Predictive factors of lymphatic metastasis and evaluation of the Japanese treatment guidelines for endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer in a high-volume center in Perú.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the predictive factors of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with early gastric cancer (EGC) and to evaluate the applicability of the Japanese treatment guidelines for endoscopic resection in the western population. Methods: Five hundred-one patients with pathological diagnoses of EGC were included. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify the predictive factors of LNM. EGC patients were distributed according to the indications for endoscopic resection of the Eastern guidelines. The incidence of LNM was evaluated in each group. Results: From 501 patients with EGC, 96 (19.2%) presented LNM. In 279 patients with tumors with submucosal infiltration (T1b), 83 (30%) patients had LNM. Among 219 patients who presented tumors > 3 cm, 63 (29%) patients had LNM. Thirty-one percent of patients with ulcerated tumors presented LMN (33 out of 105). In 76 patients and 24 patients with lymphovascular and perineural invasion, the percentage of LMN was 84% and 87%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, a tumor diameter >3 cm, submucosal invasion, lymphovascular, and perineural invasion were independent predictors of LMN in EGC. No patient with differentiated, non-ulcerated mucosal tumors presented LNM regardless of tumor size. Three of 17 patients (18%) with differentiated, ulcerated mucosal tumors and ≤ 3 cm presented LNM. No LNM was evidenced in patients with undifferentiated mucosal tumors and ≤ 2 cm. Conclusions: The presence of LNM in Western EGC patients was independently related to larger tumors (>3 cm), submucosal invasion, lymphovascular and perineural invasion. The Japanese absolute indications for EMR are safe in the Western population. Likewise, Western patients with differentiated, non-ulcerated mucosal tumors, and larger than 2 cm are susceptible to endoscopic resection. Patients with undifferentiated mucosal tumors smaller than 2 cm presented encouraging results and ESD could be recommended only for selected cases.

Adjuvant chemotherapy after curative D2 gastrectomy in Latin American patients with gastric cancer.

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer deaths around the world and the first cause of cancer deaths in Peru; however, there are no prospective trials for adjuvant chemotherapy in GC after curative gastrectomy in this country. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II-III gastric cancer patients who underwent D2 gastrectomy. Methods: We included patients with stage II-III gastric cancer who underwent radical gastrectomy and D2 dissection between 2014 and 2016 at our institution. Patients received 3-week cycles of capecitabine (1,000 mg/m2 twice daily on days 1-14) plus oxaliplatin (130 mg/m2 on day 1) for 6 months. Survival curves were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method, and the Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify prognostic factors for survival. Results: In total, 173 patients were included: 100 (57.8%) patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and surgery (AChS) and 73 (42.2%) surgery alone (SA). Three-year disease-free survival (DFS) was higher in the AChS groups (69%) than in the SA group (52.6%) (p = 0.034). Regarding overall survival (OS), 31 patients (31%) died in the AChS group compared with 34 (46.6%) in the SA group (p = 0.027). In the multivariate analysis, adjuvant chemotherapy was an independent prognostic factor for DFS (HR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.37-0.97; p = 0.036) and OS (HR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.36-0.95; p = 0.029). ACh showed consistent benefit in DFS and OS for patients with albumin >3.5 g/dL, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, pT4, pN2-3, pathologic stage (PS) IIIA and IIIB and lymph node ratio (LNR) > 13.1. Conclusion: These data suggest that adjuvant capecitabine and oxaliplatin reduce the recurrence and mortality in patients with stage II-III gastric cancer who underwent D2 gastrectomy. PS IIIA and IIIB and LNR > 13.1 benefited more from receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and poorly cohesive gastric carcinoma did not significantly reduce the rates of survival.

Open versus minimally invasive sphincter-sparing surgery for rectal cancer: a single-center retrospective cohort study in Peru.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to describe and compare minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and open surgery for rectal cancer in Peru. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective single-center analysis was performed for all patients who underwent sphinctersparing surgery for non-metastatic rectal cancer at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas in Peru between January 2016 and December 2020. Clinical, perioperative, pathological, and survival outcomes were compared between both groups. A propensity score matching method was used to minimize bias. RESULTS: 162 patients were included in the final analysis. 124 had open surgery and 38 had MIS. Patients, clinical tumour, pathological characteristics, and perioperative were similar between groups after matching. Similar circumferential resection margin (CRM) with optimal quality of the mesorectum (p=1.000) but higher number of lymph nodes resected in open surgery group (p=0.741) was described. The leakage rate was slightly higher in the MIS group (p=0.358) with 10.5%, while the postoperative hospital stay was longer in the open surgery group after matching (p=0.001; OR 95% 5.2 CI: 1.8-15.6). The estimated recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) at 3 years in open surgery and MIS was 71.8% (95% CI; 0.58-0.89) and 70% (95% CI; 0.56-0.88) (p=0.431) and 77.7% (95% CI; 0.64-0.94) and 88.9% (95% CI; 0.79-0.99) (p=0.5), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Shorter postoperative hospital stay in the minimally invasive surgery group was reported. RFS, OS, and recurrence rates were similar between both groups. This approach is for non-metastatic rectal cancer in referral centers in Peru.

Oncological Care During First Peruvian National Emergency COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicentric Descriptive Study.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the oncological care during the first state of national emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic in several public cancer hospitals in Peru. Materials and Methods: A multicentric cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted by interviewing adult cancer patients diagnosed and treated between January 2019 and February 2020 from 18 hospitals. This study was carried out in September 2020, the last month of the first state of national emergency. Demographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated, including COVID-19 status and cancer treatment features. Results: A total of 1472 patients were included; the median age was 55 years (range 19-97). Most patients (85.8%, n = 1263) had solid neoplasia, 13.5% (n = 198) hematologic neoplasia, and 0.7% (n = 11) others. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed in 8.6% (n = 126), 1.2% (n = 18) were probable, 1.6% (n = 24) suspected, and 88.6% (n = 1304) negative cases. Overall, 51.6% of patients (n = 759) had cancer treatment delays, 42.5% (n = 626) changed treatment delivery (endovenous to oral systemic therapy), and 12.6% (n = 185) of cases cancer therapy was discontinued. In total, 10.3% (n = 117) of patients whose disease was controlled or in remission, experienced progression of disease during the state of emergency. A total of 6.7% (n = 98) of patients died, of whom 73.5% (n = 72) died from disease progression; 18.4% (n = 18) from SARS-CoV-2 infection and 8.1% (n = 8) from undetermined causes. Patients with hematological malignancies [hazard ratio (HR): 5.11 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.99-13.07)] and no response to therapy before the onset of the pandemic [5.01 (1.44-17.42)] had an increased risk of death among COVID-19 infected individuals, whereas advanced clinical stage [5.09 (2.37-10.95)] and discontinuation of treatment [3.66 (1.97-6.78)] were risk factors among non-COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has an adverse impact on the outcomes of Peruvian cancer patients. In our cohort, cancer mortality was higher than COVID-19 disease mortality.

Survival after curative pancreaticoduodenectomy for ampullary adenocarcinoma in a South American population: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Ampullary adenocarcinoma (AAC) is a rare neoplasm that accounts for only 0.2% of all gastrointestinal cancers. Its incidence rate is lower than 6 cases per million people. Different prognostic factors have been described for AAC and are associated with a wide range of survival rates. However, these studies have been exclusively conducted in patients originating from Asian, European, and North American countries. AIM: To evaluate the histopathologic predictors of overall survival (OS) in South American patients with AAC treated with curative pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). METHODS: We analyzed retrospective data from 83 AAC patients who underwent curative (R0) PD at the National Cancer Institute of Peru between January 2010 and October 2020 to identify histopathologic predictors of OS. RESULTS: Sixty-nine percent of patients had developed intestinal-type AAC (69%), 23% had pancreatobiliary-type AAC, and 8% had other subtypes. Forty-one percent of patients were classified as Stage I, according to the AJCC 8th Edition. Recurrence occurred primarily in the liver (n = 8), peritoneum (n = 4), and lung (n = 4). Statistical analyses indicated that T3 tumour stage [hazard ratio (HR) of 6.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.5-16.3, P < 0.001], lymph node metastasis (HR: 4.5, 95%CI: 1.8-11.3, P = 0.001), and pancreatobiliary type (HR: 2.7, 95%CI: 1.2-6.2, P = 0.025) were independent predictors of OS. CONCLUSION: Extended tumour stage (T3), pancreatobiliary type, and positive lymph node metastasis represent independent predictors of a lower OS rate in South American AAC patients who underwent curative PD.

Open versus minimally invasive sphincter-sparing surgery for rectal cancer: a single-center retrospective cohort study in Peru / Cirugía abierta versus mínimamente invasiva con preservación del esfínter para el cáncer de recto: un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de un solo centro en Perú

ABSTRACT Objective : The study aimed to describe and compare minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and open surgery for rectal cancer in Peru. Material and methods : A retrospective single-center analysis was performed for all patients who underwent sphinctersparing surgery for non-metastatic rectal cancer at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas in Peru between January 2016 and December 2020. Clinical, perioperative, pathological, and survival outcomes were compared between both groups. A propensity score matching method was used to minimize bias. Results : 162 patients were included in the final analysis. 124 had open surgery and 38 had MIS. Patients, clinical tumour, pathological characteristics, and perioperative were similar between groups after matching. Similar circumferential resection margin (CRM) with optimal quality of the mesorectum (p=1.000) but higher number of lymph nodes resected in open surgery group (p=0.741) was described. The leakage rate was slightly higher in the MIS group (p=0.358) with 10.5%, while the postoperative hospital stay was longer in the open surgery group after matching (p=0.001; OR 95% 5.2 CI: 1.8-15.6). The estimated recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) at 3 years in open surgery and MIS was 71.8% (95% CI; 0.58-0.89) and 70% (95% CI; 0.56-0.88) (p=0.431) and 77.7% (95% CI; 0.64-0.94) and 88.9% (95% CI; 0.79-0.99) (p=0.5), respectively. Conclusions: Shorter postoperative hospital stay in the minimally invasive surgery group was reported. RFS, OS, and recurrence rates were similar between both groups. This approach is for non-metastatic rectal cancer in referral centers in Peru.

RESUMEN Objetivo : El estudio tuvo como objetivo describir y comparar la cirugía mínimamente invasiva (CMI) y la cirugía abierta para el cáncer de recto en el Perú. Material y métodos : Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo unicéntrico de todos los pacientes que se sometieron a cirugía conservadora de esfínter por cáncer de recto no metastásico en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas de Perú entre enero de 2016 y diciembre de 2020. Clínica, perioperatoria, patológica y supervivencia se compararon los resultados entre ambos grupos. Se utilizó un método de emparejamiento por puntaje de propensión para minimizar el sesgo. Resultados : 162 pacientes fueron incluidos en el análisis final. 124 tuvieron cirugía abierta y 38 CMI. Los pacientes, el tumor clínico, las características patológicas y el perioperatorio fueron similares entre los grupos después del emparejamiento. Se describió un margen de resección circunferencial (MRC) similar con calidad óptima del mesorrecto (p=1,000) pero mayor número de ganglios linfáticos resecados en el grupo de cirugía abierta (p=0,741). La tasa de fuga fue ligeramente superior en el grupo CMI (p=0,358) con un 10,5%, mientras que la estancia hospitalaria postoperatoria fue mayor en el grupo de cirugía abierta tras el emparejamiento (p=0,001; OR 95% 5,2 IC: 1,8-15,6). La supervivencia libre de recidiva (SLR) estimada y la supervivencia global (SG) a los 3 años en cirugía abierta y CMI fue del 71,8% (IC 95%; 0,58-0,89) y del 70% (IC 95%; 0,56-0,88) (p=0,431) y 77,7% (IC 95%; 0,64-0,94) y 88,9% (IC 95%; 0,79-0,99) (p=0,5), respectivamente. Conclusiones : Se reportó menor estancia hospitalaria postoperatoria en el grupo de cirugía mínimamente invasiva. Las tasas de SLR, SG y recurrencia fueron similares entre ambos grupos. Este abordaje es para cáncer de recto no metastásico en centros de referencia en Perú.

Characteristics of COVID-19 in cancer patients: a cross-sectional study in Peru.

BACKGROUND: Cancer patients are at higher risk of infection and severity of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19). Management of patients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is challenging due to the scarce scientific information and treatment guidelines. In this work, we present our Institutional experience with our first 100 patients with oncological malignancies and COVID-19. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of the first 100 patients hospitalised at the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas (Lima, Peru) who were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR during the period 30 March to 20 June. Clinicopathological variables of the oncological disease as well as risk factors, management and outcomes to COVID-19 were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age was 43.5 years old (standard deviations: ±24.8) where 57% were male patients. In total, 44%, 37% and 19% were adult patients bearing solid tumours, adults with haematologic malignancies and paediatric patients, respectively. Hypertension was the most frequent comorbidity (23%) followed by chronic lung disease (10%). COVID-19-associated symptoms included cough (65%), fever (57%) and dyspnoea (56%). Twelve percent of patients were asymptomatic. Nosocomial infections were more frequent in paediatric patients (84.2%) than in adult patients (16.0%). Patients with uncontrolled oncological disease were most frequent (72%). Anaemia was present in 67% of patients, 68% had lymphopenia, 62% had ferritin value > 500 mcg/L, 85% had elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 83% D-dimer > 500 ng/mL and 80% C-Reactive Protein > 8 mg/L. The most common complication was acute respiratory failure (42%). Overall fatality rate was 39% where the main cause of mortality was acute respiratory distress syndrome (64.1%). CONCLUSION: Paediatric patients had better outcomes than adult populations, and a high number of asymptomatic carriers and nosocomial infection, early diagnosis are recommended. Considering oncological treatments 30 days before COVID-19 diagnosis, our data did not reveal an increased mortality.

Surgery of pancreas tumors in pediatric and adolescent patients: a single institution experience in South America.

PURPOSE: Pancreas tumors are extremely rare in pediatric and adolescent patients. Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment; however, the data are limited with respect to morbidity and mortality. We aimed to evaluate short- and long-term outcomes of pediatric and adolescent patients who underwent surgical resection of pancreatic tumors. METHODS: Patients [Formula: see text] 18-year-olds who underwent resection of pancreas tumor at the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases INEN during 2000-2020 were included. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were diagnosed; 28 patients were female and 6 were male. The median age was 13.4-years-old. Histological diagnosis was solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) (n = 29, 85.3%), pancreatoblastoma (n = 3), neuroendocrine carcinoma (n = 1), and insulinoma (n = 1). No patient experienced postoperative mortality and 15 (44.1%) patients developed postoperative complications including pancreatic fistula as the most frequent. Under a median follow-up period of 33.8 (0.5-138) months, four (11.8%) patients died. Of the 29 patients with SPN, the 3- and-5-year OS rates were 100% and 83.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: SPN was the most frequent cause of surgical treatment for pediatric and adolescent patients in the high-volume cancer center in Peru and was associated with favorable survival. Pancreaticoduodenectomy was safely performed in this patient group with acceptable morbidity and zero mortality.

Clinicopathological factors associated with recurrence in patients undergoing resection of pancreatic solid pseudopapillary neoplasm.

PURPOSE: Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) is an uncommon pathology with a low-grade malignancy. Surgery is the milestone treatment. Nevertheless, despite appropriate management, some patients present recurrence. Risk factors associated with recurrence are unclear. The objective was to identify the clinicopathological factors associated with recurrence in patients with SPN treated with pancreatic resection. METHODS: Medical records of patients treated with pancreatic resection during 2006-2020 were evaluated. Patients with histological diagnosis of SPN were included. Survival analysis was performed to identify the clinicopathological factors related to recurrence. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients were diagnosed with SPN; 70 (94.6%) patients were female, and the median age was 20 years old. The median tumor diameter was 7.9 cm. Multivisceral resection was performed in 9 (12.2%) patients. Four (5.4%) patients presented lymph node metastasis.R0 resection was achieved in all cases. Six (8%) patients presented recurrence and the liver was the most frequent recurrence site (n = 5).After a median follow-up of 40.2 months, 9 (12%) patients died. Five (6.8%) patients died of disease progression. The 1-3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) was 97.1%, 90.2% and 79.9%, respectively. The 1-3-and-5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 98.4%, 89.9% and 87%, respectively. In the univariate Cox-regression analysis, age ≥ 28 years(HR = 8.61, 95% CI 1.1-73.8),tumor diameter ≥ 10 cm(HR = 9.3, 95% CI 1.12-79.6),invasion of adjacent organs (HR = 7.45, 95% CI 1.5-36.9), lymph node metastasis (pN +) (HR = 16.8, 95% CI 2.96-94.9) and, AJCC Stage III (HR = 10.1, 95% CI 1.2-90.9) were identified as predictors for recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: SPN is more frequently diagnosed in young women with a good overall prognosis after an R0 surgical resection even with disease recurrence. Age ≥ 28 years, larger tumors ≥ 10 cm, invasion of adjacent organs, lymph node metastasis(pN +) and, AJCC Stage III were predictors factors of recurrence in resected SPN.

The mortality-incidence ratio as an indicator of five-year cancer survival in metropolitan Lima.

INTRODUCTION: The Mortality-Incidence Ratio complement [1 - MIR] is an indicator validated in various populations to estimate five-year cancer survival, but its validity remains unreported in Peru. This study aims to determine if the MIR correlates directly with five-year survival in patients diagnosed with the ten most common types of cancer in metropolitan Lima. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Metropolitan Lima Cancer Registry (RCLM in Spanish) for 2004-2005 was used to determine the number of new cases and the number of deaths of the following cancers: breast, stomach, prostate, thyroid, lung, colon, cervical, and liver cancers, as well as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukaemia. To determine the five-year survival, the five-year vital status of cases recorded was verified in the National Registry of Identification and Civil Status (RENIEC in Spanish). A linear regression model was used to assess the correlation between [1 - MIR] and total observed five-year survival for the selected cancers. RESULTS: Observed and estimated five-year survival determined by [1 - MIR] for each neoplasia were thyroid (66.7%, 86.7%), breast (69.6%; 68%), prostate (64.3%, 63.8%) and cervical (50.1%, 58.5%), respectively. Pearson's r coefficient for the correlation between [MIR - 1] and observed survival was = 0.9839. Using the coefficient of determination, it was found that [1 - MIR] (X) captures the 96.82% of observed survival (Y). CONCLUSION: The Mortality-Incidence Ratio complement [1 - MIR] is an appropriate tool for approximating observed five-year survival for the ten types of cancers studied. This study demonstrates the validity of this model for predicting five-year survival in cancer patients in metropolitan Lima.

Cancer patterns, trends, and transitions in Peru: a regional perspective.

Peru, like several other South American countries, is experiencing remarkable population growth, ageing, and urbanisation, which has given rise to profound changes in its epidemiological profile. Prostate and breast cancer are the most frequent cancers in men and women, respectively, in Lima and Arequipa, the two areas with population-based cancer registries. However, infection-associated cancers (cervix and stomach) are also common, and rank highest in the national cancer mortality profile. Although a foundation of surveillance informs cancer-control initiatives in Peru, improvements in the vital statistics system, and the quality and use of incidence data for the planning and assessment of cancer prevention and control actions, are needed. Existing population-based cancer registries in Lima and Arequipa, and linkages to the established national mandatory cancer reporting system, are crucial for the collection of high-quality data on national cancer incidence. The delivery of effective cancer prevention and control measures requires sustained investment in the collection of high-quality data capable of informing policies and driving research programmes.

Collision tumour of large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in the stomach: A case report.

Concurrence of adenocarcinoma and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the stomach is a rare condition. Here, we report a case of gastric collision tumour with large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. A 71-year-old Peruvian man presented with nausea, epigastric pain, and weight loss for seven months. An Endoscopic evaluation revealed a huge ulcerative and infiltrative mass in the upper and middle third of the stomach. The patient underwent a D2 total gastrectomy. Microscopically, two separated and attached ulcerative lesions were recognised. The proximal to the cardial lesion showed neuroendocrine morphology and immunoreactivity for synaptophysin, and the other a moderated tubular adenocarcinoma Borrmann type III. Both lesions invaded serosa and lymph nodes metastases were found in 17 of 41 lymph nodes retrieved (one lymph node with neuroendocrine metastatic deposits).

[Impact of splenectomy and/or distal pancreatectomy in the prognosis of the proximal gastric cancer]. / Impacto de la esplenectomia y/o pancreatectomia distal en el pronostico del cancer gastrico proximal.

OBJECTIVES: Identify prognostic factors associated to total or proximal gastrectomy with or without splenectomy and / or distal pancreatectomy in patient with proximal gastric cancer. Evaluate the frequency of lymph node metastasis to the hilum and splenic artery, postoperative morbidity and mortality and the impact of lymphadenectomy of group 10 and 11 on long term survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed an observational, descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study analyzing patients with diagnostic of proximal third gastric adenocarcinoma subjected to total or proximal gastrectomy with or without splenectomy or distal pancreatectomy in the service of Abdomen of the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas between 1990 and 2005. Overall survival for each of the groups was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, prognostic factors were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: We studied 219 patients with proximal third gastric adenocarcinoma (cardias and bottom), of wich, according to inclusion criteria, only qualify 129 (N=129): 22 (17.1%) were treated by gastrectomy alone, 79 (61.2%) gastrectomy associated witch splenectomy and 28 (21.7%) gastrectomy with distal pancreatosplenectomy, constituting three treatment groups. We compared the survival of each group and each factor analyzed, determining the following prognostic factors: lymph node metastasis (N2-N3), degree of differentiation, undifferentiated tumors and Borrmann III and IV tumors. Neither splenectomy or distal pancreatectosplenectomy improved survival compared to the gastrectomy alone. The morbidity and mortality was higher in patients with more aggressive but more aggressive surgery without significant value. CONCLUSIONS: The number of nodes removed in patients who had pancreatosplenectomy and /or splenectomy was higher, however, had no impact on survival at 5 years.

Impacto de la esplenectomia y/o pancreatectomia distal en el pronóstico del cáncer gástrico proximal / Impact of splenectomy and / or distal pancreatectomy in the proximal gastric cancer prognosis

OBJETIVOS: Identificar factores pronósticos asociados a gastrectomías totales o proximales con o sin esplenectomía y/o pancreatectomía distal en pacientes con cáncer gástrico proximal. Evaluar la frecuencia de metástasis ganglionar en el hilio y arteria esplénica, la morbimortalidad postoperatoria y el impacto de la linfadenectomía del grupo 10 y 11 en la sobrevida del paciente. MATERIALES Y METODOS: Es un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo que analiza pacientes con diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma gástrico del tercio proximal sometidos a gastrectomía total y/o proximal asociada o no a esplenectomía y/o pancreatectomía distal, en el Departamento de Abdomen del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas entre 1990 y 2005. La sobrevida global para cada uno de los grupos fue calculada utilizando, el método de Kaplan-Meier, los factores pronósticos fueron evaluados utilizando el análisis univariado y multivariado de Cox. RESULTADOS: Fueron estudiados 219 pacientes con adenocarcinoma gástrico del tercio proximal (cardias y fondo), de los cuales, según los criterios de inclusión, califican solo 129 (N= 129): 22 (17.1%) se trataron mediante gastrectomía sola, 79 (61.2%) gastrectomía asociada a esplenectomía y 28 (21.7%) gastrectomía con pancreatoesplenectomía distal, constituyendo tres grupos de tratamiento. Se comparó la supervivencia de cada grupo y en cada factor analizado, determinando los siguientes factores pronósticos: compromiso ganglionar (N2 ûN3), grado histológico indiferenciado y tumores Borrmann III y IV. Ni la esplenectomía ni la pancreatoesplenectomía distal mejoró la supervivencia con respecto a la gastrectomía sola. La morbimortalidad fue mayor en los pacientes con cirugía más agresiva pero sin valor significativo. CONCLUSIONES: El número de ganglios extirpados en pacientes que tuvieron pancreatoesplenectomía y/o esplenectomía fue mayor, sin embargo, no tuvo impacto en la sobrevida a 5 años.

OBJECTIVES: Identify prognostic factors associated to total or proximal gastrectomy with or without splenectomy and / or distal pancreatectomy in patient with proximal gastric cancer. Evaluate the frequency of lymph node metastasis to the hilum and splenic artery, postoperative morbidity and mortality and the impact of lymphadenectomy of group 10 and 11 on long term survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed an observational, descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study analyzing patients with diagnostic of proximal third gastric adenocarcinoma subjected to total or proximal gastrectomy with or without splenectomy or distal pancreatectomy in the service of Abdomen of the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas between 1990 and 2005. Overall survival for each of the groups was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, prognostic factors were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: We studied 219 patients with proximal third gastric adenocarcinoma (cardias and bottom), of wich, according to inclusion criteria, only qualify 129 (N=129): 22 (17.1%) were treated by gastrectomy alone, 79 (61.2%) gastrectomy associated witch splenectomy and 28 (21.7%) gastrectomy with distal pancreatosplenectomy, constituting three treatment groups. We compared the survival of each group and each factor analyzed, determining the following prognostic factors: lymph node metastasis (N2-N3), degree of differentiation, undifferentiated tumors and Borrmann III and IV tumors. Neither splenectomy or distal pancreatectosplenectomy improved survival compared to the gastrectomy alone. The morbidity and mortality was higher in patients with more aggressive but more aggressive surgery without significant value. CONCLUSIONS: The number of nodes removed in patients who had pancreatosplenectomy and /or splenectomy was higher, however, had no impact on survival at 5 years.

Carcinoma gástrico precoz tipo superficial (Spreading carcinoma). Correlación clínico-patológica de 33 casos / Superficial type early gastric carcinoma (Spreading carcinoma). Clinicopathological correlation of 33 cases

Objetivo: Estudio de los hallazgos clínico-patológicos de 33 pacientes con cáncer gástrico precoz de tipo superficial (spreading type). Resultados: Es más frecuente el tipo IIc o deprimido. La incidencia de metástasis en ganglios linfáticos fue de 27% (9/33). La invasión de la submucosa ocurrió en 67% (22/33). Conclusiones: El tipo IIc es el más frecuente de los Carcinomas Gástricos Precoces Superficiales. Todos los casos son carcinomas de Células en Anillo de Sello. Se recomienda un buen manejo del margen quirúrgico.

Objetive: 33 patients with superficial spreading type of early gastric cancer. We study the clinicopathological features. Results: The IIc type macroscopic lesion occurred most frequently. The incidence of lymph node metastasis was 27% (9/33). The submucosal invasion was 67% (22/33). Conclusions: Type IIc occurred more frequently in the superficial spreading cancer. All cases were signet ring cell carcinoma. It is recommended a safe surgical margin.

[Surgical outcome of 801 patients with localized gastric cancer treated with d2 lymphadenectomy]. / Cancer gastrico localizado :resultados quirurgicos de 801 pacientes tratados con linfadenectomia d2.

BACKGROUND: D2 gastrectomy has been regarded as an inconvenient procedure with high morbidity and no survival benefit in the West. Recent studies, however, have shown low mortality and a survival benefit of D2 gastrectomy. In the Instituto de Enfermedades Neoplasicas (INEN) of Lima Peru D2 gastrectomy is performed since 1990 after training of some of the authors in the NCC of Tokyo Japan. Distal Pancreatectomy was performed only if the pancreas was involved.The aim of this study was to evaluate the peri operative mortality and survival in a group of patients who had a standard D2 lymphadenectomy according to the rules of the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer. Data were collected prospectively, and patients were followed for more than 7 years. METHODS: Between 1990 and 1999, 938 patients with localized gastric cancer were registered at INEN. Of these, 801 patients underwent curative resection with extended lymphadenectomy (D2). Postoperative morbidity/mortality, type of gastrectomy, mean of lymph nodes removed, pTNM stages and Survival Time and were analyzed. RESULTS: Sub total distal gastrectomy was performed in 511 patients and total gastrectomy in 290 patients. The mean number of lymph nodes removed was 46.48 per patient (54.91 nodes for total and 41.69 for sub total distal gastrectomy). Hospital mortality was 2.9%. 11% were Stage (TNM) IA, 9.4% stage IB, 19% stage II, 24.6% stage IIIA, 13.1% stage IIIB and 23% stage IV. Five-year actuarial survival was 47.5%. Five-year survival of patients with TNM stages IA, IB, II, IIIA, IIIB and IV were 85.8%, 79.4%, 60%, 46.7% 33% and 14.3% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy may be performed with low morbidity and mortality if the operation is performed in specialized centers with a strict quality control system, and without removing the pancreas during total gastrectomy unless it is suspected to be involved. This procedure could provide a good probability of long-term survival, even for patients with invaded regional lymph nodes.

Cáncer gástrico localizado: resultados quirúrgicos de 801 pacientes tratados con linfadenectomia D2 / Surgical outcome of 801 patients with localized gastric cancer treated with D2 lymphadenectomy

ANTECEDENTES: La gastrectomía D2 es un procedimiento considerado inconveniente por la alta mortalidad y la falta de beneficio en la sobrevida. Sin embargo estudios recientes demuestran que también en occidente la D2 tiene baja mortalidad e impacto en la sobrevida. En el instituto de enfermedades neoplasicas la gastrectomía D2 se realiza desde 1990 después del entrenamiento de algunos de los autores en el NCC de Tokio Japón. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la mortalidad peri operatoria y sobrevida en un grupo de pacientes quienes tuvieron una gastrectomía D2 (con preservación de páncreas) de acuerdo a las reglas de la Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer.. Los datos fueron recolectados prospectivamente y los pacientes fueron seguidos por un mínimo de 7 años. METODOS: Una serie de 938 pacientes con cáncer gástrico localizado fueron admitidos al INEN entre 1990 y 1999, de estos 801 pacientes tuvieron una reseccion curativa D2. Se analizo la mortalidad post operatoria, tipo de gastrectomía, promedio de ganglios linfáticos resecados, estadios TNM y tiempo de sobrevida. RESULTADOS: Se realizo 511 gastrectomias sub total distal y 290 gastrectomias totales, el promedio de ganglios resecados fue de 46.8 por ciento (54.9 ganglios para total y 41.69 para sub total). La mortalidad hospitalaria fue de 2.9 por ciento. 11 por ciento fueron estadio TNM IA, 9.4 por ciento estadio IB, 24.6 por ciento estadio IIIA, 13.1 por ciento estadio IIIB y 23 por ciento estadio IV.La sobrevida a5 años fue de 47.5 por ciento , la sobrevida a 5 años para los estadios IA, IB, II, IIIA, IIIB y IV fue de 85.8 por ciento , 79.4 por ciento , 60 por ciento , 46.7 por ciento 33 por ciento and 14.3 por ciento respectivamente...

BACKGROUND: D2 gastrectomy has been regarded as an inconvenient procedure with high morbidity and no survival benefit in the West. Recent studies, however, have shown low mortality and a survival benefit of D2 gastrectomy. In the Instituto de Enfermedades Neoplasicas (INEN) of Lima Peru D2 gastrectomy is performed since 1990 after training of some of the authors in the NCC of Tokio Japan. Distal Pancreatectomy was performed only if the pancreas was involved. The aim of this study was to evaluate the peri operative mortality and survival in a group of patients who had a standard D2 lymphadenectomy according to the rules of the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer. Data were collected prospectively, and patients were followed for more than 7 years.METHODS: Between 1990 and 1999, 938 patients with localized gastric cancer were registered at INEN. Of these, 801 patients underwent curative resection with extended lymphadenectomy (D2). Post operative morbidity/mortality, type of gastrectomy, mean of lymph nodes removed, pTNM stages and Survival Time and were analyzed. RESULTS: Sub total distal gastrectomy was performed in 511 patients and total gastrectomy in 290 patients. The mean number of lymph nodes removed was 46.48 per patient (54.91 nodes for total and 41.69 for sub total distal gastrectomy). Hospital mortality was 2.9 percent. 11 percent were Stage (TNM) IA, 9.4 percent stage IB, 19 percent stage II, 24.6 percent stage IIIA, 13.1 percent stage IIIB and 23 percent stage IV. Five-year actuarial survival was 47.5 percent. Five-year survival of patients with TNM stages IA, IB, II, IIIA, IIIB and IV were 85.8 percent, 79.4 percent, 60 percent, 46.7 percent 33 percent and 14.3 percent respectively...

[Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: initial experience]. / Gastrectomía distal laparoscópica por cáncer gástrico. Experiencia inicial.

OBJECTIVE: To report the initial experience with the laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) with D2 lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between May 2006 and May 2007, 29 consecutive GC patients with gastric cancer underwent LADG with D2 lymphadenectomy. The operation consisted in a laparoscopic time to perform lymphadenectomy and mobilization of the distal stomach, followed by a minilaparotomy for exteriorization of the specimen and construction of a hand sewn anastomosis. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients underwent LADG with D2 lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer. Mean age was 58.2 years. Mean operative time was 287.4 min. Mean number of lymph nodes resected was 42.6. Twelve patients were early gastric cancer, and seventeen were advanced gastric cancer. Mean proximal and distal resection margin were 5.8 cm and 3.5 cm, respectively. Resection margins were negative in all cases. Mean number of lymph nodes resected was 42.6. Thirty-day morbidity rate was 10.3 %. There were no postoperative deaths.CONCLUSION. The short-term results of our LADG with D2 lymphadenectomy for the treatment of gastric cancer shows that a radical surgery, in terms of resection margins and lymphadenectomy, can be done with low morbidity.