A Novel Tilted-Plane Ergometer System for Subject-Specific Rehabilitation.

Immobilization due to various reasons can lead to disuse muscle atrophy. If prolonged, the circumstance is exacerbated and may lead to joint contracture, dysfunction, and long-term sequela. Thus, a balanced exercise regimen is crucial. While able-bodied individuals can perform a variety of exercises, bedridden patients typically resort to exercising primarily with bicycle ergometers. However, since the pedaling trajectory with ergometers is confined to the sagittal plane, muscles responsible for medial-lateral movement and balance are not effectively trained. Furthermore, the direction of joint reaction forces, which is crucial for specific patients with ligament injuries, recurrent dislocations, and medial osteoarthritis, is not well facilitated. Thus, it would be beneficial for patients without full body weight support ability to train ab-/ad-ductor muscles by altering the direction of extrinsic load via ergometers. In this study, we present a novel Tilted-Plane Ergometer and proof-of-concept experiment with one healthy subject. The results suggest that subtle changes in ergometer configurations lead to different movements, joint alignments, and muscle recruitment patterns.

Formation of tetrapod-shaped nanowires in the gas phase during the synthesis of ZnO nanostructures by carbothermal reduction.

We experimentally confirmed that charged ZnO nanoparticles were generated abundantly in the gas phase using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). When they were size-selected by the DMA and captured on a grid for transmission electron microscopy, particles of 10 nm had a rod or tetrahedron shape, while particles larger than 10 nm tended to have a tetrapod shape. The tetrahedral particles seemed to be a seed for the growth of tetrapod nanowires. Although the growth of a tetrahedron shape enclosed by a close-packed plane (0002) of the hexagonal close-packed ZnO can be explained by the classical crystal growth theory, the growth of tetrapod nanowires can be better explained by the building block of charged nanoparticles generated in the gas phase.