RESUMO
Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la adecuación psicométrica del Test d2 para su uso en Costa Rica. Una muestra de 445 individuos con edades entre 18 y 47 años, 58% mujeres y 42% hombres, contestaron la prueba d2; 50 de ellos completaron la prueba una segunda vez y 40 respondieron también las pruebas Test del Trazo, Test de Colores y Palabras de Stroop, Span de Dígitos, Búsqueda de Símbolos, Claves y Cancelación. Fueron evaluadas la consistencia interna, la estabilidad temporal y las evidencias de validez basadas en relaciones con otras variables y en la estructura interna. Los puntajes más fiables fueron los siguientes: total de respuestas (TR), total de aciertos (TA), índice de efectividad en la prueba (TOT) e índice de concentración (CON), con resultados del alfa de Cronbach y de fiabilidad test-retest en el rango de .90 a .97. Las correlaciones con pruebas que evalúan atención sostenida y selectiva, velocidad de procesamiento, precisión y control inhibitorio sugieren evidencias de validez para los puntajes CON, TR, TA y O (errores de omisión). Además, el aumento de edad está relacionado a la disminución de los puntajes TA y CON, en especial. Se discuten los hallazgos respecto a la estructura factorial de la prueba. Los resultados corroboran estudios previos e indican puntajes válidos del d2 para evaluar individuos de nivel universitario de Costa Rica.
Abstract: In this research, some psychometric properties of the d2 test were analyzed for its use in Costa Rica. A total of 445 participants aged between 18 and 47 years, 58% women and 42% men, completed the d2 test; a subset of 50 participants completed the test a second time, and 40 participants answered the additional tests: Trail Making Test, Stroop Test, Digit Span, Symbol Search, Coding and Cancellation. Internal consistency, temporal stability and validity evidences based on relations to other variables and based on the internal structure were evaluated. The most reliable scores were total number of responses (TR), total number of correct characters canceled (TA), effectiveness index (TOT) and concentration index (CON), with Cronbach's Alpha results and test-retest reliability ranged from .90 to .97. Correlations with tests that evaluate sustained and selective attention, processing speed, accuracy, and inhibitory control suggest validity evidence for the CON, TR, TA, and O (omission errors) scores. In addition, aging is especially related to the decrease in TA and CON scores. The findings regarding the factorial structure of the test are discussed. The results corroborate previous studies and indicate validity evidence for d2 test scores for evaluating Costa Rican university students and graduates.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Psicometria , AtençãoRESUMO
This study searched for sociodemographic influences on visual memory and visuoconstructive ability in healthy and clinical samples evaluated with Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) in two studies. In Study 1, we searched for changes related to age in children, adolescents, adults and elderly on the performance of the BVRT. In Study 2, we investigated the relations among age, years of education and intellectual quotient (IQ) on the performance of the BVRT using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Participants were 624 individuals aged between six and 89 years old (M = 25.40; SD = 22.34) from the normatization and evidence validity studies at Brazil. We used a sociodemographic questionnaire, BVRT and IQ measure was estimated. Study 1 has shown a performance similar to the developmental graphics with a U-inverted pattern in relation to age: An increase of the visual memory ability in the children and adolescent groups as age increases, a tendency of a decrease in the performance in the adult group that intensifies in the elderly group. Study 2 found that the model for the BVRT performance tested by SEM denoted satisfactory goodness-of-fit indexes, χ2/gl = 2.67, p < .001; CFI = .92; TLI = .93; RMSEA = .004, 90% CI = [.03, .05];WLSMV = 1.79, and corroborated the theoretical assumption. The SEM model confirmed in this study highlight the strong role of years of education in the prediction of BVRT scores.
Assuntos
Escolaridade , Desenvolvimento Humano/fisiologia , Inteligência/fisiologia , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos/fisiologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Retenção Psicológica/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Análise de Classes Latentes , Masculino , Testes de Memória e Aprendizagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
O desenvolvimento de normas para categorias semânticas é necessário para a compreensão do modo como os indivíduos organizam o conhecimento na memória e para a construção de instrumentos de avaliação cognitiva. O objetivo do presente estudo é fornecer normas associativas de 20 categorias semânticas para adultos e idosos brasileiros. Participaram do estudo 236 pessoas, entre 40 e 88 anos, das cinco regiões brasileiras. Os participantes responderam a um questionário de dados sociodemográficos e a um questionário de itens para categorias semânticas, e foram solicitados a produzir os cinco primeiros exemplares de cada categoria apresentada. Os resultados foram agrupados e são apresentadas as normas das categorias (exemplares, tamanho da categoria, respostas corretas, em branco e erros), bem como as respostas de cada categoria que foram comuns a todas as regiões brasileiras...
The development of semantic category norms is necessary to assist in the understanding of how individuals organize knowledge in memory, and to the creation of cognitive assessment instruments. The aim of this study is to provide associative norms of 20 semantic categories for Brazilian adults and elderly. The study included 236 participants from 40 to 88 years of age from the five Brazilian regions. They answered a socio-demographic questionnaire and a semantic category questionnaire, in which they were asked to produce the first five items of each category. Results are presented in category norms (items, category set size, correct responses, no responses and errors), as well as the responses that were common to all Brazilian regions belonging to each category...
Es necesario el desarrollo de normas para categorías semánticas para poder comprender cómo las personas organizan el conocimiento en la memoria y para la construcción de instrumentos de evaluación cognitiva. El objetivo de este estudio es proporcionar normas asociativas de 20 categorías semánticas para muestras de brasileños adultos y ancianos. Participaron 236 personas entre 40 y 88 años, de cinco regiones de Brasil. Los participantes completaron un cuestionario de datos sociodemográfico y un cuestionario de ítems para categorías semánticas y se les solicitó la producción de los cinco primeros ejemplares de cada categoría presentada. Los resultados fueron agrupados y son presentadas las normas de las categorías (ejemplares, tamaño de categoría, respuestas correctas, en blanco y errores), así como las respuestas de cada categoría, comunes a todas las regiones de Brasil...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Semântica , Testes de Associação de Palavras/normasRESUMO
This study presents a systematic review of validity evidence for neuropsychological batteries. Studies published in international databases between 2005 and 2012 were examined. Considering the specificity of neuropsychological batteries, the aim of the study was to review the statistical analyses and procedures that have been used to validate these instruments. A total of 1,218 abstracts were read, of which 147 involved studies of neuropsychological batteries or tests that evaluated at least three cognitive processes. The full text of each article was analyzed according to publication year, focal instrument of the study, sample type, sample age range, characterization of the participants, and procedures and analyses used to provide evidence of validity. The results showed that the studies primarily analyzed patterns of convergence and divergence by correlating the instruments with other tests. Measures of reliability, such as internal consistency and test-retest reliability, were also frequently employed. To provide evidence of relationships between test scores and external criteria, the most common procedures were evaluations of sensitivity and specificity, and comparisons were made between contrasting groups. The statistical analyses frequently used were Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis, Pearson correlation, and Cronbach's alpha. We discuss the necessity of incorporating both classic and modern psychometric procedures and presenting a broader scope of validity evidence, which would represent progress in this field. Finally, we hope our findings will help researchers better plan the validation process for new neuropsychological instruments and batteries...
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Humanos , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
O presente estudo teve como objetivo adaptar e validar a Psychological Well-being Scale (Escala de Bem-estar Psicológico EBEP) em uma amostra de estudantes universitários. O processo de adaptação dos itens envolveu a tradução, análise de juízes e avaliação da familiaridade. Posteriormente, 313 estudantes universitários, com média de idade de 24,18 (DP = 6,44) anos, sendo 190 (60,7%) mulheres, responderam a EBEP. Para investigar a validade de construto foram conduzidas análises fatoriais confirmatórias e análises de correlação com indicadores de satisfação de vida, afetos positivos e negativos, balanço entre afetos e depressão. O modelo teórico de seis fatores oblíquos apresentou melhor ajuste e as seis subescalas se correlacionaram na direção e magnitude esperada com indicadores de bem-estar. A EBEP mostrou-se um instrumento válido e fidedigno.
This study aimed to adapt and validate the Psychological Well-being Scale (PWBS) in an undergraduate students sample. The item adaptation process involved translation, judges analysis and evaluation of familiarity. Subsequently, 313 undergraduate students, with mean age 24.18 (SD = 6.44) years, with 190 (60.7%) females and 123 (39.3%) males, responded to PWBS. To investigate the construct validity confirmatory factor and correlation analyses with indicators of life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, affect balance and depression were conducted. The theoretical model of six oblique factors showed the best fit and the six subscales correlated in the expected direction and magnitude with others well-being indicators. The PWBS proved to be a valid and reliable instrument.
El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar y validar al portugués brasileño la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico (EBP). El proceso de adaptación de los ítems ha involucrado la traducción, el análisis de jueces y la evaluación de la familiaridad. Posteriormente, 313 estudiantes universitarios, con edad media de 24,18 (DE = 6.44) años, 190 (60.7%) mujeres y 123 (39.3%) hombres, respondieron a la EBP. Para investigar la validez del constructo se realizó análisis factorial confirmatorio y los análisis de la correlación con los indicadores de satisfacción con la vida, afecto positivo y negativo, equilibrio entre afectos y la depresión. El modelo teórico de seis factores oblicuos mostró el mejor ajuste y las seis subescalas correlacionan en la dirección y magnitud esperada con los indicadores del bienestar. La EBP se demostró un instrumento válido y confiable.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Afeto , Depressão/psicologia , Análise Fatorial , Satisfação Pessoal , Psicometria , Qualidade de Vida/psicologiaRESUMO
Estudos demonstram a importância dos núcleos da base e do tálamo em memória, atenção, seleção e monitoramento de informações. Nesta pesquisa analisamos quatro casos com lesão subcortical unilateral de hemisfério esquerdo pós-AVC. As participantes foram avaliadas com o Questionário de Aspectos de Saúde e Socioculturais e o Instrumento de Avaliação Neuropsicológica Breve NEUPSILIN. Objetivou-se verificar e discutir discrepâncias no desempenho em diferentes tarefas de memória de pacientes com lesões subcorticais. Todas as pacientes apresentaram prejuízo na tarefa de evocação imediata e nenhuma na de evocação tardia. Os resultados parecem estar relacionados à menor capacidade para criar estratégias, organizar as informações e reter novos estímulos. Ressalta-se o envolvimento dessas estruturas em circuitos que, em conjunto com regiões corticais, fazem parte do processamento da memória operacional e das funções executivas. Estudos futuros devem incluir amostras mais amplas e controlar a influência das variáveis sociodemográficas.
Studies show the importance of the basal ganglia and thalamus in memory, attention, selection and monitoring of information. In this research we analyze four cases with unilateral subcortical lesions after stroke. The participants were assessed with the Questionnaire of sociocultural and health aspects and the NEUPSILIN Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument. The objective was to analyze and discuss discrepancies in performance on different memory tasks in patients with subcortical lesions. All patients showed prejudice in the immediate recall task and none in the delayed recall task. The results appear to be related to a lower capacity to create strategies, organize information and retain new stimuli. We emphasize the involvement of these structures in circuits that are part of, together with cortical regions, the processing of working memory and executive functions. Future studies should include larger samples and control the influence of sociodemographic variables.
Assuntos
Humanos , Gânglios da Base , Memória , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , TálamoRESUMO
This study investigated the relationship between measures of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and a brief battery of cognitive functions (NEUPSILIN) with the goal of providing a better understanding of the association between executive processes and other functions. The sample included 39 people, from 14 to 61 years old, with an average education of 12.38 (SD = 3.65) years of study. The hypothesis that correlations would be moderate to strong between the measures of executive function, working memory, attention and prospective memory from NEUPSILIN and WCST scores was partially corroborated because the intensity of the correlations was below than the expected. Other correlations were also found between the WCST scores and tasks that assess semantic-episodic memory, oral language (inference processing) and writing (reading) components...
Este estudo investigou a relação entre medidas do WCST e de uma bateria breve de funções cognitivas (NEUPSILIN), com o objetivo de fornecer uma melhor compreensão sobre a associação entre processos executivos e demais funções. Participaram 39 pessoas entre 14 e 61 anos de idade e média de escolaridade de 12,38 (DP=3,65) anos de estudo. A hipótese de que correlações moderadas a fortes se dariam entre as medidas de funções executivas, memória de trabalho, atenção e memória prospectiva do NEUPSILIN e os escores no WCST foi parcialmente corroborada, porque a intensidade das correlações foi inferior ao previsto. Também foram encontradas correlações entre escores do WCST e tarefas que mensuram componentes de memória episódico-semântica, linguagem oral (processamento inferências) e escrita (leitura)...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cognição , Função Executiva , Neuropsicologia , PsicometriaRESUMO
Estudos evidenciam a dominância do hemisfério cerebral esquerdo (HE) no planejamento motor. Contudo, são necessárias investigações sobre a participação das regiões corticais e subcorticais do HE nas apraxias. Este estudo de casos múltiplos analisou o desempenho de cinco pacientes com lesão cerebrovascular isquêmica no HE, em três tipos de apraxias. Os participantes, com idades entre 43 e 73 anos, foram distribuídos em dois grupos quanto ao local da lesão, cortical ou subcortical. Utilizaram‑se tarefas do instrumento de avaliação neuropsicológica breve Neupsilin. Comparou‑se a pontuação de cada caso à média de desempenho de seu grupo normativo. Somente os pacientes com lesão cortical apresentaram déficit de apraxia ideomotora. Nas apraxias construtivas, os tipos de erro diferenciaram os dois grupos. O método qualitativo contribuiu para compreender os mecanismos envolvidos nas apraxias e para o planejamento de programas de reabilitação neuropsicológica.
Investigations confirm the left hemisphere (LH) is dominant for motor planning. However, more studies on the participation of cortical and subcortical regions of LH in the apraxias are necessary. This multiple cases study analyzed the performance of five patients with ischemic cerebrovascular lesion in LH in three types of apraxias. The participants, aged 43‑73 years, were divided into two groups with regard to their lesion site, cortical or subcortical. Tasks of the Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Neupsilin were used. Scores of each case were compared to the average performance of their normative group. Only patients with cortical lesions showed deficits of ideomotor apraxia. In the tasks of constructive apraxias, the error types distinguished the two groups. The qualitative method contributed to understand the mechanisms involved in the apraxias and to plan programs of neuropsychological rehabilitation.
Los estudios muestran la dominancia del hemisferio cerebral izquierdo (HI) en la planificación motora, pero se necesitan más investigaciones sobre la participación de las regiones corticales y subcorticales del HI en las apraxias. Este estudio de casos múltiples analizó el desempeño de cinco pacientes con lesión cerebrovascular isquémica en el HI en tres tipos de apraxias. Los participantes, con edad entre 43 y 73 años, fueron distribuidos en dos grupos según el local de la lesión, cortical o subcortical. Se utilizaron las tareas del instrumento de evaluación neuropsicológica breve Neupsilin. Se comparó las puntuaciones de los casos evaluados con la media de su grupo normativo. Solamente los pacientes con lesiones corticales presentaron déficits de apraxia ideomotora. En la apraxia constructiva, los tipos de errores diferenciaron los grupos. El método cualitativo contribuyó para la comprensión de los mecanismos envueltos en las apraxias y para la planificación de programas de rehabilitación neuropsicológica.
RESUMO
This study investigated the different ways of evaluating the social support in Brazilian studies. A surveying of scientific Brazilian publications from 1987 to 2007 was done in the Indexpsi, Pepsic, SciELO and Lilacs databases according to keywords social support and social network. Fifty-five studies included some type of assessing social support in Brazilian samples. The results indicated a rise in the number of studies about social support assessment in the last years using interviews to investigate received and perceived support, predominantly. However, the construction was applied without theoretical basis and was associated with many other concepts, sometimes without an appropriate articulation. Besides, there were evidences of lacking reliable, valid and standardized instruments to Brazilian population by considering the instruments currently used and revised by this study.
Assuntos
Editoração/estatística & dados numéricos , Apoio Social , BrasilRESUMO
Este estudo investigou como o apoio social tem sido avaliado em estudos brasileiros. Foi realizado um levantamento das publicações científicas de 1987 a 2007, nos indexadores Indexpsi, Pepsic, SciELO e Lilacs, usando as palavras-chave apoio social, suporte social, rede social. Foram encontrados 59 estudos que contemplavam a avaliação de apoio social em amostras brasileiras. Os resultados apontaram um crescimento nos últimos anos no número de estudos brasileiros que incluem a avaliação do apoio social, com a predominância do uso de técnicas de entrevistas para investigar, em especial, o apoio recebido e o apoio percebido. Contudo, o construto foi utilizado, algumas vezes, sem uma fundamentação teórica sólida e associado a vários outros conceitos sem uma articulação clara. Fica também evidente a escassez de instrumentos fidedignos, válidos e padronizados para a realidade brasileira, apesar dos diversos instrumentos já utilizados e que são revisados no presente estudo.
This study investigated the different ways of evaluating the social support in Brazilian studies. A surveying of scientific Brazilian publications from 1987 to 2007 was done in the Indexpsi, Pepsic, SciELO and Lilacs databases according to keywords social support and social network. Fifty-five studies included some type of assessing social support in Brazilian samples. The results indicated a rise in the number of studies about social support assessment in the last years using interviews to investigate received and perceived support, predominantly. However, the construction was applied without theoretical basis and was associated with many other concepts, sometimes without an appropriate articulation. Besides, there were evidences of lacking reliable, valid and standardized instruments to Brazilian population by considering the instruments currently used and revised by this study.
Assuntos
Editoração/estatística & dados numéricos , Apoio Social , BrasilRESUMO
OBJETIVO: averiguar a existência de relações entre o desempenho em testes de processamento auditivo e em tarefas cognitivas. MÉTODOS: participaram 12 adolescentes com desenvolvimento típico, estudantes de terceiro ano do Ensino Médio de escolas privadas do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, examinados com uma bateria de testes de PA(C) e com o Instrumento de Avaliação Neuropsicológica Breve Neupsilin. Foram realizadas análises de correlação de Pearson e análises qualitativas intertestes para comparação do desempenho na avaliação do PA(C) e na avaliação neuropsicológica. RESULTADOS: da bateria de testes PA(C), os Testes SSI - MCI - Teste de Sentenças Sintéticas com mensagem competitiva ipsilateral, SSW - Teste de Dissílabos Alternados e o teste Dicóticos de Dígitos apresentaram correlação forte significativa positiva (coeficiente de correlação de Pearson) com os subtestes do Neupsilin: atenção - contagem inversa, percepção de faces, linguagem oral automática e repetição, memória verbal episódica e memória de trabalho - span auditivo de palavras em sentenças. Alguns testes do PA(C) apresentaram maior frequência de dissociações com subtestes neuropsicológicos. As correlações encontradas indicam que os testes de PA(C) e as tarefas neuropsicológicas parecem examinar algumas habilidades cognitivas subjacentes em comum. As dissociações observadas sugerem que os processamentos auditivo e neuropsicológico são relativamente independentes e a análise intertestes do desempenho dos participantes na avaliação do PA(C), comparada ao desempenho na avaliação neuropsicológica, confirma os resultados encontrados para as questões anteriores. CONCLUSÃO: ressalta-se a necessidade de se pensar o contexto da administração dos testes de PA(C), considerando-se a relação de complementaridade da avaliação neuropsicológica e do exame de processamento auditivo.
PURPOSE: to check if there is a relation between the performance in auditory processing tests and in cognitive tasks. METHODS: the sample was made up by 12 teenagers in typical development, all of them high-school students (third year) in private schools from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. They were evaluated through an auditory processing battery as well as with the Brazilian Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Battery NEUPSILIN. Data analyses included Person's correlation and qualitative interests interpretation towards a comparison of the performance in (C)AP's battery and in the neuropsychological assessment. RESULTS: regarding (C)AP's battery, SSI - MCI - Synthetic Sentence Test with ipsilateral competitive message, SSW - Test of Alternated Disyllables and Digit Dicotics tests showed a significant strong positive correlation with NEUPSILIN's subtests that follows: attention - reverse counting, face perception, oral language - automated language and repetition, episodic verbal memory and working memory - auditory word span in sentences. Some (C)AP's tests presented a greater frequency of dissociation when compared to neuropsychological tasks. Correlation index suggest that (C)AP's tests and neuropsychological tasks seem to evaluate some common basic cognitive abilities. The observed dissociation suggest that auditory and neuropsychological processing are partially independent on each other. The interests analysis confirms these results. CONCLUSION: there is a need to rethink about the administration of (C)AP's tests, when it comes to the addition relation between neuropsychological assessment and auditory processing examination.
RESUMO
Avaliou-se a presença de sintomas depressivos em cuidadores de familiares portadores de síndrome demencial comparados a não cuidadores e a relação deste desfecho em três faixas etárias. Participaram 84 cuidadores e 101 não cuidadores que residiam na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Aplicou-se um questionário de dados sociodemográficos e o Inventário Beck de Depressão. Os cuidadores revelaram níveis mais elevados de sintomas depressivos e com maior gravidade nos aspectos cognitivos e afetivos do inventário de depressão quando comparados aos não cuidadores. Foram encontrados níveis mais baixos de sintomas de depressão em indivíduos de maior faixa etária (65 a 83 anos). São discutidas as limitações do inventário na avaliação de sintomas de depressão em pessoas idosas. Ressalta-se a necessidade de suporte psicológico e apoio social aos cuidadores de familiares com síndrome demencial.
Depression symptoms related to age in family caregivers of dementia patients compared to non-caregivers were evaluated. Eighty-four family caregivers to dementia patients and one hundred and one non-caregivers that lived in Porto Alegre (Brazil) region participated of this study. They answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. The caregivers presented higher degree of depression symptoms and higher degree of cognitive and affective aspects of depression inventory those non-caregivers. Lowest degree of depression symptoms were presented by the oldest participants. Limitations of the inventory to evaluate depression in older people were discussed. The study emphasizes the necessity of psychological and social support to family caregivers of dementia patients.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cuidadores , Demência , DepressãoRESUMO
Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade de estimar o Quociente de Inteligência (QI) de adultos por meio de duas estratégias que utilizam uma forma curta constituída pelos subtestes Vocabulário e Cubos da Escala Wechsler de Inteligência para Adultos (WAIS-III). Participaram do estudo 77 homens e mulheres, com idade média de 39,1 anos (dp=13,4). Foi aplicada a WAIS-III e questionários para cumprir os critérios de inclusão dos participantes sem prejuízos neurológicos e psiquiátricos. Para avaliar a concordância entre as duas estratégias de estimar o QI, utilizou-se o método estatístico proposto por Bland e Altman. Como resultado, encontrou-se que as estimativas de QI geradas pelas duas estratégias apresentam concordância com a medida do QI realizada pela aplicação da escala completa apenas em alguns dos casos avaliados. Sugere-se cautela na utilização dessas estratégias para estimar o QI de adultos.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of estimating the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in adults based on two strategies that use Vocabulary and Block Design subtests of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III). Seventy-seven men and women participated of the study, with mean age of 39.1 (sd=13.4). WAIS-III subtests were administered and questionnaires were used to verify inclusion criteria for participants without neurological or psychiatric impairments. A statistical method proposed by Bland and Altman was used to evaluate the agreement between both strategies to estimate IQ. Results suggest that IQ estimates derived from both strategies only agree with the IQ derived from the full battery in a few cases of the sample. Considering these findings, caution is suggested when using these strategies to estimate adults' IQ.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Testes de Inteligência , Escalas de WechslerRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate salivary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels, salivary flow rate (SFR), depression, and hopelessness in patients with the complaint of burning mouth (BM). STUDY DESIGN: Thirty female patients with BM and 30 age-matched control women without any complaint of burning mouth were enrolled. After anamnesis and oral examination, the salivary flow rate was determined. Depression and hopelessness were evaluated by the application of inventories. Two saliva samples were collected for DHEA analysis. RESULTS: Dysgeusia (P = .045) and xerostomia (P = .003) were significantly higher in the BM group. The BM patients showed significantly lower salivary flow rate, both under stimulation (P = .001) and at rest (P < .001). Significant differences between the groups were not found in the depression (P = .416) or hopelessness (P = .597) scores. The BM group revealed significantly lower salivary DHEA levels in the morning samples (P = .003). CONCLUSION: Patients with BM exhibit decreased morning salivary DHEA as well as dysgeusia and hyposalivation more frequently than control subjects. Additional investigations are needed to clarify this association.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Ardência Bucal/metabolismo , Desidroepiandrosterona/análise , Saliva/química , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Síndrome da Ardência Bucal/fisiopatologia , Síndrome da Ardência Bucal/psicologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Ritmo Circadiano , Depressão/psicologia , Disgeusia/fisiopatologia , Disgeusia/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Doenças Labiais/metabolismo , Doenças Labiais/fisiopatologia , Doenças Labiais/psicologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Moral , Saliva/metabolismo , Taxa Secretória/fisiologia , Método Simples-Cego , Doenças da Língua/metabolismo , Doenças da Língua/fisiopatologia , Doenças da Língua/psicologia , Xerostomia/fisiopatologia , Xerostomia/psicologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the anxiety and salivary cortisol levels in patients with burning mouth syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: A case-control ed into 2 groups: BMS, with diagnosis of the syndrome, and control, without any complaint of burning mouth. Anamnesis, oral examination, sialometry, the application anxiety inventory, and 3 saliva samples for cortisol analysis were done in every patient. RESULTS: Statistical difference for subjective xerostomia was found on the BMS group (P = .01), but salivary flow rate was normal in both groups. BMS group presented higher anxiety (P = .001) and salivary cortisol levels (P = .003) when compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Higher anxiety and salivary cortisol levels were positively associated with the presence of BMS.
Assuntos
Ansiedade/complicações , Síndrome da Ardência Bucal/psicologia , Hidrocortisona/análise , Saliva/química , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated the relationship between depression symptoms, chronic stress or physiological measures of stress such as cortisol levels and saliva secretion. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of low saliva flow with chronic stress, depression symptoms and cortisol in a population aged 50 years and older. METHODS: Participants (n = 227) were recruited from community clubhouses and among dementia caregivers. Stress was assessed using the Lipp's Stress Symptoms Inventory and salivary cortisol measurements. In addition, taking care of a relative with dementia was included as a proxy variable for chronic stress. Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory. Saliva flow rate was assessed by measuring unstimulated and chewing-stimulated saliva flow. Further saliva samples were collected (morning, noon, night) for cortisol analysis by means of radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Gender, being a dementia caregiver, self-reported diabetes and prescriptive medication intake were independently associated with a low stimulated saliva flow. Prescriptive medication intake was also associated with a low unstimulated saliva flow. CONCLUSION: Caregiving, a proxy of chronic stress, was associated with low stimulated saliva flow, indicating that stress may have a potential role in salivary gland hypofunction.
Assuntos
Cuidadores/psicologia , Depressão/complicações , Estresse Psicológico/complicações , Xerostomia/etiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença Crônica , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/análise , Hidrocortisona/biossíntese , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Psicometria , Saliva/química , Saliva/metabolismo , Taxa Secretória , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
A desatualização e a falta de testes psicológicos adequados para uso no Brasil apontam a necessidade de pesquisas sobre validação, fidedignidade, padronização e normatização dos testes. Com relação à avaliação neuropsicológica, existem poucos instrumentos nacionais para avaliar os prejuízos das funções cognitivas causados por lesões/disfunções cerebrais. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir teoricamente o estudo psicométrico de testes neuropsicológicos e exemplificá-lo através das etapas de validação do Instrumento de Avaliação Neuropsicológica Breve NEUPSILIN, desenvolvido para avaliar algumas funções cognitivas. Especificamente, serão enfatizadas as dificuldades encontradas no desenvolvimento de métodos psicométricos para a validação do NEUPSILIN e sugeridas soluções para essas dificuldades.
There are still some outdated and unstandardized psychological tests in Brazil. This evidence points to the lack of researches about validity, reliability and normative data of psychological tests to be used with Brazilian people. Besides, there are few instruments to assess damaged cognitive functions caused by brain injuries. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the psychometric study of neuropsychological tests theoretically and to give the example of NEUPSILIN, developed to assess some cognitive functions briefly. More specifically, we will point the difficulties of developing psychometric methods to NEUPSILIN validation, as well as suggest solutions to these difficulties.
Assuntos
Testes Neuropsicológicos , Neuropsicologia , Estudo de Validação , PsicometriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The role of psychoneuroimmunological factors in oral hygiene has been overlooked in the dental literature. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of stress, depression, and cortisol levels in dental plaque accumulation and gingivitis in a population of individuals aged >or=50 years. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 230 subjects, selected from caregivers of demented patient groups and from social activities groups of Porto Alegre, Brazil, were evaluated. Stress was evaluated with the Lipp stress inventory, whereas depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck depression inventory. Three saliva samples (at 8, 12, and 20 hours) were collected for cortisol analysis by means of radioimmunoassay. Cortisol levels were expressed as the area under the curve of the three samples for each patient. Multivariate logistic regression was performed with the visible plaque index and gingival bleeding index as outcomes. RESULTS: The mean age of subjects was 61.6 +/- 8.2 years, mean monthly income in United States dollars (US dollars) was US 668 +/- 590, and mean cortisol level was 22.1 +/- 33.7 nmol/l. A total of 51.5% of the individuals were caregivers; 9.4% were smokers, and 25.5% used interdental floss/brush. Being a caregiver (odds ratio [OR] = 3.97; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 2.08 to 7.54), using an interdental brush (OR = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.11 to 0.47), cortisol (OR = 2.03; 95% CI = 1.09 to 3.81), and stress (OR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.03 to 2.02) were all significantly associated with visible plaque index >mean (43%). Being a caregiver (OR = 2.35; 95% CI = 1.13 to 4.86), using an interdental brush (OR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.13 to 0.77), smoking (OR = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.08 to 0.89), stress (OR = 1.78; 95% CI =1.31 to 2.38), and visible plaque index (mean) (OR = 12.87; 95% CI = 6.29 to 26.31) were significantly associated with a gingival bleeding index > mean (37%). CONCLUSION: Stress was a significant risk indicator of elevated levels of plaque and gingivitis, whereas cortisol was a risk indicator of plaque in the sample after controlling for confounders.