PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF TAENIA SOLIUM CYST FLUID BY SHOTGUN LC-MS/MS.

Taenia solium cysts were collected from pig skeletal muscle and analyzed via a shotgun proteomic approach to identify known proteins in the cyst fluid and to explore host-parasite interactions. Cyst fluid was aseptically collected and analyzed with shotgun liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Gene alignment and annotation were performed using Blast2GO software followed by gene ontology analysis of the annotated proteins. The pathways were further analyzed with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network map was generated using STRING software. A total of 158 known proteins were identified, most of which were low-molecular-mass proteins. These proteins were mainly involved in cellular and metabolic processes, and their molecular functions were predominantly related to catalytic activity and binding functions. The pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the known proteins were mainly enriched in the PI3K-Akt and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis signaling pathways. The nodes in the PPI network mainly consisted of enzymes involved in sugar metabolism. The cyst fluid proteins screened in this study may play important roles in the interaction between the cysticerci and the host. The shotgun LC-MS/MS, gene ontology, KEGG, and PPI network map data will be used to identify and analyze the cyst fluid proteome of cysticerci, which will provide a basis for further exploration of the invasion and activities of T. solium.

Adjuvanticity of ß -Glucan for Vaccine Against Trichinella spiralis.

In the past 30 years, few researches focus on the efficacy of adjuvant against Trichinella spiralis infection. Identifying new, improved vaccine adjuvants for T. spiralis infection are required. ß-glucan are effective and safe as adjuvant for infectious diseases. In this paper, we first observed the adjuvanticity of ß-glucan as adjuvant for defensing helminth T. spiralis in vivo. We showed that IgG and IgE were elevated in the mice immunized with ß-glucan combined with recombinant T. spiralis serine protease inhibitor (rTs-Serpin), which is one of the vaccine candidates. Furthermore, in vitro, the combination of ß-glucan and rTs-Serpin enhanced the maturation of bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) compared to rTs-Serpin alone. We showed that ß-glucan + rTs-Serpin -treated BMDCs secreted higher production of IL-12 and IL-10. Moreover, ß-glucan + rTs-Serpin -treated BMDCs not only promoted the population of CD4+ IFN-γ+ T cells, but also enhanced the population of CD4+ IL-4+ T cells. These findings suggested that ß-glucan, as an adjuvant, have the capacity to protect against T. spiralis infection via activating both Th1 and Th2 immune response.

Nrf2 Participates in M2 Polarization by Trichinella spiralis to Alleviate TNBS-Induced Colitis in Mice.

Trichinella spiralis induced alternative activated macrophages (M2), leading to protect against Crohn's disease, known as Th1 -related inflammation, which enhances oxidative stress in the host. However, the relationship of oxidative stress and T. spiralis -mediated immune response is still unknown. In our study, we showed that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), a key transcription factor in antioxidant, participated in M2 polarization induced by T. spiralis muscle larval excretory/secretory (ES) products in vitro. ES -treated M2 were injected intravenously after TNBS challenge and we demonstrated that ES-M could alleviate the severity of the colitis in mice. Adoptive transfer of ES -treated M2 decreased the level of IFN-γ and increased the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in vivo. However, the capacity of ES -treated Nrf2 KO macrophages to treat colitis was dramatically impaired. ES -treated Nrf2 KO macrophages was insufficient to result in the elevated levels of IL-4 and IL-10. These findings indicate that Nrf2 was required for M2 polarization induced by T. spiralis ES to alleviate colitis in mice.

Prevalence of meat-transmitted Taenia and Trichinella parasites in the Far East countries.

Taenia and Trichinella parasites are globally distributed foodborne zoonotic pathogens transmitted from animal to humans via consumption of raw or undercooked meats. This short review is intended to provide the parasites community a snapshot of the literature on the current and recent prevalence of taeniasis and trichinellosis in humans and animals in the Far East countries. Prevalence rates in these countries are highly diverse due to differences in development, culture, ethnic and religious background, animal forming practices, and eating habits. Taenia and Trichinella remain as important meat-transmitted pathogens in the Far East. A One Health approach is needed to eliminate or continuously reduce the foodborne zoonotic taeniasis and trichinellosis in the Far East.

Effect of recombinant serine protease from adult stage of Trichinella spiralis on TNBS-induced experimental colitis in mice.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a chronic autoimmune disease. At present, worms and their products has been shown to have protective effects on immune-mediated diseases. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of the recombination Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis, Ts) adult serine protease-like protein rTs-ADSp-7 on a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced CD mouse model. Colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of a TNBS solution. The disease activity index (DAI), which included weight loss, diarrhoea, and bloody stool, was measured. Colon segments were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H.E.) for histopathological score. Cytokine release in the serum was analysed by meso scale discovery (MSD). Cytokine release in the colon was detected by ELISA. Splenocytes were separated, and the cytokine profiles of Th1 (IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-4), Th17 (IL-17A) and Treg cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Our result showed that rTs-ADSp-7 reduced the clinical disease activity of TNBS-induced colitis in mice. In addition, we found that rTs-ADSp-7 reduced the production of Th1- and Th17-related cytokines while upregulating the expression of Th2- and Treg-related cytokines in TNBS-induced colitis mice. rTs-ADSp-7 also increased the population of Th2 and Treg cells in TNBS-induced colitis mice. rTs-ADSp-7 alleviated the severity of TNBS-induced colitis while balancing the CD4+ T cell immune response. rTs-ADSp-7 has therapeutic potential for colitis treatment and can be used as a helminth-derived protein therapy for CD or other Th1 immunity-mediated diseases.

Regulation of host immune cells and cytokine production induced by Trichinella spiralis infection.

The nematode Trichinella spiralis can cause immunoregulation during the early phase of infection. However, previous studies are still insufficient for a full understanding of this phenomenon and its underlying mechanism. In this study, immune cells and cytokine profiles of T. spiralis infected mice were examined by Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) and flow cytometry. The MSD results of the spleen showed that Th1 immunity was inhibited from 6 h to 6 days post-infection (dpi) and the level of Th2 immune response was significantly increased at 6 dpi. The mesenteric lymph node showed a Th1/Th2 mixed immune response from 3 dpi to 6 dpi with a downtrend of Th1 at 6 dpi. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the proportion of Th1 cells of T cells was decreased significantly at 6 h after infection, the proportion of Th2 cells was markedly increased, indicating that Th1 immunity was significantly inhibited at 6 h after infection, and a hybrid immune response based on Th2 type was presented from 30 h to 6 dpi. The immunoregulation effects observed during this study have provided a better understanding of the development of the immune response induced by Trichinella infection.

TITLE: Régulation de la production des cellules immunitaires de l'hôte et des cytokines induite par l'infection par Trichinella spiralis. ABSTRACT: Le nématode Trichinella spiralis peut provoquer une immunorégulation pendant la phase précoce de l'infection. Cependant, les études précédentes sont encore insuffisantes pour bien comprendre ce phénomène et son mécanisme sous-jacent. Dans cette étude, les profils de cellules immunitaires et de cytokines de souris infectées par T. spiralis ont été examinés par DMÉ (Découverte à Méso-Échelle) et cytométrie de flux. Les résultats DMÉ de la rate ont montré que l'immunité Th1 était inhibée 6 h à 6 jours après l'infection (jai) et que le niveau de réponse immunitaire Th2 était augmenté de manière significative à 6 jai. Le ganglion mésentérique présentait une réponse immunitaire mixte Th1/Th2 de 3 à 6 jai avec une tendance à la baisse de Th1 à 6 jai. L'analyse par cytométrie en flux a montré que la proportion de lymphocytes T Th1 était significativement réduite 6 h après l'infection, que la proportion de Th2 était nettement augmentée, ce qui indiquait que l'immunité Th1 était significativement inhibée 6 h après l'infection, et qu'une réponse immunitaire hybride sur le type Th2 était présentée de 30 h à 6 jai. Les effets d'immunorégulation observés au cours de cette étude ont permis de mieux comprendre le développement de la réponse immunitaire induite par l'infection à Trichinella.