Comparison of bone loss around submerged and non-submerged implants during osseointegration phase.

Background: In Modern dentistry, the implant is the most popular and desirable management of tooth loss. Traditionally two stage (submerged) or one-stage (non-submerged) system has been added by many investigators. In the present study we evaluated the crestal bone loss during osseointegration phase among the three groups (i.e. submerged implants, non-submerged implants with anatomical healing abutment and non- submerged implants with esthetic healing abutment). Material and Methods: 10 subjects with 30 implants, were enrolled in the study. Subjects were randomized in three groups i.e., group 1 submerged (n=10), group 2 non-submerged with anatomical healing abutment (n=10), group 3 non submerged with esthetic healing abutments (n=10). Intraoral periapical radiograph (IOPA), IMAGE J software and CBCT were used to evaluate the crestal bone loss around each implant at baseline, 1 and 3 months after implant placement. Results: Crestal bone loss at the end of the 3months (osseointegration phase) was lowest in the submerged group (0.18+-0.06mm) followed by non-submerged esthetic group (0.21+-0.03mm) but it was statistically insignificant. Maximum amount of bone loss was observed in non-submerged anatomical abutment group (0.34+-0.03mm) which was highly significant. Conclusion: It can be concluded that submerged implants technique is a better option in comparison to non-submerged implant technique in terms of radiographical performance during initial phases of osseointegration.

Serum and salivary interleukin-1ß level in oral precancer: An observational study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Precancer biomarkers help in early detection and management of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), a biomarker, is known to be altered in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and oral leukoplakia (OL). Therefore, we evaluated and compared the serum and salivary IL-1ß levels in patients with OSMF/oral leukoplakia and in gender- and age-matched healthy individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An in vivo, prospective, observational study was conducted on 40 subjects. Subjects were divided into two groups with 20 individuals in each group, that is, Group I: OSMF/oral leukoplakia and Group II: control group. Salivary and serum IL-1ß levels were quantitatively estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The statistical tests used were unpaired t-test and Chi-square test. RESULTS: The serum IL-1ß levels were significantly (P 0.001) lesser in Group I in comparison to Group II. The salivary IL-1ß levels remained insignificant between both the groups. However, in both the groups, the salivary IL-1ß levels were significantly higher compared to the serum IL-1ß levels. CONCLUSION: We found that the serum IL-1ß level can be considered as a prospective biomarker for dysplasia, whereas salivary IL-1ß alone needs more elaborated studies to account for its application as a potential biomarker in OPMD.

Salivary and serum estrogen level assessment in oral lichen planus patients and its correlative analysis with OLP and stress.

Background: Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin and mucous membrane with higher predilection seen in the female population. Oral lichen planus (OLP) has been associated with various etiological factors, such as stress, hormonal imbalance, and immunological variation. The purpose of this study was to assess serum and salivary estrogen (E2) levels in OLP patients and correlate them with stress levels. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate serum and salivary estrogen levels in female patients with OLP, along with the assessment of stress and its correlation with estrogen levels. Methods: A total of 78 females, 39 clinically diagnosed with OLP and 39 healthy females, were included in the study as the case and control groups, respectively. 2 ml each of salivary and serum samples was obtained from each participant to measure the estrogen levels. Stress levels in the study group patients were assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used for intergroup comparisons. Results: Significantly higher serum estrogen levels with higher DASS-21 and PSS scores were noted in patients with OLP. Overall, significant positive correlations were observed between salivary E2 and serum E2 (r = 0.361, P = 0.001). There was a positive correlation between salivary and serum E2 and DASS score (r = 0.410, P < 0.001, and r = 0.768, P < 0.001, respectively), serum/salivary E2 and PSS score (r = 0.745, P < 0.001, and r = 0.410, P < 0.001, respectively), and DASS score and PSS score (r = 0.878, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Estrogen can be used as a useful biomarker for OLP in the future. Salivary samples can prove to be an accurate and feasible alternative to serum estrogen level determination. We also suggest that OLP patients must be given supportive psychological treatment for improved life quality and disease management.

Assessment of prevalence and distribution of congenital missing teeth among patients visiting tertiary care hospital: A radiographic study.

Introduction: Dental Agenesis is the usual developmental dental anomaly involving both primary and permanent dentition but most commonly it affects the permanent teeth. Genetic mutations in genes like MSX, PAX9,TGFA and AXIN2 are the likely primary contributors to tooth agenesis. Identifying the prevalence and distribution of congenital missing teeth allows for early detection and intervention which is crucial for preventing or mitigating potential dental issues that may arise due to missing teeth. Aim & objectives: To assess the prevalence and distribution of congenitally missing teeth across different quadrants of the jaw among patients visiting to the Dental out patient department at Tertiary Care Centre of Lucknow city. Material & method: A Questionnaire and orthopantomogram based cross-sectional study was conducted on both male and female patients aged between 15 and 30 years, coming for evaluation of their dental health problems to the hospital. Written informed consent was obtained. Results: The overall prevalence of CMT was found to be 33.3 %. The significant difference was observed in proportion of CMT between Maxilla and Mandible sites (p = 0.008). Higher prevalence was in females compared to males for both maxillary and mandibular congenital missing teeth. (p = 0.020). Conclusion: The most common CMT were third molars followed by lateral incisors. The insights derived from the study would aid dental professional in gaining a deeper comprehension of tooth agenesis.

Comparative assessment of cleaning efficacy of two exclusive paediatric rotary files in root canals of primary teeth: An in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: Paediatric rotary file systems have recently been developed for primary teeth use. AIM: To study the cleaning efficacies of two paediatric rotary endodontic files, the Prime PedoTM, and the Kedo-SG BlueTM against the standard H files. DESIGN: This in vitro study included 54 freshly extracted primary molars, which were randomised into three groups (n = 18 each) and were prepared using either Kedo-SG BlueTM, Prime PedoTM or hand H files after injecting methylene blue dye into the canals. Pre- and post-operative cone beam computerised tomography (CBCT) was performed to assess change in root canal volumes. Methylene blue dye removal from canals was assessed using stereomicroscopy, and canal cleanliness was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: Both Prime PedoTM and Kedo-SG BlueTM files reduced significantly less dentine when compared with conventional hand filing with Prime PedoTM removing the least amount of dentine. No significant difference was found in median SEM scores among the groups in the cervical, middle and apical thirds of the roots. Stereomicroscopic assessment of root canal cleanliness using dye removal technique shows a statistically significant difference existing between Kedo-SG BlueTM and hand H files groups. CONCLUSION: Prime PedoTM removed the least amount of dentine. Kedo-SG BlueTM performed significantly better than conventional hand filing with H files when the root canal cleanliness was assessed.

Comparison of Demirjian and Cameriere methods and development of modified Cameriere and Demirjian formula more efficient for North Indian population.

Introduction: Accurate age estimation is of utmost importance in several branches of life, be it disaster victim identification (DVI), sports, fashion, education, and many more. Several studies/formulas have been proposed over the years from various parts of the world and amongst them, Cameriere's method of age estimation is now being accepted globally, and the related work is still one of the most thought about. Aim: The aim of this study was to access the relationship between dental age (DA) and chronological age using Cameriere and Demirjian age estimation method in the north Indian population and develop a population-specific regression formula and validate it in the north Indian population. Materials and Methods: Orthopantomograms (OPG) of 762 children of north India with age groups between 7 and 16 years were collected. Seven left permanent mandibular teeth were analyzed using both Cameriere and Demirjian's age estimation method. The resultant data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The mean differences between CAge and DAge with age were 1.21 (males), 0.14 (males) and 1.72 (females), 0.28 (females) respectively, which shows significant disparity, wherein Demirjian follows overestimation and Cameriere follows the underestimation trend. Therefore, we modified these methods using the linear regression model. Conclusion: The modified Demirjian and Cameriere formula after validation shows a better fit in the north Indian state of the Uttar Pradesh population.

Impact of technology in temporomandibular joint reconstruction surgeries: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: The digital technologies, in recent years, have integrated with temporomandibular joint reconstruction surgeries (TRS). Therefore, a systematic study was conducted to assess the impact of digital technologies in TRS. Besides, a brief comparison between the CAD/CAM and 3D printing (3DP) technologies is presented. MATERIALS & METHODS: We searched in PubMed, ProQuest and Science direct using PRISMA guidelines. Population = Patients undergoing TRS, Intervention=CAD/CAM or 3DP, Comparison= conventional TRS (cTRS) vs technology integrated TRS (tiTRS), Outcome= Advantages/disadvantages of technology and Subjective/objective symptoms, Study design= Type of study. The quality of observational study was assessed using ROBINS-1 Assessment tool. RESULTS: Out of 632 articles, 30 articles for CAD/CAM and 3DP were included in the study. A majority of TRS were done for ankylosis (new or re-entry), earlier failed surgery, osteoarthritis and neoplastic cases. The articles were divided into two groups. Group I: CAD/CAM(n = 16), Group II: 3DP (n = 14). DISCUSSION: tiTRS had definite advantages over cTRS with lesser surgery time, defined osteotomies, précised implant fitting and better final result outcome however, evidence for tiTRS in long-term follow-up is inconclusive. The cost, time, infrastructure and ethical/regulatory issues are the downsides of assisted surgeries. It was observed that 3DP technology is versatile and its adaptation in the fabrication of customized implants has outpaced CAD/CAM technology. However, literature data is feeble qualitatively and quantitatively. CONCLUSION: The TRS has leveraged the flexibility and precision of assisted surgeries. In future, tiTRS could successfully replace cTRS, provided that shortcomings should be dealt so that the technology can benefit the masses.

Doping-free bandgap tunability in Fe2O3 nanostructured films.

A tunable bandgap without doping is highly desirable for applications in optoelectronic devices. Herein, we develop a new method which can tune the bandgap without any doping. In the present research, the bandgap of Fe2O3 nanostructured films is simply tuned by changing the synthesis temperature. The Fe2O3 nanostructured films are synthesized on ITO/glass substrates at temperatures of 1100, 1150, 1200, and 1250 °C using the hot filament metal oxide vapor deposition (HFMOVD) and thermal oxidation techniques. The Fe2O3 nanostructured films contain two mixtures of Fe2+ and Fe3+ cations and two trigonal (α) and cubic (γ) phases. The increase of the Fe2+ cations and cubic (γ) phase with the elevated synthesis temperatures lifted the valence band edge, indicating a reduction in the bandgap. The linear bandgap reduction of 0.55 eV without any doping makes the Fe2O3 nanostructured films promising materials for applications in bandgap engineering, optoelectronic devices, and energy storage devices.

Correction: Doping-free bandgap tuning in one-dimensional Magnéli-phase nanorods of Mo4O11.

Correction for 'Doping-free bandgap tuning in one-dimensional Magnéli-phase nanorods of Mo4O11' by Duy Van Pham et al., Nanoscale, 2016, 8, 5559-5566.

Temperature-dependent ultraviolet photoluminescence in hierarchical Zn, ZnO and ZnO/Zn nanostructures.

The temperature-dependent effects on the ultraviolet (UV) photoluminescence (PL) enhancement, blueshift, thermal quenching, and chromaticity of the two-dimensional (2D) Zn nanosheets, 2D-hierarchical ZnO nanostructures, and 2D-hierarchical ZnO/Zn nanostructures are presented. In this study, 2D Zn nanosheets were synthesized using a hot-plate metal vapor deposition technique, after which 2D-hierarchical ZnO nanostructures and ZnO/Zn were prepared from the 2D Zn nanosheets by a simple thermal annealing method. The enhancement and blueshift of the UV PL emissions from the three nanostructures at low temperatures arose from three distinct PL mechanisms. For the ZnO nanostructures, the UV PL emission enhancements and blueshifts at low temperature were due to the conversion of the free excitons (FXs) to neutral-donor-bound-excitons (D0Xs). The ZnO/Zn nanostructures possessed the highest UV PL intensities among the three nanostructures, because the free electrons from the Zn portions across the metal-semiconductor heterojunctions greatly assisted in enhancing the PL emissions. The enhancement and thermal quenching were quantitatively analyzed with simple normalization methods. The results show that all three kinds of nanostructures are excellent candidates for use in UV light emitters.

Probing the Mechanism for Bipolar Resistive Switching in Annealed Graphene Oxide Thin Films.

The bipolar resistive switching (BRS) between a metallic low resistance state (LRS) and an insulating high resistance state (HRS) is demonstrated for annealed graphene oxide (GO) thin film-based device structures with aluminum (Al) as one of the contact electrodes. An optimal switching of ∼104 order is recorded for Al/GO (200 °C)/indium tin oxide (ITO) among the device structures in metal (M2)/GO (T)/metal (M1) configurations (M1 = Al, Au, or ITO and M2 = Au or Al), fabricated using GO (T)/metal (M1), annealed at different temperatures, T = 100, 200, 300, and 400 °C. The initial Ohmic conduction for electronic transport and the presence of metal contents through GO thin films in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy support the physical evidence of Al filament formation between the two electrodes as imaged by the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The speculated mechanism for BRS in repeated voltage sweep cycles is attributed to the current triggered breaking of metal filaments because of the combined effect of Joule's heating and Peltier heat generation at LRS → HRS transition, and electric field induced migration of metal atoms, leading to the formation of metal filaments through the GO film at the HRS → LRS transition. The higher switching ratio exhibited in the current study could be translated to engineer simple and low-cost resistive memory devices.

Copper Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite-Catalyzed Synthesis of Flavanones and Flavanones with Triazole Hybrid Molecules in One Pot: A Green and Sustainable Approach.

An efficient, green, and sustainable synthesis of new hybrid molecules containing flavanone with triazole by merging the Michael addition and Click reaction using a copper oxide/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite in one pot is reported. The catalyst can easily be recycled and reused in seven consecutive runs without compromising the product yields. Other notable advantages include using water as a reaction medium and obtaining good to excellent yields, low catalyst loading, high atom efficiency, high substrate variation, and good results in the gram scale reaction.

Impact of cuticle photoluminescence on the color morphism of a male damselfly Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur, 1842).

In this study the damselfly Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur, 1842) was first found to produce strong photoluminescence (PL) emissions from various colored-body portions, such as the eighth abdominal segment of the tail. The colors of the colored-body portions can be enhanced or modified by the PL emissions for assistance in reducing intrasexual and male harassment, and improving mature mating and conspecific identity. Therefore, the PL emissions that contribute to the color modification and coloration are involved in the cuticle evolution of the damselflies. The micro-PL confocal images verify that the PL emissions can strongly influence the surface colors of the cuticle, and demonstrate why the damselfly Ischnura senegalensis is called a bluetail.

Terahertz spin-wave waveguides and optical magnonics in one-dimensional NiO nanorods.

The two-magnon (2M) spin waves with a magnon frequency of 43 THz, generated by a polarized laser, were first observed in one-dimensional (1D) NiO nanorods. The 1D NiO nanorods of ∼700 nm length, which have perfectly in-plane antiferromagnetic spins lying on the (200) and (100) faces, are the smallest spin-wave waveguides. Due to the magneto-optical Faraday effect (MOFE), the significant change in the Faraday intensity can show the 2M information in the NiO nanorods. There are only two 2M-on and 2M-off states at various applied alternating-current magnetic fields and laser-incident angles, which make the 1D NiO nanorods excellent optical nanomagnonics.

Impact of Nanosize on Supercapacitance: Study of 1D Nanorods and 2D Thin-Films of Nickel Oxide.

We synthesized unique one-dimensional (1D) nanorods and two-dimensional (2D) thin-films of NiO on indium-tin-oxide thin-films using a hot-filament metal-oxide vapor deposition technique. The 1D nanorods have an average width and length of ∼100 and ∼500 nm, respectively, and the densely packed 2D thin-films have an average thickness of ∼500 nm. The 1D nanorods perform as parallel units for charge storing. However, the 2D thin-films act as one single unit for charge storing. The 2D thin-films possess a high specific capacitance of ∼746 F/g compared to 1D nanorods (∼230 F/g) using galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements at a current density of 3 A/g. Because the 1D NiO nanorods provide more plentiful surface areas than those of the 2D thin-films, they are fully active at the first few cycles. However, the capacitance retention of the 1D nanorods decays faster than that of the 2D thin-films. Also, the 1D NiO nanorods suffer from instability due to the fast electrochemical dissolution and high nanocontact resistance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy verifies that the low dimensionality of the 1D NiO nanorods induces the unavoidable effects that lead them to have poor supercapacitive performances. On the other hand, the slow electrochemical dissolution and small contact resistance in the 2D NiO thin-films favor to achieve high specific capacitance and great stability.

Doping-free bandgap tuning in one-dimensional Magnéli-phase nanorods of Mo4O11.

We synthesized one-dimensional (1D) Magnéli-phase nanorods of Mo4O11 using the hot filament metal-oxide vapor deposition technique. The 1D Magnéli-phase Mo4O11 nanorods synthesized at 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, and 1200 °C contain varying combinations of two orthorhombic (α) and monoclinic (η) phases, and various mixtures of Mo(4+), Mo(5+) and Mo(6+) cations, while those synthesized at a higher temperature look bluer. The shifts of the transmittance maximum and absorbance minimum of the 1D Magnéli-phase Mo4O11 nanorods are inversely and linearly proportional to the elevated temperature, verifying that the bandgaps (Eg) are inversely proportional to the elevated temperature. The bandgap (Eg) of the 1D Magnéli-phase Mo4O11 nanorods can be tuned by simply controlling the synthesis temperature without doping with other materials, giving the 1D Magnéli-phase Mo4O11 nanorods good potential for use in optoelectronic nanodevices and bandgap engineering.

Size-controllable synthesis of Bi/Bi2O3 heterojunction nanoparticles using pulsed Nd:YAG laser deposition and metal-semiconductor-heterojunction-assisted photoluminescence.

We synthesized Bi/Bi2O3 heterojunction nanoparticles at various substrate temperatures using the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The Bi/Bi2O3 heterojunction nanoparticles consisted of Bi nanoparticles and Bi2O3 surface layers. The average diameter of the Bi nanoparticles and the thickness of the Bi2O3 surface layer are linearly proportional to the substrate temperature. The heterojunctions between the Bi nanoparticles and Bi2O3 surface layers, which are the metal-semiconductor heterojunctions, can strongly enhance the photoluminescence (PL) of the Bi/Bi2O3 nanoparticles, because the metallic Bi nanoparticles can provide massive free Fermi-level electrons for the electron transitions in the Bi2O3 surface layers. The enhancement of PL emission at room temperature by metal-semiconductor-heterojunctions make the Bi/Bi2O3 heterojunction nanoparticles potential candidates for use in optoelectronic nanodevices, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs).

The role of salivary caffeine clearance in the diagnosis of chronic liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Chronic liver diseases (CLD) are quite prevalent throughout the globe. Its early and correct diagnosis is always a concern among physicians, especially the residual liver function. For this various substrates like caffeine are being investigated in body fluids like serum and saliva. Saliva as a study sample has its own advantages due to its non invasiveness; it can be very useful study sample. METHODS: 30 Subjects with CLD and 15 healthy controls were administered 200 mg of caffeine. Subjects classified into severity groups (class-A-mild-n = 9, B-moderate-n = 11, and C-severe-n = 10) based on "Child-pugh classification" of severity of liver disease. After 17 h of dietary caffeine restriction and before drug administration, 0 h salivary sample was taken. After the dose of caffeine, 4 and 16 h saliva sample was taken. Blood sample was taken from controls only at same time points. These samples were analyzed on semi automated analyzer using Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT) by spectrophotometric method. Caffeine clearance values were calculated and results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Significant correlation was found between serum caffeine clearance and salivary caffeine clearance (SCC). Controls showed higher mean of SCC value of 1.6 ± 0.2 ml/min/kg while SCC values of subjects were less, with mean of 0.5 ± 0.2 ml/min/kg. Significant correlation was found between degree of hepatic dysfunction and SCC values. CONCLUSION: Saliva can be used for diagnosis of CLD and assessment of residual liver function in CLD as alternative to serum.

A case of vander woude syndrome with rare phenotypic expressions.

Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is a rare developmental disorder with an autosomal dominant inheritance. The prevalence of VWS varies from 1:100,000 to 1:40,000 still born or live births. It has variable expressivity and generally expressed as orofacial manifestations like lower lip pits, cleft lip and/or cleft palate, hypodontia, cleft or bifid uvula, ankyloglossia and some extraoral anomalies involving hand, foot and genitalia. Thorough family history, clinical examination and genetic counseling helps in correct diagnosis of VWS as Popliteal pterygium syndrome has overlapping clinical manifestations. Most cases of Van der Woude syndrome have been associated with mutations and genetic changes. The current case has classical features of VWS with some rare features like undescended small testis and unreported finding of syndactyly of second and third toe adds on to the existing knowledge of VWS presentation.

Photoluminescence mechanisms of metallic Zn nanospheres, semiconducting ZnO nanoballoons, and metal-semiconductor Zn/ZnO nanospheres.

We utilized a thermal radiation method to synthesize semiconducting hollow ZnO nanoballoons and metal-semiconductor concentric solid Zn/ZnO nanospheres from metallic solid Zn nanospheres. The chemical properties, crystalline structures, and photoluminescence mechanisms for the metallic solid Zn nanospheres, semiconducting hollow ZnO nanoballoons, and metal-semiconductor concentric solid Zn/ZnO nanospheres are presented. The PL emissions of the metallic Zn solid nanospheres are mainly dependent on the electron transitions between the Fermi level (E(F)) and the 3d band, while those of the semiconducting hollow ZnO nanoballoons are ascribed to the near band edge (NBE) and deep level electron transitions. The PL emissions of the metal-semiconductor concentric solid Zn/ZnO nanospheres are attributed to the electron transitions across the metal-semiconductor junction, from the E(F) to the valence and 3d bands, and from the interface states to the valence band. All three nanostructures are excellent room-temperature light emitters.