Editorial perspective: protective factors following cumulative childhood adversity.

Adverse childhood experiences can have a significant impact on adult psychosocial outcomes. However, negative outcomes are not inevitable, and protective factors can interrupt the realisation of negative developmental trajectories and result in positive adaptation in spite of childhood adversity. Interventions that promote social support, encourage education and academic achievement, and address specific personality and dispositional factors are likely to beneficial for those with experience of childhood adversity. Holistic assessment that considers both neurodevelopmental conditions and trauma symptoms is also important for promoting resilience and avoiding assumptions that mental and behavioural problems in children with cumulative adversity are purely 'social'.

TRUST A v X AND OTHERS: THE GHOST OF NIELSEN RETURNS?

The case of Trust A v X and Others suggests that parents can authorise significant restrictions to be imposed on their disabled children. The court held that the parents of a D, a 15-year-old boy with autism and challenging behaviour, could consent to their son's placement in a locked psychiatric ward for over 15 months, whereas if such restrictions were placed on a child of that age without such disabilities, they would 'probably amount to ill treatment'. Focussing on two main areas of concern, it is argued that this decision is questionable and provides little assistance in determining whether parents can consent to their child's admission to hospital. First, the decision seems to be influenced by a misunderstanding of the basis on which the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) determines if a deprivation of liberty has arisen. Secondly, the court appears to have assumed that as D's parents were acting in his best interests, they were able to authorise extensive restrictions on their son, which is not the case. Such an approach renders disabled children's rights in this area almost non-existent and far exceeds the parental powers envisaged by the ECtHR in Nielsen v Denmark (1988), which has been subject to widespread criticism for failing to uphold the rights of the child.