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BACKGROUND/AIM: This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with non-sentinel lymph node (non-SLN) metastasis in case of hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer with cN0 on preoperative exam, where the sentinel lymph node (SLN) is positive. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of medical records from the Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, spanning from January 2013 to January 2020, focusing on patients with HR+, HER2- breast cancer. Specifically, we collected the clinical and pathological data for those patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) due to positive SLN. RESULTS: Among the 166 patients who underwent ALND after positive SLNs, median patient age was 52 years. Univariate analyses demonstrated a significant association between non-SLN metastasis and the number of positive SLNs (p=0.039), SLN positive ratio (p<0.001), and primary tumor size (p=0.018). Multivariate analysis revealed that an SLN ratio >0.55 (p=0.004, HR=3.007, 95% CI=1.427-6.335) was independently associated with non-SLN metastasis. However, neither the number of positive SLN nor primary tumor size showed associations with non-SLN metastases. CONCLUSION: In patients with HR+, HER2- breast cancer who are cN0, completion of ALND should be considered when the positive SLN ratio is ≥0.55. This approach aims to provide the opportunity for survival benefit through additional adjuvant therapy or to contribute to de-escalation of unnecessary surgery.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Metástase Linfática , Receptor ErbB-2 , Linfonodo Sentinela , Humanos , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Metástase Linfática/patologia , Receptor ErbB-2/metabolismo , Fatores de Risco , Adulto , Estudos Retrospectivos , Idoso , Linfonodo Sentinela/patologia , Linfonodo Sentinela/cirurgia , Linfonodo Sentinela/metabolismo , Excisão de Linfonodo , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismo , Biópsia de Linfonodo Sentinela , Axila , Linfonodos/patologia , Linfonodos/cirurgiaRESUMO
We introduce an enhanced performance organic-inorganic hybrid p-n junction photodiode, utilizing poly[bis(4-phenyl) (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA) and ZnO, fabricated through a solution-based process at a low temperature under 100 °C. Improved interfacial electronic structure, characterized by shallower Gaussian standard deviation of the density-of-state distribution and a larger interface dipole, has resulted in a remarkable fold increase of â¼102 in signal-to-noise ratio for the device. This photodiode exhibits a high specific detectivity (2.32 × 1011 Jones, cm×Hz×W-1) and exceptional rectification ratio (5.47 × 104 at ±1 V). The primary light response, concentrated in the optimal thickness of the PTAA layer, contributes to response over the entire UVA region and rapid response speed, with rise and fall times of 0.24 and 0.64 ms, respectively. Furthermore, this work demonstrates immense potential of our device for health monitoring applications by enabling real-time and continuous measurements of UV intensity.
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Reducing the size of perovskite crystals to confine excitons and passivating surface defects has fueled a significant advance in the luminescence efficiency of perovskite light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, the persistent gap between the optical limit of electroluminescence efficiency and the photoluminescence efficiency of colloidal perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) suggests that defect passivation alone is not sufficient to achieve highly efficient colloidal PeNC-LEDs. Here, we present a materials approach to controlling the dynamic nature of the perovskite surface. Our experimental and theoretical studies reveal that conjugated molecular multipods (CMMs) adsorb onto the perovskite surface by multipodal hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, strengthening the near-surface perovskite lattice and reducing ionic fluctuations which are related to nonradiative recombination. The CMM treatment strengthens the perovskite lattice and suppresses its dynamic disorder, resulting in a near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield of PeNC films and a high external quantum efficiency (26.1%) of PeNC-LED with pure green emission that matches the Rec.2020 color standard for next-generation vivid displays.
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Only limited therapeutic agents have been developed for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Glabridin, a promising anti-obesity candidate, has only limited druggability due to its low in vivo chemical stability and bioavailability. Therefore, we developed vutiglabridin (VUTI), which is based on a glabridin backbone, and investigated its mechanism of action in treating NASH in animal models. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Anti-NASH effects of VUTI were determined in in vitro fatty liver models, spheroids of primary human hepatocytes and L02 normal liver cell lines. To identify VUTI possible cellular target/s, biotin-labelled VUTI was synthesized and underwent chemical proteomic analysis. Further, the evaluation of VUTI therapeutic efficacy was carried out using an amylin-NASH and high-fat (HF) diet-induced obese (DIO) mouse models. This was carried out using transcriptomic, lipidomic and proteomic analyses of the livers from the amylin-NASH mouse model. KEY RESULTS: VUTI treatment markedly reduces hepatic steatosis, fibrosis and inflammation by promoting lipid catabolism, activating autophagy and improving mitochondrial dysfunction, all of which are hallmarks of effective NASH treatment. The cellular target of VUTI was identified as paraoxonase 2 (PON2), a newly proposed protein target for the treatment of NASH, VUTI enhanced PON2 activity. The results using PON2 knockdown cells demonstrated that PON2 is important for VUTI- activation of autophagy, promoting mitochondrial function, decreasing oxidative stress and alleviating lipid accumulation under lipotoxic condition. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Our data demonstrated that VUTI is a promising therapeutic for NASH. Targeting PON2 may be important for improving liver function in various immune-metabolic diseases including NASH.
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IR-783, a commercially available near-infrared (NIR) heptamethine cyanine dye, has been used for selective tumor imaging in breast, prostate, cervical, and brain cancers in vitro and in vivo. Although the molecular mechanism behind the structure-inherent tumor targeting of IR-783 has not been well-demonstrated, IR-783 has unique properties such as a good water solubility and low cytotoxicity compared with other commercial heptamethine cyanine dyes. The goal of this study is to evaluate the phototherapeutic efficacy of IR-783 as a tumor-targeted photothermal agent in human colorectal cancer xenografts. The results demonstrate that IR-783 shows both the subcellular localization in HT-29 cancer cells and preferential accumulation in HT-29 xenografted tumors 24 h after its intravenous administration. Furthermore, the IR-783 dye reveals the superior capability to convert NIR light into heat energy under 808 nm NIR laser irradiation in vitro and in vivo, thereby inducing cancer cell death. Taken together, these findings suggest that water-soluble anionic IR-783 can be used as a bifunctional phototherapeutic agent for the targeted imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT) of colorectal cancer. Therefore, this work provides a simple and effective approach to develop biocompatible, hydrophilic, and tumor-targetable PTT agents for targeted cancer phototherapy.
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Terapia Fototérmica , Humanos , Terapia Fototérmica/métodos , Animais , Camundongos , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Células HT29 , Carbocianinas/química , Camundongos Nus , Raios Infravermelhos , Neoplasias Colorretais/terapia , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Fluorescência , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
In this study, we demonstrated the effective separation of charge carriers within the IGZO/IZO heterostructure by incorporating IZO. We have chosen IGZO for its high mobility and excellent on-off switching behavior in the front channel of our oxide-oxide heterostructure. Similarly, for an additional oxide layer, we have selected IZO due to its outstanding electrical properties. The optimized optoelectronic characteristics of the IGZO/IZO phototransistors were identified by adjusting the ratio of In:Zn in the IZO layer. As a result, the most remarkable traits were observed at the ratio of In:Zn = 8:2. Compared to the IGZO single-layer phototransistor, the IGZO/IZO(8:2) phototransistor showed improved photoresponse characteristics, with photosensitivity and photoresponsivity values of 1.00 × 107 and 89.1 AW-1, respectively, under visible light wavelength illumination. Moreover, the electrical characteristics of the IGZO/IZO(8:2) transistor, such as field effect mobility (µsat) and current on/off ratio (Ion/Ioff), were highly enhanced compared to the IGZO transistor. The µsat and Ion/Ioff were increased by about 2.1 times and 2.3 times, respectively, compared to the IGZO transistor. This work provides an approach for fabricating visible-light phototransistors with elevated optoelectronic properties and low power consumption based on an oxide-oxide heterostructure. The phototransistor with improved performance can be applied to applications such as color-selective visible-light image sensors and biometric sensors interacting with human-machine interfaces.
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BACKGROUND: The trastuzumab biosimilar CT-P6 is approved for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive early breast cancer (EBC), metastatic breast cancer (MBC), and metastatic gastric cancer (MGC). The objective of this post-marketing surveillance (PMS) study was to evaluate the real-world safety and effectiveness of CT-P6 in patients with HER2-positive cancers. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This open-label, observational, prospective, PMS study collected data via investigator surveys from 35 centers in the Republic of Korea (5 October 2018-4 October 2022). Eligible patients with HER2-positive EBC, MBC, or MGC started CT-P6 treatment during routine clinical practice, followed by 1-year observation. Evaluations included adverse events (AEs), adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and effectiveness. RESULTS: Safety was analyzed in 642 patients (494 EBC, 94 MBC, 54 MGC). Overall, 325 (50.6%) patients experienced 1316 AEs, and 550 ADRs occurred in 199 (31.0%) patients. Unexpected ADRs occurred in 62 (9.7%) patients. Unexpected ADRs and ADRs of special interest did not raise any new safety signals. Among trastuzumab-naïve patients, 34/106 (32.1%) with EBC achieved pathological complete response; 30/74 (40.5%) MBC and 24/49 (49.0%) MGC patients achieved complete or partial response. CONCLUSIONS: In a real-world setting, CT-P6 demonstrated safety and efficacy findings consistent with previous CT-P6 studies.
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Antineoplásicos Imunológicos , Medicamentos Biossimilares , Neoplasias da Mama , Vigilância de Produtos Comercializados , Neoplasias Gástricas , Trastuzumab , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/efeitos adversos , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Medicamentos Biossimilares/efeitos adversos , Medicamentos Biossimilares/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos Prospectivos , Receptor ErbB-2/genética , República da Coreia , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamento farmacológico , Trastuzumab/efeitos adversos , Trastuzumab/uso terapêutico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Advances in chemotherapeutic and targeted agents have increased pathologic complete response (pCR) rates after neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST). Vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) has been suggested to accurately evaluate pCR. This study aims to confirm the non-inferiority of the 5-year disease-free survival of patients who omitted breast surgery when predicted to have a pCR based on breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and VAB after NST, compared with patients with a pCR who had undergone breast surgery in previous studies. METHODS: The Omission of breast surgery for PredicTed pCR patients wIth MRI and vacuum-assisted bIopsy in breaST cancer after neoadjuvant systemic therapy (OPTIMIST) trial is a prospective, multicenter, single-arm, non-inferiority study enrolling in 17 tertiary care hospitals in the Republic of Korea. Eligible patients must have a clip marker placed in the tumor and meet the MRI criteria suggesting complete clinical response (post-NST MRI size ≤ 1 cm and lesion-to-background signal enhancement ratio ≤ 1.6) after NST. Patients will undergo VAB, and breast surgery will be omitted for those with no residual tumor. Axillary surgery can also be omitted if the patient was clinically node-negative before and after NST and met the stringent criteria of MRI size ≤ 0.5 cm. Survival and efficacy outcomes are evaluated over five years. DISCUSSION: This study seeks to establish evidence for the safe omission of breast surgery in exceptional responders to NST while minimizing patient burden. The trial will address concerns about potential undertreatment due to false-negative results and recurrence as well as improved patient-reported quality of life issues from the omission of surgery. Successful completion of this trial may reshape clinical practice for certain breast cancer subtypes and lead to a safe and less invasive approach for selected patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05505357. Registered on August 17, 2022. Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0007638. Registered on July 25, 2022.
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Many efforts have been made to develop near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dyes with high efficiency for the NIR laser-induced phototherapy of cancer. However, the low tumor targetability and high nonspecific tissue uptake of NIR dyes in vivo limit their applications in preclinical cancer imaging and therapy. Among the various NIR dyes, squaraine (SQ) dyes are widely used due to their high molar extinction coefficient, intense fluorescence, and excellent photostability. Previously, benzoindole-derived SQ (BSQ) was prepared by incorporating carboxypentyl benzoindolium end groups into a classical SQ backbone, followed by conjugating with cyclic RGD peptides for tumor-targeted imaging. In this study, we demonstrate that the structure-inherent tumor-targeting BSQ not only shows a high fluorescence quantum yield in serum but also exhibits superior reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capability under the 671 nm laser irradiation for effective photodynamic therapy (PDT) in vitro and in vivo. Without targeting ligands, the BSQ was preferentially accumulated in tumor tissue 24 h post-injection, which was the optimal timing of the laser irradiation to induce increments of ROS production. Therefore, this work provides a promising strategy for the development of photodynamic therapeutic SQ dyes for targeted cancer therapy.
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Ciclobutanos , Neoplasias , Fenóis , Fotoquimioterapia , Humanos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Fluorescência , Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Corantes FluorescentesRESUMO
Visible light photodetectors are extensively researched with transparent metal oxide holes/electron layers for various applications. Among the metal oxide transporting layers, nickel oxide (NiO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are commonly adopted due to their wide band gap and high transparency. The objective of this study was to improve the visible light detection of NiO/ZnO photodiodes by introducing an additional quantum dot (QD) layer between the NiO and ZnO layers. Utilizing the unique property of QDs, we could select different sizes of QDs and responsive light wavelength ranges. The resulting red QDs utilized device that could detect light starting at 635 nm to UV (Ultra-violet) light wavelength and exhibited a photoresponsivity and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 14.99 mA/W and 2.92% under 635 nm wavelength light illumination, respectively. Additionally, the green QDs, which utilized a device that could detect light starting at 520 nm, demonstrated photoresponsivity values of 8.34 mA/W and an EQE of 1.99% under 520 nm wavelength light illumination, respectively. In addition, we used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) to investigate the origin of the photocurrents and the enhancement of the device's performance. This study suggests that incorporating QDs with metal oxide semiconductors is an effective approach for detecting visible light wavelengths in transparent optoelectronic devices.
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BACKGROUND: While the relationship between mammographic breast density reduction (MDR) and endocrine therapy efficacy has been reported in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, it is still unclear in premenopausal women, especially in the case of adding ovarian function suppression (OFS) to antihormone therapy. The authors investigated the impact of MDR on prognosis stratified by treatment based on the updated results of the ASTRRA trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ASTRRA trial, a randomized phase III study, showed that adding OFS to tamoxifen (TAM) improved survival in premenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer after chemotherapy. The authors updated survival outcomes and assessed mammography before treatment and the annual follow-up mammography for up to 5 years after treatment initiation. Mammographic density (MD) was classified into four categories based on the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System. MDR-positivity was defined as a downgrade in MD grade on follow-up mammography up to 2 years after randomization, with pretreatment MD grade as a reference. RESULTS: The authors evaluated MDR in 944 of the 1282 patients from the trial, and 813 (86.2%) had grade III or IV MD. There was no difference in the MDR-positivity rate between the two treatment groups [TAM-only group (106/476 (22.3%)) vs. TAM+OFS group (89/468 (19.0%)); P =0.217). MDR-positivity was significantly associated with better disease-free survival (DFS) in the TAM+OFS group (estimated 8-year DFS: 93.1% in MDR-positive vs. 82.0% in MDR-negative patients; HR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.16-0.85; P =0.019), but not in the TAM-only group ( Pinteraction =0.039). MDR-positive patients who received TAM+OFS had a favorable DFS compared to MDR-negative patients who received only TAM (HR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.13-0.70; P =0.005). CONCLUSION: Although the proportion of MDR-positive patients was comparable between both treatment groups, MDR-positivity was independently associated with favorable outcomes only in the TAM+OFS group.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Humanos , Feminino , Densidade da Mama , Antineoplásicos Hormonais/uso terapêutico , Tamoxifeno/uso terapêutico , Prognóstico , Receptores de Estrogênio/uso terapêutico , Pré-Menopausa , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The efficacy of previously developed respiratory barrier enclosures to limit healthcare workers' exposure to aerosols from COVID-19 patients remains unclear; in addition, the design of these devices is unsuitable for transportation or other emergency procedures. Therefore, we developed a novel negative pressure respiratory isolator to improve protection from patient-generated aerosols and evaluated its protective effect in conversion to systemic isolator. METHODS: This in vitro study simulated droplets by nebulizing 1% glycerol + 99% ethanol solution. We performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and converted a respiratory barrier enclosure into a systemic isolator with a respiratory barrier as well as a respiratory barrier with negative pressure generator (NPG), which were compared with control and room air. During the procedure, particles were counted for 30 seconds and the count was repeated 10 times. RESULTS: During CPR, the total number of particles in the respiratory barrier with NPG (280,529; interquartile range [IQR], 205,263-359,195; P=0.970) was similar to that in the control (308,789; IQR, 175,056-473,276). Using NPG with a respiratory barrier reduced the number of particles to 27,524 (IQR, 26,703- 28,905; P=0.001). Particle number during conversion of the respiratory barrier into a systemic isolator was also lower than in the control (25,845; IQR, 19,391- 29,772; P=0.001). CONCLUSION: The novel isolator was converted to a systemic isolator without air leakage. The aerosol-blocking effect of the isolator was quantified using a particle counter during CPR. Further studies comparing the barrier effect of isolators within various pressure differentials are warranted.
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The near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging modality has great potential for application in biomedical imaging research owing to its unique characteristics, such as low tissue autofluorescence and noninvasive visualization with high spatial resolution. Although a variety of NIR fluorophores are continuously reported, the commercially available NIR fluorophores are still limited, owing to complex synthetic processes and poor physicochemical properties. To address this issue, a small molecular NIR fluorophore (SMF800) was designed and developed in the present work to improve in vivo target-specific fluorescence imaging. After conjugation with pamidronate (PAM) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), the SMF800 conjugates exhibited successful in vivo targeting in bone and tumor tissues with low background uptake, respectively. The improved in vivo performance of the SMF800 conjugate demonstrated that the small molecular NIR fluorophore SMF800 can be widely used in a much broader range of imaging applications. The structure of SMF800, which was developed by considering two important physicochemical properties, water solubility and conjugatability, is first introduced. Therefore, this work suggests a simple and rational approach to design small, hydrophilic, and conjugatable NIR fluorophores for targeted bioimaging.
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There are markers of metabolic coupling in breast cancer. Loss of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and upregulation of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), especially MCT1 and MCT4, serve an important role in metabolic coupling necessary for release and uptake of metabolites. However, the occurrence of these phenomena in phyllodes tumors (PTs) of the breast is unclear. A total of 101 PTs (60 benign, 26 borderline and 15 malignant) and nine breast tissue samples with no pathological lesions were analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining for Cav-1, MCT1 and MCT4 was performed using tissue microarray and their expression in both stromal and epithelial components was assessed. Cav-1 expression in PTs demonstrated a significant decrease in the stromal component compared with that in the normal breast tissues (P<0.001). MCT1 expression in both epithelial and stromal components was significantly increased in PTs, compared with that in normal breast tissues (both P<0.001). Stromal MCT1 and MCT4 expression were different depending on tumor grade of PTs, and stromal MCT1 expression significantly increased with increasing tumor grade (P<0.001). Although not statistically significant, stromal Cav-1 expression notably decreased with increases in PT grade. High stromal MCT1 expression was significantly associated with lower disease-free survival rate in comparison with low stromal MCT1 expression (P<0.05). These results suggested that changes in protein expression of Cav-1, MCT1 and MCT4 may be associated with tumorigenesis and progression of PTs of the breast.
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PURPOSE: Pegfilgrastim is a widely used long-acting granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) that prevents febrile neutropenia (FN) in patients with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of chemotherapy-related FN events and other adverse events (AEs) during chemotherapy in Korean patients with breast cancer treated with pegfilgrastim as secondary prophylactic support. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a multicenter, open-label, prospective, observational study. A total of 1255 patients were enrolled from 43 institutions. The incidence of FN was evaluated as the primary endpoint. The secondary endpoints included (1) incidence of bone pain, (2) proportion of patients with a relative dose intensity (RDI) of ≥85%, and (3) proportion of patients with AE. RESULTS: Pegfilgrastim administration reduced FN by 11.8-1.6%. The highest incidence of bone pain was observed at the time point of the 1st day after the administration and mild bone pain was the most common of all bone pain severity. The mean RDI was 98.5 ± 7.3%, and the proportion of the patients with and RDI≥85% was 96.9% (1169/1233). AEs were reported in 52.6% of the patients, and serious drug reactions occurred in only 0.7%. CONCLUSION: The use of pegfilgrastim as secondary prophylaxis was effective and safe for preventing FN in patients with breast cancer who were treated with chemotherapy.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Neutropenia Febril , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Incidência , Estudos Prospectivos , Neutropenia Febril/induzido quimicamente , Neutropenia Febril/epidemiologia , Neutropenia Febril/prevenção & controle , Dor , República da Coreia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: SB3 is a trastuzumab biosimilar approved in Australia, Brazil, Canada, the European Union, the Republic of Korea, Switzerland, and the United States. This real-world study evaluated safety and effectiveness of SB3 as part of the Korean post approval safety management system. METHODS: This post-marketing surveillance in Korea included patients in line with approved indications, i.e. patients with early or metastatic breast cancer or metastatic gastric cancer. Safety outcomes were adverse events and adverse drug reactions. Effectiveness outcomes were tumor response and event-free survival. RESULTS: 424 patients were evaluated: 366 patients (86%) with early breast cancer, 53 patients (13%) with metastatic breast cancer, and 5 patients (1%) with metastatic gastric cancer. Among patients with breast cancer, adverse events (mostly mild) and adverse drug reactions were reported by 158 (37.7%) and 57 (13.6%) patients, respectively. Most patients with an AE (141, 75.9%) had no change in treatment schedule. Treatment was temporarily suspended in 14 (8.2%) patients with an AE and completely discontinued in 7 (3.7%). Among patients with early and metastatic breast cancer who were evaluated for efficacy, objective response rates were 82.7% and 38.3%, respectively. Pathological complete response was 64.6% in patients with early breast cancer. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Safety and efficacy of SB3 demonstrated in this real-world study were comparable with previous studies of reference trastuzumab.
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Lead-based halide perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) have demonstrated remarkable potential for use in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). This is because of their high photoluminescence quantum yield, defect tolerance, tunable emission wavelength, color purity, and high device efficiency. However, the environmental toxicity of Pb has impeded their commercial viability owing to the restriction of hazardous substances directive. Therefore, Pb-free PeNCs have emerged as a promising solution for the development of eco-friendly LEDs. This review article presents a detailed analysis of the various compositions of Pb-free PeNCs, including tin-, bismuth-, antimony-, and copper-based perovskites and double perovskites, focusing on their stability, optoelectronic properties, and device performance in LEDs. Furthermore, we address the challenges encountered in using Pb-free PeNC-LEDs and discuss the prospects and potential of these Pb-free PeNCs as sustainable alternatives to lead-based PeLEDs. In this review, we aim to shed light on the current state of Pb-free PeNC LEDs and highlight their significance in driving the development of eco-friendly LED technologies.
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PURPOSE: To determine the updated long-term outcomes of the Addition of Ovarian Suppression to Tamoxifen in Young Women With Hormone-Sensitive Breast Cancer Who Remain Premenopausal or Regain Vaginal Bleeding After Chemotherapy (ASTRRA) trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study is a post-trial follow-up of the ASTRRA trial, involving 1,483 premenopausal women younger than 45 years treated with definitive surgery after completing adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to complete 5 years of tamoxifen (TAM) alone (TAM-only) or 5 years of TAM with ovarian function suppression (OFS) for 2 years (TAM + OFS). The primary end point was disease-free survival (DFS), and the secondary end point was overall survival (OS). RESULTS: At 106.4 months of median follow-up, there was a continuous significant reduction in the DFS event rate in the TAM + OFS group. The 8-year DFS rate was 85.4% in the TAM + OFS group and 80.2% in the TAM-only group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.67; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.87). There were no significant differences in OS between the two groups. The OS rate was 96.5% in the TAM + OFS group and 95.3% in the TAM-only group (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.49 to 1.25). CONCLUSION: Adding OFS for 2 years to adjuvant TAM with a longer follow-up resulted in consistent DFS benefits, suggesting that adding OFS to TAM should be considered for patients who remain in a premenopausal state or resume ovarian function after chemotherapy.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Tamoxifeno , Feminino , Humanos , Tamoxifeno/efeitos adversos , Antineoplásicos Hormonais/efeitos adversos , Seguimentos , Ovário , Quimioterapia Adjuvante/efeitos adversos , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversos , Pré-MenopausaRESUMO
S-methyl-methionine (SMM), also known as vitamin U, is an important food supplement produced by various plants. In this study, we attempted to produce it in an engineered microorganism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, by introducing an MMT gene encoding a methionine S-methyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. The S. cerevisiae sake K6 strain, which is a Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) strain, was chosen as the host because it produces a significant amount of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a precursor of SMM. To increase SMM production in the host, MHT1 and SAM4 genes encoding homocysteine S-methyltransferase were knocked out to prevent SMM degradation. Additionally, MMP1, which encodes S-methyl-methionine permease, was deleted to prevent SMM from being imported into the cell. Finally, ACS2 gene encoding acetyl-CoA synthase was overexpressed, and MLS1 gene encoding malate synthase was deleted to increase SAM availability. Using the engineered strain, 1.92 g/L of SMM was produced by fed-batch fermentation. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY: Introducing a plant-derived MMT gene encoding methionine S-methyltransferase into engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae sake K6 allowed microbial production of S-methyl-methionine (SMM).
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Vitamina U , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Metionina , Racemetionina , S-Adenosilmetionina , MetiltransferasesRESUMO
We present a study on the potential use of sulfuric acid-treated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a viable alternative to indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes in quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs). ITO, despite its high conductivity and transparency, is known for its disadvantages of being brittle, fragile, and expensive. Furthermore, due to the high hole injection barrier of quantum dots, the need for electrodes with a higher work function is becoming more significant. In this report, we present solution-processed, sulfuric acid-treated PEDOT:PSS electrodes for highly efficient QLEDs. The high work function of the PEDOT:PSS electrodes improved the performance of the QLEDs by facilitating hole injection. We demonstrated the recrystallization and conductivity enhancement of PEDOT:PSS upon sulfuric acid treatment using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Hall measurement. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) analysis of QLEDs showed that sulfuric acid-treated PEDOT:PSS exhibited a higher work function than ITO. The maximum current efficiency and external quantum efficiency based on the PEDOT:PSS electrode QLEDs were measured as 46.53 cd/A and 11.01%, which were three times greater than ITO electrode QLEDs. These findings suggest that PEDOT:PSS can serve as a promising replacement for ITO electrodes in the development of ITO-free QLED devices.