Exploring the Nexus of Steroidal Hormone Receptor, Uterine VEGF Expression and NADPH-d Interaction in Buffalo Uterus During Oestrous Cycle With Seasonal Variation.

The reproductive efficiency in buffalo is highly influenced by seasonal variability. Angiogenesis in the reproductive cycle is important for optimal physiological functioning of uterus. Estrogen receptor-α (ERα), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase diaphorase (NADPH-d) are vital indicators for the uterine angiogenic process. This study was conducted to see the effect of season on the expression of different uterine angiogenic factors. Season wise (winter and summer) and phase wise (follicular and luteal), immune staining intensity of buffalo uterus was measured by calculating the optical density value (OD) for ERα and VEGF. Percentage of immuno-positive cell count for ERα was done. Histoenzymic NADPH-d expression was analysed. Expression of all these factors increased during follicular phase of oestrous cycle in order to support the angiogenesis; however, the expression was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) in term of OD value as well as percentage count of immuno-positive cells during summer season indicating lower angiogenic activity that subsequently affected reproduction in buffalo.

Gross morphology and morphometry of native and decellularized heart valves of caprine: A comparative study.

The gross morphological examination of native caprine heart valves revealed distinctive structural characteristics of the caprine's cardiac anatomy. Four primary orifices were identified, each protected by thin, valve-like structures. Atrioventricular orifices featured tricuspid and bicuspid valves, while the aorta and pulmonary arteries were guarded by semilunar valves. Within the atrioventricular apparatus, distinct features were observed including the tricuspid valve's three leaflets and the bicuspid valve's anterior and posterior leaflets. Ultrasonography provided insights into valve thickness and chordae tendineae lengths. Morphometric studies compared leaflets/cusps within individual native valves, showcasing significant variations in dimensions. Comparative analysis between native and decellularized valves highlighted the effects of decellularization on leaflet thickness and chordae tendineae lengths. Decellularized valves exhibited reduced dimensions compared to native valves, indicating successful removal of cellular components. While some dimensions remained unchanged post-decellularization, significant reductions were observed in leaflet thicknesses and chordae tendineae lengths. Notably, semilunar valve cusps displayed varying responses to decellularization, with significant reductions in cusp lengths observed in the aortic valve, while the pulmonary valve exhibited more subtle changes. These findings underscore the importance of understanding structural alterations in heart valves post-decellularization, providing valuable insights for tissue engineering applications and regenerative medicine.

Nanofibrous composite from chitosan-casein polyelectrolyte complex for rapid hemostasis in rat models in vivo.

Bleeding causes ∼5.8 million deaths globally; half of the patients die if rapid hemostasis is not achieved. Here, we report a chitosan-casein (CC)-based nanofibrous polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) that could clot blood within 10 s in the rat femoral artery model in vivo. The nanofiber formation by self-assembly was also optimized for process parameters (concentration, mixing ratio, pH, and ultrasonication). Results showed that increasing the concentration of chitosan from 10 % to 90 % in the formulation increased the productivity (r = 0.99) of PECs but led to increased blood clotting time (r = 0.90) due to an increase in zeta potential (r = 0.98), fiber diameter (r = 0.93), and decreased surface porosity (r = -0.99), absorption capacity (r = -0.99). The pH also influenced the zeta potential of PEC, with an optimized pH of 8.0 ± 0.1 yielding clear nanofibers. Sonication improved the segregation of nanofibers by promoting water removal. The optimized PECs containing chitosan and casein in the ratio of 30:70 (CC30) at a pH of 8.0 and dehydration under sonication could clot the blood within 9 ± 2 s in vitro and 9 ± 2 s in rat femoral artery puncture model. The CC30 formulation did not cause any irritation or corrosion on rat skin. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of various organs showed that CC30 was biocompatible and non-immunogenic under in vivo conditions.

Analysis of OCT4 and PGP9.5 gene expression in prenatal and postnatal buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) testes.

This study aimed to investigate and characterize the spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in buffaloes at different stages of development, including prenatal, neonatal, prepubertal, and adult testes. We sought a comprehensive understanding of these cells through a combination of histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural analyses. Specifically, we examined changes in the expression of two potential SSC markers, OCT4 and PGP9.5, using immunohistochemistry. Additionally, we conducted a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to assess the relative gene expression of OCT4 and PGP9.5. The relative expression of the OCT4 gene was down-regulated in the adult testes compared to its expression during prepubertal and neonatal life. The relative expression of the PGP9.5 gene was up-regulated in the neonatal testes and down-regulated in the prepubertal and adult testes. The spermatogonia were round, oval-to-ellipsoidal cells lying over the basement membrane (BM) with a round-to-oval nucleus. Based on the immunoexpression of the putative SSC markers, OCT4 and PGP9.5, we concluded that the proportion of stem cells was highest during the neonatal stage, followed by the prepubertal and prenatal stages. This finding sheds light on the dynamics of spermatogonial stem cells in buffalo testes at different developmental stages, providing valuable insights into these cells' regulation and potential applications.

Immunoexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor and vWF-regulating angiogenesis in cyclic corpus luteum of Indian buffalo.

The present study was conducted to localize the immunoexpression of VEGF-A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in corpora lutea of healthy buffaloes (24) collected from local slaughterhouses. CL collected were categorized into early (stage I, 1-5 days, n = 6), mid (stage II, 6-11 days, n = 6), late luteal phase (stage III, 12 to 16 days, n = 6) and regressing phase (stage IV, 17 to 20 days, n = 6). The percent positive immunostaining for VEGF-A was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in mid-luteal phase than the other three stages of CL. However, it was higher in early luteal phase as well indicated intense angiogenesis in both early and mid-luteal phases. The number of capillary endothelium expressing vWF was significantly (p < 0.05) highest in mid-luteal phase among all the phases. However, in late luteal phase, the percent area positive for VEGF-A immunostaining was reduced but it was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than corpus albicans phase. Thus, in regressing phase or corpus albicans, it was lowest and reduced considerably. However, in late luteal phase, the number of capillaries with vWF immunoexpression reduced significantly (p < 0.05) but it was lowest in corpus albicans phase. Therefore, the immunotaining pattern for VEGF-A and vWF concluded that there was a spositive linear correlation between the two, that is, as the VEGF-A expression was increased, the number of vWF positive capillaries also increased and vice versa. The VEGF-A expressed by the luteal parenchyma in different stages of development and regression of corpus luteum was thus observed to be involved in promoting the angiogenesis and luteal cell proliferation as supported by vWF expressed by endothelium of proliferating capillaries in buffalo corpus luteum throughout the estrous cycle.

Surface modification of chitosan with Ni(II) Schiff base complex: A new heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of xanthones.

A new biocomposite of chitosan, chitosan-supported di(pyridine-2-yl)methanone-Ni(II) complex, CS-DPM-Ni, is synthesized for the first time. The biocomposite is thoroughly characterized by FTIR, PXRD, XPS, FESEM, EDX, TGA, ICP-OES, and elemental analysis. The synthesized composite is successfully used as a heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of a library of xanthone derivatives by the intermolecular catalytical coupling of 2-substituted benzaldehydes and phenols. The catalyst could be retrieved from the reaction mixture by simple filtration and reused for up to four catalytic cycles. All products were isolated in good to high yields (65-90 %) with good turnover numbers (TONs), and fully characterized by 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy. The green chemistry metrics values for the reaction were discerned and found to be close to the ideal values.

Visible-Light-Mediated Regioselective C3-H Selenylation of Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines Using Erythrosine B as Photocatalyst.

A visible-light-induced efficient methodology has been developed for the C-H selenylation of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives employing erythrosine B as the photocatalyst. This is the first report on the regioselective selenylation of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. The efficiency of this methodology for the selenylation of different electron-rich heterocycles like pyrazole, indole, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole, and 4-(phenylamino)-2H-chromen-2-one has been also demonstrated. The exploration of erythrosine B as a photocatalyst with a simple and mild procedure, wide substrate scope, and practical applicability and the employment of eco-friendly energy, oxidant, and solvent are the attractive characteristics of this methodology.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and the Encapsulation of Bioactive Components for Food Applications.

Various potential sources of bioactive components exist in nature which are fairly underutilized due to the lack of a scientific approach that can be sustainable as well as practically feasible. The recovery of bioactive compounds is a big challenge and its use in food industry to develop functional foods is a promising area of research. Various techniques are available for the extraction of these bioactives but due to their thermolabile nature, there is demand for nonthermal or green technologies which can lower the cost of operation and decrease operational time and energy consumption as compared to conventional methods. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is gaining popularity due to its relative advantages over solvent extraction. Thereafter, ultrasonication as an encapsulating tool helps in protecting the core components against adverse food environmental conditions during processing and storage. The review mainly aims to discuss ultrasound technology, its applications, the fundamental principles of ultrasonic-assisted extraction and encapsulation, the parameters affecting them, and applications of ultrasound-assisted extraction and encapsulation in food systems. Additionally, future research areas are highlighted with an emphasis on the energy sustainability of the whole process.

Cucurbit[6]uril-Supported Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles Catalyzed Green and Sustainable Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzimidazoles via Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling.

A new composite, cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6])-supported magnetic nanoparticles, Fe3O4-CB[6], was synthesized via a co-precipitation method in air and fully characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, and vibrating sample magnetometry techniques. It has been found to be a highly efficient, economic, and sustainable heterogeneous catalyst and has been employed for the first time for the synthesis of a series of biologically important 2-substituted benzimidazoles from various benzyl alcohols and 1,2-diaminobenzenes under solvent-free conditions via acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling to afford the corresponding products in good to excellent yields (68-94%). The magnetic nature of the nanocomposite facilitates the facile recovery of the catalyst from the reaction mixture by an external magnet. The catalyst can be reused up to five times with negligible loss in its catalytic activity. All the isolated products were characterized by 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy.

Ameliorative role of inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors against sodium arsenite-induced renal and hepatic dysfunction in rats.

Arsenic exposure causes immense health distress by increasing risk of cardiovascular abnormalities, diabetes mellitus, neurotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. The present study explored the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitors against sodium arsenite-induced renal and hepatic dysfunction in rats. Female Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to arsenic toxicity by administering sodium arsenite (5 mg/kg/day, oral) for 4 weeks. The iNOS inhibitors, S-methylisothiourea (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and aminoguanidine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) were given one hour before sodium arsenite administration in rats for 4 weeks. Sodium arsenite led rise in serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, electrolytes (potassium, fractional excretion of sodium), microproteinuria, and decreased creatinine clearance (p < 0.001) indicated renal dysfunction in rats. Arsenic-intoxication resulted in significant oxidative stress in rat kidneys, which was measured in terms of increase in lipid peroxides, superoxide anion generation and decrease in reduced glutathione (p < 0.001) levels. A threefold increase in renal hydroxyproline level in arsenic intoxicated rats indicated fibrosis. Hematoxylin-eosin staining indicated tubular damage, whereas picrosirius red staining highlighted collagen deposition in rat kidneys. S-methylisothiourea and aminoguanidine improved renal function and attenuated arsenic led renal oxidative stress, fibrosis, and decreased the kidney injury score. Additionally, arsenite-intoxication resulted in significant rise in hepatic parameters (serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin (p < 0.001) along with multi-fold increase in oxidative stress, fibrosis and liver injury score in rats, which was significantly (p < 0.001) attenuated by concurrent administration of iNOS inhibitors). Hence, it is concluded that iNOS inhibitors attenuate sodium arsenite-induced renal and hepatic dysfunction in rats.

Betaine attenuates sodium arsenite-induced renal dysfunction in rats.

Exposure to higher levels of arsenic is a serious threat affecting human health worldwide. We investigated the protective role of betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) against sodium arsenite-induced renal dysfunction in rats. Sodium arsenite (5 mg/kg, oral) was given to rats for 4 weeks to induce nephrotoxicity. Betaine (125 and 250 mg/kg, oral) was administered in rats for 4 weeks along with sodium-arsenite feeding. Arsenic-induced renal dysfunction was demonstrated by measuring serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, urea, uric acid, potassium, fractional excretion of sodium, and microproteinuria. Oxidative stress in rat kidneys was determined by assaying thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, superoxide anion generation, and reduced glutathione levels. Furthermore, hydroxyproline assay was done to assess renal fibrosis in arsenic intoxicated rats. Hematoxylin-eosin and picrosirius red staining revealed pathological alterations in rat kidneys. Renal endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression was determined by immuno-histochemistry. Concurrent administration of betaine abrogated arsenic-induced renal biochemical and histological changes in rats. Betaine treatment significantly attenuated arsenic-induced decrease in renal eNOS expression. In conclusion, betaine is protective against sodium arsenite-induced renal dysfunction, which may be attributed to its anti-oxidant activity and modulation of renal eNOS expression in rat kidneys.

Umbelliferone attenuates glycerol-induced myoglobinuric acute kidney injury through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonism in rats.

Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical syndrome caused by damage to skeletal muscle, which consequently releases breakdown products into circulation and causes acute kidney injury (AKI) in humans. Intramuscular injection of glycerol mimics rhabdomyolysis and associated AKI. In this study, we explored the role of umbelliferone against glycerol-induced AKI in rats. Kidney function was assessed by measuring serum creatinine, urea, electrolytes, and microproteinuria. Renal oxidative stress was quantified using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, superoxide anion generation, and reduced glutathione assay. Renal histological changes were determined using periodic acid Schiff and hematoxylin-eosin staining, and immunohistology of apoptotic markers (Bax, Bcl-2) was done. Serum creatine kinase was quantified to assess glycerol-induced muscle damage. Umbelliferone attenuated glycerol-induced change in biochemical parameters, oxidative stress, histological alterations, and renal apoptosis. Pretreatment with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) antagonist, attenuated umbelliferone-mediated protection. It is concluded that umbelliferone attenuates glycerol-induced AKI possibly through PPAR-γ agonism in rats.

Strategies for cryopreservation of testicular cells and tissues in cancer and genetic diseases.

Cryopreservation of testicular cells and tissues is useful for the preservation and restoration of fertility in pre-pubertal males expecting gonadotoxic treatment for cancer and genetic diseases causing impaired spermatogenesis. A number of freezing and vitrification protocols have thus been tried and variable results have been reported in terms of cell viability spermatogenesis progression and the production of fertile spermatozoa. A few studies have also reported the production of live offspring from cryopreserved testicular stem cells and tissues in rodents but their replication in large animals and human have been lacking. Advancement in in vitro spermatogenesis system has improved the possibility of producing fertile spermatozoa from the cryopreserved testis and has reduced the dependency on transplantation. This review provides an update on various cryopreservation strategies for fertility preservation in males expecting gonadotoxic treatment. It also discusses various methods of assessing and ameliorating cryoinjuries. Newer developments on in vitro spermatogenesis and testicular tissue engineering for in vitro sperm production from cryopreserved SSCs and testicular tissue are also discussed.

Plasticized poly(vinylalcohol) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) based patches with tunable mechanical properties for cardiac tissue engineering applications.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) are the two most investigated biopolymers for various tissue engineering applications. However, their poor tensile strength renders them unsuitable for cardiac tissue engineering (CTE). In this study, we developed and evaluated PVA-PVP-based patches, plasticized with glycerol or propylene glycol (0.1%-0.4%; v:v), for their application in CTE. The cardiac patches were evaluated for their physico-chemical (weight, thickness, folding endurance, FT-IR, and swelling behavior) and mechanical properties. The optimized patches were characterized for their ability to support in vitro attachment, viability, proliferation, and beating behavior of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes (CMs). In vivo evaluation of the cardiac patches was done under the subcutaneous skin pouch and heart of rat models. Results showed that the optimized molar ratio of PVA:PVP with plasticizers (0.3%; v-v) resulted in cardiac patches, which were dry at room temperature and had desirable folding endurance of at least 300, a tensile strength of 6-23 MPa and, percentage elongation at break of more than 250%. Upon contact with phosphate-buffered saline, these PVA-PVP patches formed hydrogel patches having the tensile strength of 1.3-3.0 MPa. The patches supported the attachment, viability, and proliferation of primary neonatal mouse CMs and were nonirritant and noncorrosive to cardiac cells. In vivo transplantation of cardiac patches into a subcutaneous pouch and on the heart of rat models revealed them to be biodegradable, biocompatible, and safe for use in CTE applications.

Comparison of two culture methods during in vitro spermatogenesis of vitrified-warmed testis tissue: Organ culture vs. hanging drop culture.

Solid surface vitrification (SSV) is a cost effective and simple method for testis tissue preservation. Vitrified-warmed testis tissue was successfully cultured using various organ culture methods. In this study, we compared two culture methods viz. hanging drop (HD) and organ culture (OC) methods for in vitro spermatogenesis of goat testis tissue vitrified-warmed by SSV. It was observed that OC method was superior (p < 0.05) to HD method in terms of post-warming metabolic activity of testicular tissue, as measured by MTT assay on Day 7 and Day 14 of culture, respectively. The size of the tissue also played an important role in post-warming metabolic activity and viability (4 mm3: 72.7 ± 1.2% vs. 9 mm3: 62.7 ± 1.3% vs. 16 mm3: 40.5 ± 1.7%) of vitrified tissues with smaller tissue resulting in better result. The vitrification-induced ROS activity significantly decreased during their in vitro culture. Histology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the rupture of basal membrane, surface morphology and, cell loss due to vitrification. However, histology and immunohistochemistry showed the progression of in vitro spermatogenesis and formation of elongated spermatozoa in both fresh and vitrified-warmed testis tissue cultured by OC method. Taken together, our results suggest that OC method is superior to HD method for culturing goat testis tissue vitrified-warmed by SSV.

Ameliorative role of bosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, against sodium arsenite-induced renal dysfunction in rats.

Arsenic exposure is well documented to cause serious health hazards, such as cardiovascular abnormalities, neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. In the present study, we intended to explore the role of bosentan, an endothelial receptor antagonist, against sodium arsenite-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats. Sodium arsenite (5 mg/kg, oral) was administered for 4 weeks to induce renal dysfunction in rats. Sodium arsenite intoxicated rats were treated with bosentan (50 and 100 mg/kg, oral) for 4 weeks. Arsenic led renal damage was demonstrated by significant increase in serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, potassium, fractional excretion of sodium, microproteinuria and decreased creatinine clearance in rats. Sodium arsenite resulted in marked oxidative stress in rat kidneys as indicated by profound increase in lipid peroxides, and superoxide anion generation alongwith decrease in reduced glutathione levels. Hydroxyproline assay highlighted arsenic-induced renal fibrosis in rats. Hematoxylin-eosin staining indicated glomerular and tubular changes in rat kidneys. Picrosirius red staining highlighted collagen deposition in renal tissues of arsenic treated rats. Immunohistological results demonstrated the reduction of renal eNOS expression in arsenic treated rats. Notably, treatment with bosentan attenuated arsenic-induced renal damage and resisted arsenic-led reduction in renal eNOS expression. In addition, sodium arsenite-induced alteration in hepatic parameters (serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin), oxidative stress and histological changes were abrogated by bosentan treatment in rats. Hence, we conclude that bosentan treatment attenuated sodium arsenite-induced oxidative stress, fibrosis and reduction in renal eNOS expression in rat kidneys. Moreover, bosentan abrogated arsenic led hepatic changes in rats.

Stevioside protects against rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury through PPAR-γ agonism in rats.

We explored the potential role of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) in stevioside-mediated renoprotection using rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) model in rats. Rhabdomyolysis refers to intense skeletal muscle damage, which further causes AKI. Glycerol (50% w/v, 8 ml/kg) was injected intramuscularly in rats to induce rhabdomyolysis. After 24 hr, AKI was demonstrated by quantifying serum creatinine, urea, creatinine clearance, microproteinuria, and electrolytes in rats. Further, oxidative stress was measured by assaying thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, generation of superoxide anion, and reduced glutathione levels. Additionally, serum creatine kinase (CK) level was assayed to determine glycerol-induced muscle damage in rats. Pathological changes in rat kidneys were studied using hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid Schiff staining. Moreover, the expression of apoptotic markers (Bcl-2, Bax) in rat kidneys was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Stevioside (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg) was administered to rats, prior to the induction of AKI. In a separate group, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE, 30 mg/kg), a PPAR-γ receptor antagonist was given prior to stevioside administration, which was followed by rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI in rats. The significant alteration in biochemical and histological parameters in rats indicated AKI, which was attenuated by stevioside treatment. Pretreatment with BADGE abrogated stevioside-mediated renoprotection, which is suggestive of the involvement of PPAR-γ in its renoprotective effect. In conclusion, stevioside protects against rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI, which may be attributed to modulation of PPAR-γ expression.

Selective extraction and separation of Li, Co and Mn from leach liquor of discarded lithium ion batteries (LIBs).

Novel route has been developed to selectively extract lithium (Li), cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn) from the leach liquor of discarded lithium ion batteries (LIBs) containing 1.4 g/L Cu, 1.1 g/L Ni, 11.9 g/L Co, 6.9 g/L Mn and 1.2 g/L Li. Initially, Cu and Ni were extracted by solvent extraction techniques using 10% LIX 84-IC at equilibrium (Eq.) pH 3 and 4.6, respectively. Subsequently, precipitation studies were carried out at different conditions such as pH, reaction time, precipitant concentration etc., to optimize the parameters for selective precipitation of Co from the leach liquor. Result showed that 99.2% Co was precipitated from the leach liquor (11.9 g/L Co, 6.9 g/L Mn and 1.2 g/L Li) after extraction of Cu and Ni in a range of pH 2.9 to 3.1 using un-diluted ammonium sulfide solution (10% v/v) as a precipitant at 30 °C, while only 0.89% Mn and 0.62% Li were co-precipitated. After Co precipitation, 98.9% Mn was extracted from the filtrate using 10% D2EHPA at equilibrium pH 4.5, and Li remained in raffinate. From the obtained purified solution, metals could be recovered either in a form of salt/metals by precipitation/ evaporation/ electrolysis method.

Fenofibrate attenuates ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury and associated liver dysfunction in rats.

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is one of the common reasons for acute kidney injury (AKI) and we need to develop effective therapies for treating AKI. We investigated the role of fenofibrate against I/R-induced AKI and associated hepatic dysfunction in rats. In male wistar albino rats, renal pedicle occlusion for 40 min and 24 h reperfusion resulted in AKI. I/R-induced AKI was demonstrated by measuring serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, urea, uric acid, potassium, fractional excretion of sodium and urinary microproteins. Oxidative stress in rat kidneys was quantified by assaying superoxide anion generation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and reduced glutathione levels. AKI-induced hepatic damage was quantified by assaying serum aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels. Moreover, serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and triglycerides were quantified. Hematoxylin-eosin staining of renal and hepatic tissues was done and the kidney and liver injury scores were determined. Immunohistology of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was done in rat kidneys. Fenofibrate was administered for 1 week before subjecting rats to AKI. In separate group, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was administered prior to fenofibrate treatment. In I/R group, significant alteration in the serum/urine parameters indicated AKI and hepatic dysfunction along with marked increase in kidney and liver injury scores. Treatment with fenofibrate attenuated AKI and associated hepatic dysfunction. Moreover, I/R-induced decrease in renal eNOS expression was abrogated by fenofibrate. Pre-treatment with L-NAME abolished fenofibrate mediated reno- and hepato-protective effects. In conclusion, fenofibrate attenuates I/R-induced AKI and associated hepatic dysfunction putatively through modulation of eNOS expression.

Expression of Certain Pulmonary Proteins in the Tracheal Mucosa and Lungs of Pashmina, Bakerwali and Non-Descript Goats of U.T.s of Ladakh and Jammu & Kashmir

Abstract The aim of this present study was to localize alveolar macrophages, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Smooth muscle actin (SMA), Vimentin and Vasculo-endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the tracheal epithelium and lung alveoli in three important breeds of goats namely, Pashmina, Bakerwali and non-descript goats by standard immunohistochemical methods. Large pulmonary macrophages were observed in the lung sections of all the three breeds of goat. Macrophages were observed in the alveolar septa and airway epithelium. The mean macrophage count for Pashmina, Bakerwali and non-descript goat were recorded as 23.4±1.47, 27.8±0.68 and 21.4±0.70, respectively. The PCNA activity was intense in the alveolar epithelial cells of lungs in Pashmina and Bakerwali goats and very high in the lung tissue of non-descript goat. The PCNA activity was intense in the bronchial epithelial cells of lungs in Bakerwali goat. Strong reaction of SMA was observed in the submucosa of bronchioles of Pashmina and Bakerwali goats. The submucosa of the tracheal tissue showed a strong reaction of SMA in the non-descript goat and moderate in the submucosa of trachea in the Bakerwali goat. A number of vimentin-positive cells were found in the lung parenchyma in both Pashmina and Bakerwali goats. Also, there was a strong reaction of vimentin mainly in submucosal area in non-descript goat. The VEGF activity was found to be intense in the lung alveoli of Bakerwali goat and strong in Pashmina and non-descript goats. The tracheal epithelium was moderately reactive to VGEF in all the three goats.