Longitudinal changes in anthropometric, physiological, and physical qualities of international women's rugby league players.

This is the first study to assess longitudinal changes in anthropometric, physiological, and physical qualities of international women's rugby league players. Thirteen forwards and 11 backs were tested three times over a 10-month period. Assessments included: standing height and body mass, body composition measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), a blood panel, resting metabolic rate (RMR) assessed by indirect calorimetry, aerobic capacity (i.e.,[Formula: see text]) evaluated by an incremental treadmill test, and isometric force production measured by a force plate. During the pre-season phase, lean mass increased significantly by ~2% for backs (testing point 1: 47 kg; testing point 2: 48 kg) and forwards (testing point 1: 50 kg; testing point 2: 51 kg) (p = ≤ 0.05). Backs significantly increased their [Formula: see text] by 22% from testing point 1 (40 ml kg-1 min-1) to testing point 3 (49 ml kg-1 min-1) (p = ≤ 0.04). The [Formula: see text] of forwards increased by 10% from testing point 1 (41 ml kg-1 min-1) to testing point 3 (45 ml kg-1 min-1), however this change was not significant (p = ≥ 0.05). Body mass (values represent the range of means across the three testing points) (backs: 68 kg; forwards: 77-78 kg), fat mass percentage (backs: 25-26%; forwards: 30-31%), resting metabolic rate (backs: 7 MJ day-1; forwards: 7 MJ day-1), isometric mid-thigh pull (backs: 2106-2180 N; forwards: 2155-2241 N), isometric bench press (backs: 799-822 N; forwards: 999-1024 N), isometric prone row (backs: 625-628 N; forwards: 667-678 N) and bloods (backs: ferritin 21-29 ug/L, haemoglobin 137-140 g/L, iron 17-21 umol/L, transferrin 3 g/L, transferring saturation 23-28%; forwards: ferritin 31-33 ug/L, haemoglobin 141-145 g/L, iron 20-23 umol/L, transferrin 3 g/L, transferrin saturation 26-31%) did not change (p = ≥ 0.05). This study provides novel longitudinal data which can be used to better prepare women rugby league players for the unique demands of their sport, underpinning female athlete health.

Grizzlies and gazelles: Duty factor is an effective measure for categorizing running style in English Premier League soccer players.

English Premier League soccer players run at multiple speeds throughout a game. The aim of this study was to assess how well the duty factor, a dimensionless ratio based on temporal variables, described running styles in professional soccer players. A total of 25 players ran on an instrumented treadmill at 12, 16, and 20 km/h. Spatiotemporal and ground reaction force data were recorded for 30 s at each speed; video data (500 Hz) were collected to determine footstrike patterns. In addition to correlation analysis amongst the 25 players, two groups (both N = 9) of high and low duty factors were compared. The duty factor was negatively correlated with peak vertical force, center of mass (CM) vertical displacement, and leg stiffness (k leg) at all speeds (r ≥ -0.51, p ≤ 0.009). The low duty factor group had shorter contact times, longer flight times, higher peak vertical forces, greater CM vertical displacement, and higher k leg (p < 0.01). Among the high DF group players, eight were rearfoot strikers at all speeds, compared with three in the low group. The duty factor is an effective measure for categorizing soccer players as being on a continuum from terrestrial (high duty factor) to aerial (low duty factor) running styles, which we metaphorically refer to as "grizzlies" and "gazelles," respectively. Because the duty factor distinguishes running style, there are implications for the training regimens of grizzlies and gazelles in soccer, and exercises to improve performance should be developed based on the biomechanical advantages of each spontaneous running style.

Commonly reported isokinetic parameters do not reveal long-term strength deficits of the Triceps surae complex following operative treatment of Achilles tendon rupture.

Isokinetic strength assessments are common outcome measures following operatively treated Achilles tendon (AT) ruptures. However, there is a lack of clarity on whether commonly reported outcome measures (such as peak joint moment) are sufficient to describe the extent of long-term functional deficits following AT rupture and repair. The present study conducted a comprehensive isokinetic evaluation of the Triceps surae complex in 12 participants who previously underwent AT rupture and repair. Testing occurred 4.4 (±2.6) years following surgery, and consisted of maximal isokinetic strength assessments of the plantarflexors at two angular velocities (30 and 60°âˆ™s-1) with the knee in flexed and straight positions. Differences between injured and non-injured limbs were tested through discrete and statistical parametric mapping analysis. Average joint moment showed significant main effects between injured and non-injured limbs, but common isokinetic parameters such as peak moment and angle of peak moment did not. The normalised moment curves showed a significant main effect of limb, angular velocity and knee joint position on joint moment throughout different portions of the range of motion. Temporal analysis revealed a significantly greater ability of the non-injured limb to sustain plantarflexor moments across a range of testing conditions. Participants who had undergone operative treatment of AT ruptures did not display inter-limb differences in discrete isokinetic strength outcomes that are often used in the literature. Instead, temporal analyses were required to highlight the reduced capacity of the injured limb to generate end-range joint moments and to sustain higher levels of joint moment for longer periods.