EEG biomarkers of free recall.

Brain activity in the moments leading up to spontaneous verbal recall provide a window into the cognitive processes underlying memory retrieval. But these same recordings also subsume neural signals unrelated to mnemonic retrieval, such as response-related motor activity. Here we examined spectral EEG biomarkers of memory retrieval under an extreme manipulation of mnemonic demands: subjects either recalled items after a few seconds or after several days. This manipulation helped to isolate EEG components specifically related to long-term memory retrieval. In the moments immediately preceding recall we observed increased theta (4-8 Hz) power (+T), decreased alpha (8-20 Hz) power (-A), and increased gamma (40-128 Hz) power (+G), with this spectral pattern (+T-A + G) distinguishing the long-delay and immediate recall conditions. As subjects vocalized the same set of studied words in both conditions, we interpret the spectral +T-A + G as a biomarker of episodic memory retrieval.

[HPV in etiology of orofaryngeal cancer according to sexual activity]. / HPV v etiologii orofaryngeálního karcinomu a jeho vztah k sexuální aktivite

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to confirm or exclude the presence of the HPV in oral cavity according to sexual activity. DESIGN: Prospective not blinded study. SETTING: Clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinic of Obsterics and Gynecology, Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc. METHODS: The patients were examined during the screenig for cervix carcioma at the Clinic of Obsterics and Gynecology. After filling the Consent Form and the questionnaire for possible exposure to potentional risk the swabs from cervix and mouth were sampled. The samples have been processed at the Department of Microbiology by the Real Time PCR. RESULTS: The results have not confirmed the relation between sexual practices and infection of oral cavity by the HPV. CONCLUSION: Our results correspond with certain authors. There is unclear correlation between total number of sexual partners and infection of mouth with the HPV. Nevertheless the HPV related tumors have been proven - especially in the oropharynx- but the way how the infection enters the mouth remains still unclear, according to us.

Profile of the dentist in the oral healthcare team in countries with developed economies.

This paper confines itself to the description of the profile of a general dentist while outlining where the boundary between specialist and generalist may lie. The profile must reflect the need to recognize that oral health is part of general health. The epidemiological trends and disease variation of a country should inform the profile of the dentist. A particular tension between the provision of oral healthcare in publicly funded and private services may result in dentists practicing dentistry in different ways. However, the curriculum should equip the practitioner for either scenario. A dentist should work to standards appropriate to the needs of the individual and the population within the country's legal and ethical framework. He/she should have communication skills appropriate to ascertain the patient's beliefs and values. A dentist should work within the principles of equity and diversity and have the knowledge and clinical competence for independent general practice, including knowledge of health promotion and prevention. He/she should participate in life-long learning, which should result in a reflective practitioner whose clinical skills reflect the current evidence base, scientific breakthroughs and needs of their patients. Within the 4-5 years of a dental degree it is not possible for a student to achieve proficiency in all areas of dentistry. He/she needs to have the ability to know their own limitations and to access appropriate specialist advice for their patients while taking responsibility for the oral healthcare they provide. The dentist has the role of leader of the oral health team and, in this capacity; he/she is responsible for diagnosis, treatment planning and the quality control of the oral treatment. The dental student on graduation must therefore understand the principles and techniques which enable the dentist to act in this role. He/she should have the abilities to communicate, delegate and collaborate both within the dental team and with other health professionals, to the benefit of the patient. The profile of a dentist should encompass the points raised but will also be based upon competency lists which are published by a variety of countries and organizations. It is important that these lists are dynamic so that they are able to change in light of new evidence and technologies.

Contemporary possibilities of treating vasoformative tissue tumours.

The authors present a review of up-to-date methods of vasoformative tissue tumours treatment. The necessity to choose the best therapy and the risks of single therapeutical procedures are pointed out.

[DNA fingerprinting in horses]. / DNA fingerprinting u koní.

Using a multilocus DNA probe, individual - specific hybridization patterns, the so-called DNA fingerprints (TAB) were determined in six horse families by the DNA fingerprinting method. The probe with evolutionally preserved nucleotide sequence from bacteriophage M13 determines hypervariable regions placed in genomic minisatellite DNA. The use of this probe permits an identification of an individual and execution of paternity relationships with a probability over 99.99 per cent.

Experience with the treatment of mandibular fractures.

Mandibular fractures belong to the most frequent injuries of the facial skeleton. The present study is a report on 770 patients treated from 1977 to 1986 at the Third Clinic of Stomatology with special regard to healing complications and their causes.

Possibilities of shortening intermaxillary fixation by closed treatment of mandibular fractures.

The author's own method, making it possible to shorten substantially intermaxillary fixation while preserving all its principal advantages, was used to treat 252 patients with fractures of the dentulous mandible. After two weeks' intermaxillary fixation 134 fractures of the mandibular body and angle were fixed with a combination of Sauer's and occlusal splints, lingual splints or periangular wires according to Petz. This method shortened the treatment of the selected group of patients by the mean one week.

Development of a semi-inbred line of Landrace pigs. I. Breeding performance and immunogenetic characteristics.

During 15 years of inbreeding of pigs (Canadian Landrace) a semi-inbred line has been developed. The inbreeding coefficient (FX) is 0.84, which theoretically corresponds to between 8-9 generations of brother/sister matings. At the highest inbreeding level (0.84) the mean number of newborn piglets in the litter was 7.2 (5 litters, n = 36) including 5 stillborn (13.8%). The mean birth weight of the litter was 8.56 kg (5 litters, n = 31) the mean piglet birth weight was 1.23 kg and at the age of 21 days the mean weight of a litter was 33.24 kg with a mean piglet weight of 5.44 kg. During inbreeding, immunogenetic alloantigenic systems were investigated. Of 15 known erythrocyte systems, alleles of loci J, K, and of the most polymorphic system E, segregated. As to other immunogenetic systems (histocompatibility, leucocyte and allotypes) 2 SLA haplotypes (major histocompatibility complex) and 2 alleles of the SLC leucocyte system segregated. Allotransplants of the skin in SLA compatible siblings survived for a mean of 50.7 days (n = 77) compared with 10.8 days (n = 29) in non-inbred siblings. Tests of blastic transformation activated by T and B lymphocyte mitogens revealed a normal cell-mediated immune response. After immunization with some cell membrane alloantigens a normal humoral response was also recorded. All tested animals were halothane-resistant and tolerated a 10-min exposure to 5% without developing malignant hyperthermia. Depression due to inbreeding was manifested by a reduced reproductive ability (smaller number of piglets, frequent incidence of gonadal hypoplasia, diminution or loss of libido).

[Intestinal invagination in pigs]. / Strevní invaginace u prasete.

The invaginations of small intestine are being described which represent one of possible causes of intestinal ileus. In connection with multiple invaginations, a case of two intussusceptions is being mentioned, in which the peaks of invaginates are directed towards each other. At the same time four theoretically possible double invaginations are presented as well as a proposal for their distinction and indication.

Experimental elimination of various intestinal segments by means of devascularization (devitalization).

Segments of the small and large intestine, of varying lengths (10-180 cm), were devascularized by simultaneously ligating the mesenteric arteries and veins. When the circulation had been cut off, the ends of the devascularized segment were both ligated, continuity of intestinal passage was renewed by forming an anastomosis and the isolated segment was left in situ, together with its contents. Contrary to accepted views, no changes leading to death (necrosis and peritonitis) occurred, but the devascularized tissue was progressively destroyed and reconstructed until, after four weeks, all that was left was a minute fibrous residue. None of 41 pigs died as a result of devascularization, including those in which large doses of pathogenic microorganisms were injected into the isolated segment. The possibility of employing this technique in the surgical treatment of inoperable tumours is discussed.

[Small and large intestine devascularization (devitalization) and potentials in the therapeutic use of this operative method]. / Die Dünn- und Dickdarmdevaskularisation (Devitalisation) und einige Möglichkeiten der therapeutischen Ausnutzung dieser Operationsmethode.

The experimental findings with devitalization of various intestinal segments by means of devascularization showed that the isolated segments left in peritoneal cavity (together with their contents) were gradually destroyed and changed into a slight fibrous residue. The retaining of the up to 180 cm long segment did not endanger the life of experimental animals. This experience was used in the surgical treatment of inoperable tumours in left half of large intestine and in rectosigmoideum. The case report of four successful operations is given together with two cases of invagination of the devitalized part into intestinal lumen.

[Changes in reactivity to halothane after administration of mephenytoin]. / Zmena reaktivity na halotan po aplikaci mephenytoinu.

In the pigs of the Belgian Landrace breed, peroral premedication removed sensitivity to halothane. When mephenytoine had been administered four hours before testing (dose of 4 mg/kg live weight), the sensitive animals ceased to differ in their reaction to halothane from non-sensitive animals.

Non-MHC alloantigenic system in pigs (SLC) detected by leucoagglutination.

Two cell membrane leucocyte alloantigens were detected in pigs by simple direct agglutination tests. Family studies showed that the locus controlling these antigens was not identical, or in close linkage, with the SLA major histocompatibility complex, SLB leucocyte locus or with the A, E, and N blood group loci. In the studied population, the locus termed SLC (Swine Leucocyte C locus) has two alleles controlling mutually exclusive antigens SLC-1 and SLC-2. The frequency of SLC1 and SLC2 alleles is 0.10 and 0.90, respectively. The antigens have not been detected on erythrocytes and thrombocytes but are well determined on granulocytes, peritoneal macrophages, mononuclears from different sources (thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes) and enriched T and B cells from peripheral blood.