Mechanical thrombectomy for acute large vessel occlusion stroke beyond 24 h.

BACKGROUND: Multiple trials have shown that mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is superior to medical therapy. However, no robust evidence is available regarding MT beyond 24 h. In this study, we aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of endovascular stroke therapy in this late window. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of prospectively collected data of patients who met extended window trial criteria, but underwent MT beyond 24 h. Safety and efficacy outcomes included symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), procedural complications, number of passes, successful recanalization (mTICI 2b - 3), delta (Δ) NIHSS (baseline-discharge), and favorable outcomes (mRS 0-2 at 90 days). RESULTS: A total of 39 patients were included with a median age of 69 years (IQR 61.5, 73.5); 54% were females. Hypertension was present in 76% of patients; 23% were smokers. Half of the patients had M1 occlusion (48.7%). Median preprocedural NIHSS was 11 (IQR 7.0, 19.5). Successful revascularization was achieved in 87%; median number of passes was 2 (IQR 1.0, 3.0). Median ΔNIHSS was 3.0 (IQR -1.5, 8.0). Favorable outcome was achieved in 49% (95% CI: 34%-64%), and 95% were free of complications. A total of 3 patients (7.7%) had sICH. In an exploratory analysis, posterior circulation occlusion was associated with higher mRS at 90 days (OR: 14.7, p = 0.016). Favorable discharge facility was associated with lower mRS at 90 days (OR: 0.11, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed comparable clinical outcomes of MT beyond 24 h compared to MT trials within 24 h in patients with favorable imaging profile, especially in anterior circulation occlusions.

Yield of ASPECTS and Collateral CTA Selection for Mechanical Thrombectomy within 6-24 hours from Symptom Onset in a Hub and Spoke System.

BACKGROUND: Recent extended window trials support the benefit of mechanical thrombectomy in anterior circulation large vessel occlusions with clinical-radiographic dissociation. Using trial imaging criteria, 6% were found eligible for MT in the EW in a hub-and-spoke system. We examined the eligibility and outcomes in consecutive extended window-mechanical thrombectomy patients using more pragmatic selection criteria. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed single-institution data of anterior circulation large vessel occlusions patients presenting between 6-24 h who underwent mechanical thrombectomy based on a priori determined criteria including non-contrast CT head ASPECTS ≥ 6 and/or CTA collateral scores ASITN/SIR 2-4. Primary outcomes consisted of post-mechanical thrombectomy TICI 2b-3 and 3-month modified Rankin scores; safety outcomes consisted of in-hospital mortality and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. RESULTS: 767 consecutive acute ischemic strokes patients presented within the 6-24 hour window, and of these 48 (6%) anterior circulation large vessel occlusions patients underwent mechanical thrombectomy. In this cohort the mean age was 63±17 years, 56% were male, the median NIHSS was 16 [IQR 10-19], the median ASPECTS was 9 (IQR 8-10), and 79% (n=38) had good CTA collaterals. Occlusions were primarily M1 MCA (46%), with 29% tandem occlusions. Successful recanalization (mTICI 2b or 3) was achieved in 73% (n=35), while 6% (n=3) of patients developed symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. In-hospital mortality was 25% (n=12) while 40% (n=19) achieved 3-month modified Rankin Scores 0-2. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest the use of pragmatic imaging approach of ASPECTS ≥6 with CTA collateral grade in extended time window which is already established in most hospitals.

Admission Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio for Predicting Outcome in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

PURPOSE: We sought to evaluate the relationship between admission neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and functional outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Consecutive patients with aSAH were treated at two tertiary stroke centers during a five-year period. Functional outcome was defined as discharge modified Rankin score dichotomized at scores 0-2 (good) vs. 3-6 (poor). RESULTS: 474 aSAH patients were evaluated with a mean NLR 8.6 (SD 8.3). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, poor functional outcome was independently associated with higher NLR, older age, poorer clinical status on admission, prehospital statin use, and vasospasm. Increasing NLR analyzed as a continuous variable was independently associated with higher odds of poor functional outcome (OR 1.03, 95%CI 1.00-1.07, p=0.05) after adjustment for potential confounders. When dichotomized using ROC curve analysis, a threshold NLR value of greater than 6.48 was independently associated with higher odds of poor functional outcome (OR 1.71, 95%CI 1.07-2.74, p=0.03) after adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Higher admission NLR is an independent predictor for poor functional outcome at discharge in aSAH patients. The evaluation of anti-inflammatory targets in the future may allow for improved functional outcome after aSAH.

Alarming downtrend in mechanical thrombectomy rates in African American patients during the COVID-19 pandemic-Insights from STAR.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has affected stroke care globally. In this study, we aim to evaluate the impact of the current pandemic on racial disparities among stroke patients receiving mechanical thrombectomy (MT). METHODS: We used the prospectively collected data in the Stroke Thrombectomy and Aneurysm Registry from 12 thrombectomy-capable stroke centers in the US and Europe. We included acute stroke patients who underwent MT between January 2017 and May 2020. We compared baseline features, vascular risk factors, location of occlusion, procedural metrics, complications, and discharge outcomes between patients presenting before (before February 2020) and those who presented during the pandemic (February to May 2020). RESULTS: We identified 2083 stroke patients: of those 235 (11.3%) underwent MT during the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared with pre-pandemic, stroke patients who received MT during the pandemic had longer procedure duration (44 vs 38 min, P=0.006), longer length of hospitalization (6 vs 4 days, P<0.001), and higher in-hospital mortality (18.7% vs 11%, P<0.001). Importantly, there was a lower number of African American patients undergoing MT during the COVID-19 pandemic (609 (32.9%) vs 56 (23.8%); P=0.004). CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the care process for stroke patients receiving MT globally. There is a significant decline in the number of African American patients receiving MT, which mandates further investigation.

Performance on the DANA Brief Cognitive Test Correlates With MACE Cognitive Score and May Be a New Tool to Diagnose Concussion.

Nearly 380,000 U.S. service members between 2000 and 2017 were, and at least 300,000 athletes annually are, diagnosed with concussion. It is imperative to establish a gold-standard diagnostic test to quickly and accurately diagnose concussion. In this non-randomized, prospective study, we examined the reliability and validity of a novel neurocognitive assessment tool, the Defense Automated Neurobehavioral Assessment (DANA), designed to be a more sensitive, yet efficient, measure of concussion symptomatology. In this study, the DANA Brief version was compared to an established measure of concussion screening, the Military Acute Concussion Evaluation (MACE), in a group of non-concussed service members. DANA Brief subtests demonstrated low to moderate reliability, as measured by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC; values range: 0.28-0.58), which is comparable to other computerized neurocognitive tests that are widely-implemented to diagnose concussion. Statistically significant associations were found between learning and memory components of the DANA Brief and the diagnostic MACE cognitive test score (DANA Brief subtests: CDD: R 2 = 0.05, p = 0.023; CDS: R 2 = 0.10, p = 0.010). However, a more robust relationship was found between DANA Brief components involving attention and working memory, including immediate memory, and the MACE cognitive test score (DANA Brief subtests: GNG: R 2 = 0.08, p = 0.003; PRO: R 2 = 0.08, p = 0.002). These results provide evidence that the DANA Rapid version, a 5-min assessment self-administered on a hand-held portable device, based on the DANA Brief version, may serve as a clinically useful and improved neurocognitive concussion screen to minimize the time between injury and diagnosis in settings where professional medical evaluation may be unavailable or delayed. The DANA's portability, durability, shorter test time and lack of need for a medical professional to diagnose concussion overcome these critical limitations of the MACE.

International experience of mechanical thrombectomy during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from STAR and ENRG.

BACKGROUND: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many centers altered stroke triage protocols for the protection of their providers. However, the effect of workflow changes on stroke patients receiving mechanical thrombectomy (MT) has not been systematically studied. METHODS: A prospective international study was launched at the initiation of the COVID-19 pandemic. All included centers participated in the Stroke Thrombectomy and Aneurysm Registry (STAR) and Endovascular Neurosurgery Research Group (ENRG). Data was collected during the peak months of the COVID-19 surge at each site. Collected data included patient and disease characteristics. A generalized linear model with logit link function was used to estimate the effect of general anesthesia (GA) on in-hospital mortality and discharge outcome controlling for confounders. RESULTS: 458 patients and 28 centers were included from North America, South America, and Europe. Five centers were in high-COVID burden counties (HCC) in which 9/104 (8.7%) of patients were positive for COVID-19 compared with 4/354 (1.1%) in low-COVID burden counties (LCC) (P<0.001). 241 patients underwent pre-procedure GA. Compared with patients treated awake, GA patients had longer door to reperfusion time (138 vs 100 min, P=<0.001). On multivariate analysis, GA was associated with higher probability of in-hospital mortality (RR 1.871, P=0.029) and lower probability of functional independence at discharge (RR 0.53, P=0.015). CONCLUSION: We observed a low rate of COVID-19 infection among stroke patients undergoing MT in LCC. Overall, more than half of the patients underwent intubation prior to MT, leading to prolonged door to reperfusion time, higher in-hospital mortality, and lower likelihood of functional independence at discharge.

Medical Management vs Mechanical Thrombectomy for Mild Strokes: An International Multicenter Study and Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: The benefit of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in patients with stroke presenting with mild deficits (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score <6) owing to emergency large-vessel occlusion (ELVO) remains uncertain. Objective: To assess the outcomes of patients with mild-deficits ELVO (mELVO) treated with MT vs best medical management (bMM). Data Sources: We retrospectively pooled patients with mELVO during a 5-year period from 16 centers. A meta-analysis of studies reporting efficacy and safety outcomes with MT or bMM among patients with mELVO was also conducted. Data were analyzed between 2013 and 2017. Study Selection: We identified studies that enrolled patients with stroke (within 24 hours of symptom onset) with mELVO treated with MT or bMM. Main Outcomes and Measures: Efficacy outcomes included 3-month favorable functional outcome and 3-month functional independence that were defined as modified Rankin Scale scores of 0 to 1 and 0 to 2, respectively. Safety outcomes included 3-month mortality and symptomatic and asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Results: We evaluated a total of 251 patients with mELVO who were treated with MT (n = 138; 65 women; mean age, 65.2 years; median NIHSS score, 4; interquartile range [IQR], 3-5) or bMM (n = 113; 51 women; mean age, 64.8; median NIHSS score, 3; interquartile range [IQR], 2-4). The rate of asymptomatic ICH was lower in bMM (4.6% vs 17.5%; P = .002), while the rate of 3-month FI (after imputation of missing follow-up evaluations) was lower in MT (77.4% vs 88.5%; P = .02). The 2 groups did not differ in any other efficacy or safety outcomes. In multivariable analyses, MT was associated with higher odds of asymptomatic ICH (odds ratio [OR], 11.07; 95% CI, 1.31-93.53; P = .03). In the meta-analysis of 4 studies (843 patients), MT was associated with higher odds of symptomatic ICH in unadjusted analyses (OR, 5.52; 95% CI, 1.91-15.49; P = .002; I2 = 0%). This association did not retain its significance in adjusted analyses including 2 studies (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 0.49-8.63; P = .32; I2 = 0%). The meta-analysis did not document any other independent associations between treatment groups and safety or efficacy outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance: Our multicenter study coupled with the meta-analysis suggests similar outcomes of MT and bMM in patients with stroke with mELVO, but no conclusions about treatment effect can be made. The clinical equipoise can further be resolved by a randomized clinical trial.

Intravenous thrombolysis pretreatment and other predictors of infarct in a new previously unaffected territory (INT) in ELVO strokes treated with mechanical thrombectomy.

INTRODUCTION: One uncommon complication of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is an infarct in a new previously unaffected territory (infarct in new territory (INT)). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predictors of INT with special focus on intravenous thrombolysis(IVT)pretreatmentbefore MT. METHODS: Consecutive patients with emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO) treated with MT during a 5-year period were evaluated. INT was defined using standardized methodology proposed by ESCAPE investigators. The predictors of INT and its impact on outcomes were investigated. RESULTS: A total of 419 consecutive patients with ELVO received MT (mean age 64±15 years, 50% men, median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score 16 points (IQR 11-20), 69% pretreated with IVT). The incidence of INT was lower in patients treated with combination therapy (IVTandMT) than in patients treated with MT alone, respectively (10% vs 20%; p=0.011). The INT group had more patients with posterior circulation occlusions than the group without INT (28% vs 10%, respectively; p<0.001). The rates of 3-month functional independence were lower in patients with INT (30% vs 50%; p=0.007). IVT pretreatment was not independently related to INT (OR=0.75; 95% CI 0.32 to 1.76), and INT did not emerge as an independent predictor of 3-month functional independence (OR=0.69; 95% CI 0.29 to 1.62) on multivariable logistic regression models. Location of posterior circulation occlusion was independently associated with a higher odds of INT (OR=3.33; 95% CI 1.43 to 7.69; p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: IVT pretreatment is not independently associated with a lower likelihood of INT in patients with ELVO treated with MT. Patients with ELVO with posterior circulation occlusion are more likely to have INT after MT.

Optimization of risk stratification for anticoagulation-associated intracerebral hemorrhage: net risk estimation.

BACKGROUND: Every anticoagulation decision has in inherent risk of hemorrhage; intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most devastating hemorrhagic complication. We examined whether combining ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke risk in individual patients might provide a meaningful paradigm for risk stratification. METHODS: We enrolled consecutive patients with anticoagulation-associated ICH in 15 tertiary centers in the USA, Europe and Asia between 2015 and 2017. Each patient was assigned baseline ischemic stroke and hemorrhage risk based on their CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores. We computed a net risk by subtracting hemorrhagic from ischemic risk. If the sum was positive the patient was assigned a "Favorable" indication for anticoagulation; if negative, "Unfavorable". RESULTS: We enrolled 357 patients [59% men, median age 76 (68-82) years]. 31% used non-vitamin K antagonist (NOAC). 191 (53.5%) patients had a favorable indication for anticoagulation prior to their ICH; 166 (46.5%) unfavorable. Those with unfavorable indication were younger [72 (66-80) vs 78 (73-84) years, p = 0.001], with lower CHA2DS2-VASc score [3(3-4) vs 5(4-6), p < 0.001]. Those with favorable indication had a significantly higher prevalence of most cardiovascular risk factors and were more likely to use a NOAC (35% vs 25%, p = 0.045). Both groups had similar prevalence of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSIONS: In this anticoagulation-associated ICH cohort, baseline hemorrhagic risk exceeded ischemic risk in approximately 50%, highlighting the importance of careful consideration of risk/benefit ratio prior to anticoagulation decisions. The remaining 50% suffered an ICH despite excess baseline ischemic risk, stressing the need for biomarkers to allow more precise estimation of hemorrhagic complication risk.

Blood pressure reduction and outcome after endovascular therapy with successful reperfusion: a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) correlates with worse outcome. However, the association between SBP reduction (SBPr) and outcome after successful reperfusion with MT is not well established. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between SBPr in the first 24 hours after successful reperfusion and the functional and safety outcomes of MT. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective study, which included 10 comprehensive stroke centers, was carried out. Patients with acute ischemic stroke and anterior circulation large vessel occlusions who achieved successful reperfusion via MT were included. SBPr was calculated using the formula 100×([admission SBP-mean SBP]/admission SBP). Poor outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 3-6 at 90 days. Safety endpoints included symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, mortality, and requirement for hemicraniectomy during admission. A generalized mixed linear model was used to study the association between SBPr and outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 1361 patients were included in the final analysis. SBPr as a continuous variable was inversely associated with poor outcome (OR=0.97; 95% CI 0.95 to 0.98; p<0.001) but not with the safety outcomes. Subanalysis based on reperfusion status showed that SBPr was associated with lower odds of poor outcome only in patients with complete reperfusion (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (mTICI 3)) but not in patients with incomplete reperfusion (mTICI 2b). When SBPr was divided into categories (<1%, 1%-10%, 11%-20%, >20%), the rate of poor outcome was highest in the first group. CONCLUSION: SBPr in the first 24 hours after successful reperfusion was inversely associated with poor outcome. No association between SBPr and safety outcome was found.

A Case of Triple-Negative Myasthenia Gravis Lambert-Eaton Overlap Syndrome With Negative Agrin and LRP-4 Antibodies.

A case of triple-negative myasthenia gravis Lambert-Eaton overlap syndrome with negative Agrin and LRP-4 antibodies. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder that shares similar features with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. The combined clinical and electrophysiological findings of MG and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome have been reported, these cases represent the so-called "myasthenia gravis Lambert-Eaton overlap syndrome" (MLOS). A total of 55 MLOS cases have been identified, 13 cases were reported before the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody (ab) testing era, 14 during the AChR-ab era, 26 during the voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC)-ab era, and 2 cases have been reported during the muscle-specific kinase (MuSK)-ab era, of these; only 1 patient tested negative for all 3 antibodies. New immunological markers have been identified in the study of MG [Agrin and the low-density lipopro-tein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP-4)]. We present a patient with MLOS who tested negative for all 5 (AChR, MuSK, VGCC, Agrin, and LRP-4) serologic markers.

Microbleed prevalence and burden in anticoagulant-associated intracerebral bleed.

Prior studies suggest an association between Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs); less is known about nonvitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs). In this observational study we describe CMB profiles in a multicenter cohort of 89 anticoagulation-related intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients. CMB prevalence was 51% (52% in VKA-ICH, 48% in NOAC-ICH). NOAC-ICH patients had lower median CMB count [2(IQR:1-3) vs. 7(4-11); P < 0.001]; ≥5 CMBs were less prevalent in NOAC-ICH (4% vs. 31%, P = 0.006). This inverse association between NOAC exposure and high CMB count persisted in multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for potential confounders (OR 0.10, 95%CI: 0.01-0.83; P = 0.034).

Blood Pressure and Outcome After Mechanical Thrombectomy With Successful Revascularization.

Background and Purpose- Successful reperfusion can be achieved in more than two-thirds of patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy. Therefore, it is important to understand the effect of blood pressure (BP) on clinical outcomes after successful reperfusion. In this study, we investigated the relationship between BP on admission and during the first 24 hours after successful reperfusion with clinical outcomes. Methods- This was a multicenter study from 10 comprehensive stroke centers. To ensure homogeneity of the studied cohort, we included only patients with anterior circulation who achieved successful recanalization at the end of procedure. Clinical outcomes included 90-day modified Rankin Scale, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), mortality, and hemicraniectomy. Results- A total of 1245 patients were included in the study. Mean age was 69±14 years, and 51% of patients were female. Forty-nine percent of patients had good functional outcome at 90-days, and 4.7% suffered sICH. Admission systolic BP (SBP), mean SBP, maximum SBP, SBP SD, and SBP range were associated with higher risk of sICH. In addition, patients in the higher mean SBP groups had higher rates of sICH. Similar results were found for hemicraniectomy. With respect to functional outcome, mean SBP, maximum SBP, and SBP range were inversely associated with the good outcome (modified Rankin Scale score, 0-2). However, the difference in SBP parameters between the poor and good outcome groups was modest. Conclusions- Higher BP within the first 24 hours after successful mechanical thrombectomy was associated with a higher likelihood of sICH, mortality, and requiring hemicraniectomy.

Impact of pretreatment with intravenous thrombolysis on reperfusion status in acute strokes treated with mechanical thrombectomy.

INTRODUCTION: We sought to evaluate the impact of pretreatment with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) on the rate and speed of successful reperfusion (SR) in patients with emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO) treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in a high-volume tertiary care stroke center. METHODS: Consecutive patients with ELVO treated with MT were evaluated. Outcomes were compared between patients who underwent combined IVT and MT (IVT+MT) and those treated with direct MT (dMT). The elapsed time between groin puncture to beginning of reperfusion (GPTBRT) and the numbers of device passes required to achieve SR were also documented. RESULTS: A total of 287 and 132 patients were treated with IVT+MT and dMT, respectively. The IVT+MT group had higher SR (73.8% vs 62.9%; p=0.023) and 3-month functional independence (modified Rankin Scale score 0-2;51.6% vs 38.2%; p=0.008) rates. The median GPTBRT was shorter in the IVT+MT group (48 (IQR 33-70) vs 70 (IQR 44-98) min; p<0.001). Among patients who achieved SR (n=292), the median number of required device passes was lower in the IVT+MT subgroup (1 (IQR 1-1) vs 2 (IQR 1-2); p<0.001), while the rate of patients requiring ≤2 device passes was higher (98% vs 77%; p<0.001). IVT+MT was independently related to higher odds of SR (OR 1.64; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.61; p=0.036) and shorter GPTBRT (unstandardized linear regression coefficient -20.39; 95% CI -27.56 to -13.22; p<0.001) on multivariable analyses adjusting for potential confounders. Among patients with SR, IVT+MT was independently associated with a higher likelihood of ≤2 device passes (OR 14.63; 95% CI 4.46 to 48.00; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: IVT pretreatment appears to increase the rates of SR and shortens the duration of the endovascular procedure by requiring fewer device passes in patients with ELVO treated with MT.

Cerebellar Hippocampal and Basal Nuclei Transient Edema with Restricted diffusion (CHANTER) Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal restricted diffusion on magnetic resonance imaging is often associated with ischemic stroke or anoxic injury, but other conditions can present similarly. We present six cases of an unusual but consistent pattern of restricted diffusion in bilateral hippocampi and cerebellar cortices. This pattern of injury is distinct from typical imaging findings in ischemic, anoxic, or toxic injury, suggesting it may represent an under-recognized clinicoradiographic syndrome. Despite initial presentation with stupor or coma in the context of obstructive hydrocephalus, patients may have acceptable outcomes if offered early intervention. METHODS: We identified an ad hoc series of patients at our two institutions between years 2014 and 2017 who presented to the neurocritical care unit with severe, otherwise unexplained cerebellar edema and retrospectively identified several commonalities in history, presentation, and imaging. RESULTS: Between two institutions, we identified six patients-ages 33-59 years, four male-with similar presentations of decreased level of consciousness in the context of intoxicant exposure, with acute cytotoxic edema of the cerebellar cortex, hippocampi, and aspects of the basal nuclei. All patients presented with severe cerebellar edema which led to obstructive hydrocephalus requiring aggressive medical and/or surgical management. The five patients who survived to discharge demonstrated variable degrees of physical and memory impairment on discharge and at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We present findings of a potentially novel syndrome involving a distinct pattern of cerebellar and hippocampal restricted diffusion, with imaging and clinical characteristics distinct from ischemic stroke, hypoxic injury, and known toxidromes and leukoencephalopathies. Given the potential for favorable outcome despite early obstructive hydrocephalus, early identification and treatment of this syndrome are critical.

Minimally invasive endoscopic hematoma evacuation vs best medical management for spontaneous basal-ganglia intracerebral hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: We conducted a case-control study to assess the relative safety and efficacy of minimally invasive endoscopic surgery (MIS) for clot evacuation in patients with basal-ganglia intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS: We evaluated consecutive patients with acute basal-ganglia ICH at a single center over a 42-month period. Patients received either best medical management according to established guidelines (controls) or MIS (cases). The following outcomes were compared before and after propensity-score matching (PSM): in-hospital mortality; discharge National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score; discharge disposition; and modified Rankin Scale scores at discharge and at 3 months. RESULTS: Among 224 ICH patients, 19 (8.5%) underwent MIS (mean age, 50.9±10.9; 26.3% female, median ICH volume, 40 (IQR, 25-51)). The interventional cohort was younger with higher ICH volume and stroke severity compared with the medically managed cohort. After PSM, 18 MIS patients were matched to 54 medically managed individuals. The two cohorts did not differ in any of the baseline characteristics. The median ICH volume at 24 hours was lower in the intervention group (40 cm3 (IQR, 25-50) vs 15 cm3 (IQR, 5-20); P<0.001). The two cohorts did not differ in any of the pre-specified outcomes measures except for in-hospital mortality, which was lower in the interventional cohort (28% vs 56%; P=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive endoscopic hematoma evacuation was associated with lower rates of in-hospital mortality in patients with spontaneous basal-ganglia ICH. These findings support a randomized controlled trial of MIS versus medical management for ICH.

Predictors for Tracheostomy with External Validation of the Stroke-Related Early Tracheostomy Score (SETscore).

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Ischemic stroke (IS), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients often require endotracheal intubation (EI) and mechanical ventilation (MV). Predicting the need for prolonged EI and timing of tracheostomy (TR) is challenging. While TR is performed for about 10-15% of patients in the general intensive care unit (ICU), the rate in the neurological ICU and for stroke patients ranges between 15 and 35%. Thus, we performed an external validation of the recently published SETscore. METHODS: This is a retrospective review for all patients with IS, non-traumatic ICH, and SAH who required intubation within 48 h of admission to the neurological ICU. We compared the SETscore between tracheostomized versus successfully extubated patients, and early TR (within 7 days) versus late TR (after 7 days). RESULTS: Out of 511 intubated patients, 140 tracheostomized and 105 extubated were included. The sensitivity for a SETscore > 10 to predict the need for TR was 81% (95% CI 74-87%) with a specificity of 57% (95% CI 48-67%). The score had moderate accuracy in correctly identifying those requiring TR and those successfully extubated: 71% (95% CI 65-76%). The AUC of the score was 0.74 (95% CI 0.68-0.81). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify other independent predictors of TR. After including body mass index (BMI), African American (AA) race, ICH and a positive sputum culture in the SETscore, sensitivity, specificity, overall accuracy, and AUC improved to 90%, 78%, 85%, and 0.89 (95% CI 0.85-0.93), respectively. In our cohort, performing early TR was associated with improvement in the ICU median length of stay (LOS) (15 vs 20.5 days; p = 0.002) and mean ventilator duration (VD) (13.4 vs 18.2 days; p = 0.005) in comparison to late TR. CONCLUSIONS: SETscore is a simple score with a moderate accuracy and with a fair AUC used to predict the need for TR after MV for IS, ICH, and SAH patients. Our study also demonstrates that early TR was associated with a lower ICU LOS and VD in our cohort. The utility of this score may be improved when including additional variables such as BMI, AA race, ICH, and positive sputum cultures.

Mechanical thrombectomy outcomes in large vessel stroke with high international normalized ratio.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluating the safety and efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in acute stroke patients due to emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO) with high international-normalized-ratio (INR). METHODS: Consecutive ELVO patients treated with MT were evaluated from two centers. Outcome measures included symptomatic-intracranial-hemorrhage(sICH), three-month mortality, successful reperfusion(SR), and 3-month functional-independence(FI; mRS-scores of 0-2). Additionally, a meta-analysis of available cohort studies was performed to evaluate safety and efficacy of MT in ELVO patients with high INR. RESULTS: A total of 315 ELVO patients were evaluated. Of those 10 patients had INR >1.7 [mean age 63.5 ±â€¯15, median NIHSS-score: 17 points (IQR 14-22)],and remaining 305 ELVO patients had INR ≤ 1.7 ([mean age 62 ±â€¯14.4, median NIHSS-score: 17 points (IQR 12-21)]. Patients with high INR did not differ in terms of sICH (10.0% vs. 6.9%; p = .706), 3-month mortality (20.0% vs. 24.2%; p = .762), SR (88.9% vs. 69.4%; p = .209) and 3-month FI (50% vs. 49.3%; p = .762) compared to the rest. Meta-analysis of available studies (n = 5) showed that high INR was not related to sICH (OR: 0.94, 95%CI: 0.42-2.07; p = .88), 3-month mortality (OR: 1.07, 95%CI: CI 0.72-1.60; p = .73) and 3-month FI (OR: 0.69, 95%CI: 0.34-1.40; p = .30). CONCLUSIONS: MT can be performed safely and effectively in ELVO patients with high INR.

Clinical Outcomes and Neuroimaging Profiles in Nondisabled Patients With Anticoagulant-Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Background and Purpose- The aim of this study was to prospectively validate our prior findings of smaller hematoma volume and lesser neurological deficit in nonvitamin K oral anticoagulant (NOAC) compared with Vitamin K antagonist (VKA)-related intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods- Prospective 12-month observational study in 15 tertiary stroke centers in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Consecutive patients with premorbid modified Rankin Scale score of <2 with acute nontraumatic anticoagulant-related ICH divided into 2 groups according to the type of anticoagulant: NOAC versus VKA. We recorded baseline ICH volume, significant hematoma expansion (absolute [12.5 mL] or relative [>33%] increase), neurological severity measured by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, 90-day mortality, and functional status (modified Rankin Scale score). Results- Our cohort comprised 196 patients, 62 NOAC related (mean age, 75.0±11.4 years; 54.8% men) and 134 VKA related (mean age, 72.3±10.5; 73.1% men). There were no differences in vascular comorbidities, antiplatelet, and statin use; NOAC-related ICH patients had lower median baseline hematoma volume (13.8 [2.5-37.6] versus 19.5 [6.6-52.0] mL; P=0.026) and were less likely to have severe neurological deficits (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of >10 points) on admission (37% versus 55.3%, P=0.025). VKA-ICH were more likely to have significant hematoma expansion (37.4% versus 17%, P=0.008). NOAC pretreatment was independently associated with smaller baseline hematoma volume (standardized linear regression coefficient:-0.415 [95% CI, -0.780 to -0.051]) resulting in lower likelihood of severe neurological deficit (odds ratio, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.22-0.85) in multivariable-adjusted models. Conclusions- Patients with NOAC-related ICH have smaller baseline hematoma volumes and lower odds of severe neurological deficit compared with VKA-related ICH. These findings are important for practicing clinicians making anticoagulation choices.