measurements of covariates or inclusion of competing risks.
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Annona cherimola fruit, known as cherimoya or custard apple, is an exotic fruit from South America but is strongly produced in Andalusia, Spain. Its by-products (seeds and peel) are recognised as important sources of antioxidants, including phenolic acids, flavonoids and procyanidins. Therefore, the aim of this study was to carry out the characterization of its phenolic composition and to in vitro evaluate the bioactivity of custard apple seed and peel. Therefore, high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS) was performed in order to tentatively identify their phenolic composition. In the end, 19 compounds were identified and quantified, some of them for the first time in the custard apple matrix. Then, seed and peel total phenolic content, as well as antioxidant properties, radical scavenging capacity (O2, NO, HOCl) and inhibition of enzymes involved in different pathologies (hyaluronidase, elastase, collagenase, tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase and xanthine oxidase), were evaluated. Although both extracts showed almost similar antioxidant capacities, custard apple seed stood out slightly more than peel (171 ± 2 vs. 130.0 ± 0.4 µmol TE/g DE, resp.), especially as ·NO scavenger (IC50 1.5 ± 0.2 vs. 11.8 ± 0.3 mg/L, resp.) and hyaluronidase inhibitor (IC50 170 ± 10 vs. 460 ± 20mg/L, resp.). Finally, the application of extracts on a real human model of platelet aggregation was performed, reporting antiaggregatory effects in agonist-promoted platelet thrombus formation. All these results show that custard apple by-products are stated as interesting sources of bioactive compounds with multiple industrial applications for the development of high-added-value products, such as functional foods, nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals, promoting the circular bioeconomy of these by-products.
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Annona , Acetilcolinesterase , Annona/química , Antioxidantes/análise , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Frutas/química , Humanos , Hialuronoglucosaminidase , Fenóis/química , Extratos Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
Today, the world population is aging at a fast rate. This scenario of the accelerated aging of human populations entails increased concern for healthy aging that is associated with a rise in scientific production related to the topic. In this study, the Scopus database from Elsevier was used, with a final search carried out on 5 January 2022, and various bibliometric indicators were obtained from SciVal. The study was fundamentally intended to characterize, determine trends, and understand the evolution and current state of research on the concept of "healthy aging" in the last decade. We found that there has been proportionally greater and more accelerated growth in the subject with respect to the general productivity of the world and that countries with high life expectancies tend to have made more effort to investigate this topic. The "hottest" research areas were found to be related to the cognitive aspect and the biological mechanisms involved in aging.
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Bibliometria , Gerenciamento de Dados , Envelhecimento , Bases de Dados Factuais , Humanos , PublicaçõesRESUMO
Avocado seed and peel are the main by-products from avocado industrialisation, and account for nearly 30% of fruit weight. Although they are usually discarded, their high phenolic content has been deeply associated with several nutritional and functional benefits. Thus, for a comprehensive analytical evaluation of both semi-industrial extracts, various steps have been developed: tentative characterisation and quantification of the phenolic composition using HPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS, determination of TPC and antioxidant activity by Folin-Ciocalteu, FRAP, TEAC and ORAC methods, evaluation of scavenging capacity against different ROS and measurement of the enzymatic inhibitory potential against potentially harmful enzymes. Finally, their bioactive potential was tested in a human platelet model where antiaggregatory activity was measured. Hence, 48 different compounds were identified, where flavonoids and procyanidins were the most representative groups. The higher TPC was found in avocado peel extract (190 ± 3 mg/g), which showed more antioxidant power and more capacity to decrease ROS generation than seed extract (60 ± 2 mg/g). In addition, both extracts showed enzymatic inhibition, especially against hyaluronidase, xanthine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. Lastly, avocado peel was proven to inhibit platelet aggregation with significant results at 1, 0.75 and 0.5 mg/mL, where the extract showed reducing effects on agonists' expression such as p-selectin or GPIIb/IIIa complex. These results demonstrate that both semi-industrial extracts-above all, avocado peel-have an interesting potential to be exploited as a natural by-product with antioxidant properties with multiple applications for the prevention of different pathologies.
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In the context of accelerated aging of the population worldwide, frailty has emerged as one of the main risk factors that can lead to loss of self-sufficiency in older people. This syndrome is defined as a reduced state of physiological reserve and functional capacity. The main diagnostic tools for frailty are based on scales that show deficits compared to their clinical application, such as the Fried frailty phenotype, among others. In this context, it is important to have one or more biomarkers with clinical applicability that can objectively and precisely determine the degree or risk of frailty in older people. The objective of this review was to analyze the biomarkers associated with frailty, classified according to the pathophysiological components of this syndrome (inflammation, coagulation, antioxidants, and liver function, among others). The evidence demonstrates that biomarkers associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, skeletal/cardiac muscle function, and platelet function represent the most promising markers of frailty due to their pathophysiological association with this syndrome. To a lesser extent but with the possibility of greater innovation, biomarkers associated with growth factors, vitamins, amino acids, and miRNAs represent alternatives as markers of this geriatric syndrome. Likewise, the incorporation of artificial intelligence represents an interesting approach to strengthening the diagnosis of frailty by biomarkers.
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Phaseolus vulgaris L. has beneficial effects on several chronic non-communicable diseases (e.g., cardiovascular diseases) related to oxidative stress. This redox state may influence platelet activation and aggregation; which is crucial in thrombus formation. In this work, the antiplatelet and antioxidant potential of aqueous extracts obtained by green processes, microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction, from 25 landraces of common beans were investigated. Phenol content and antioxidant potential were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, total monomeric anthocyanin and ORAC assay, respectively. The antiplatelet potential of the extracts was explored by turbidimetry. Microwave extraction showed higher phenol content and antioxidant activity in most extracts. Soja landrace extract obtained by microwave-assisted extraction showed higher phenol content and antioxidant activity (893.45 ± 87.30 mg GAE/g and 35,642.85 ± 2588.88 ORAC µmolTE/g, respectively). Although most of the extracts obtained by microwave-assisted extraction showed antiplatelet activity, the extract of Hallado Aleman landrace obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction (IC50 = 0.152 ± 0.018 mg/mL) had the highest antiplatelet potential. The extraction method, MAE and UAE, influences the biological potential of the beans, specifically the antiplatelet activity and antioxidant activity. The functional value of this legume for direct consumption by the population was evidenced, as well as its inclusion in food formulations.
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Background: Frailty has emerged as one of the main geriatric syndromes to be prevented in order to improve quality of health and life in the elderly. In this sense, the characterization of this syndrome through reliable and feasible diagnostic tools for clinical use, such as the Frail Trait Scale 5 (FTS-5) and Frail Trait Scale 3 (FTS-3), represents the basis for this objective. Objectives: To characterize the frailty syndrome in a population of older adults using FTS-5, FTS-3, and Fried phenotype (FP) as frailty diagnostic tools. Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: 300 adults ≥65 years recruited from different Family Health Centers and community groups of older people in Talca, Chile. Methods: The diagnosis of frailty was made according to FP, FTS-5, and FTS-3 tools. Data about sociodemographic characteristics and anthropometric measurements were collected by a clinical interview by a previously trained health professional. Results: A total prevalence of frailty according to the FP of 19.7% was observed; while in the group of women and men it was 21.4% and 15.0%, respectively. Concerning the FTS-5 tool, the total prevalence of frailty was 18%, while in the group of women and men was 18.0% and 17.5%, respectively. The FTS-3 tool shows a total prevalence of frailty of 23.3%, while in the group of women and men a prevalence of 22.7% and 25.0%, respectively. A significant difference is observed with respect to the presence of the Fried criteria of "weakness" (women: 21.4%, men: 38.8%) and "weight loss" (women: 16.8%, men: 7.5%; p < 0.05). A significant difference is observed concerning the average score of "Handgrip" criteria, "walking time", and "Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly" (PASE) between the group of women and men. Frailty, diagnosed by FTS-3, is significantly associated with the risk factors of overweight (body mass index ≥ 25) (OR: 10.225, 95% CI: 1.297−80.617) and advanced age (age ≥ 75 years) (OR: 1.839, 95% CI: 1.040−3.250). Conclusion: The prevalence of frailty observed with the FTS-5 (18%) and FTS-3 (23.3%) tools are similar to the prevalence observed through the FP (19.7%) and those reported in other observational studies. Considering the similar prevalence of frailty diagnosed with the three tools, FTS-3 should be a valuable tool for the screening of frailty in the community.
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Sweet potato (SP; Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) is an edible tuber native to America and the sixth most important food crop worldwide. China leads its production in a global market of USD 45 trillion. SP domesticated varieties differ in specific phenotypic/genotypic traits, yet all of them are rich in sugars, slow digestible/resistant starch, vitamins, minerals, bioactive proteins and lipids, carotenoids, polyphenols, ascorbic acid, alkaloids, coumarins, and saponins, in a genotype-dependent manner. Individually or synergistically, SP's phytochemicals help to prevent many illnesses, including certain types of cancers and cardiovascular disorders. These and other topics, including the production and market diversification of raw SP and its products, and SP's starch as a functional ingredient, are briefly discussed in this review.