Real-time monitoring of the reaction between aniline and acetonylacetone using extractive electorspray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

In this work an on-line monitoring method was developed to study the mechanism of acetic acid catalyzed reaction between aniline and acetonylacetone using extractive electorspray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). The signals of reactants, intermediates and various byproducts were continuously detected as a function of reaction time. The chemical assignment of each signal was done via multi-stage collision induced dissociation (CID) analysis, and the reaction mechanism between aniline and acetonylacetone was deduced based on the generated molecular ions and fragment ions. The results indicate that on-line EESI-MS is an effective technique for the real time analysis of chemical reactions. EESI avoids off-line sample pretreatment and provides "soft" ionization, which allows direct analysis of various analytes at molecular level.

Cardioprotective effects of total flavonoids from Jinhe Yangxin prescription by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in myocardial ischemia injury.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cardioprotective effects of total flavonoids of Jinhe yangxin prescription (JHTF) on myocardial ischemia (MI) injury rats induced by Isoproterenol (ISO) and explore the potential mechanisms underlying these effects. 128 male rats were randomized into 8 groups: Control, Model, Positive, JHTF-H (2.64 g/kg/d), JHTF-M (1.32 g/kg/day), JHTF-L (0.66 g/kg/d), LY + JHTF (JHTF-H plus LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K/Akt) and LY groups. Electrocardiogram, histopathological examination and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nickend labeling (TUNEL) assay were performed. Heart weight index, markers of cardiac marker enzymes [creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI)], oxidative stress [superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and nitric oxide (NO)] and inflammation [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] were also measured in each group. Proteins involved in PI3K/Akt pathway were detected by Western blot. JHTF decreased the ST elevation induced by MI, decreased serum levels of CK, CK-MB, cTnI, LDH, MDA, IL-6 and TNF-α, and increased serum SOD, GSH-Px and NO activities. Furthermore, JHTF inhibited myocardial apoptosis, which may be related to downregulated caspase-3 and Bax, upregulated Bcl-2, and increased the protein levels of phosphorylated Akt, GSK-3ß and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). However, all the previously mentioned effects of JHTF were blocked when JHTF was coadministered with LY294002. In conclusion, these observations indicated that JHTF has cardioprotective effects against MI, and these effects seem to be related to the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the myocardium.

[Protective Effect of Component Compatibility Sini Decoction on Hypothyroidism Induced Renal Damage in Rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of component compatibility Sini Decoction on hypothyroidism induced renal damage in rats. METHODS: The hypothyroidism model were established by 0.1% propylthiouracil (PTU) solution 10 m/kg for consecutive 15 days. Rats were randomly divided into model group, component compatibility Sini Decoction groups[ CSD 9. 6,4. 8 and 2. 4 g/ (kg · d)] and positive control group [Euthyrox 9 µg/(kg · d)]. Radioimmunoassay was used to determine the serum T3 and T4 levels; serum BUN content was detected by UV spectrophotometer and ELISA method were used to measure the CYS-C content. The kidney was weighed, and the pathological changes of the renal were detected by HE stain. RESULTS: Compared with blank control group, kidney weight coefficient, serum T3 and T4 levels in model group were decreased, while serum BUN and CYS-C contents were increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Compared with model group, serum T3 and T4 contents were increased and serum BUN and CYS-C contents were decreased (P < 0.05) in Sini Decoction groups [CSD 9.6 and 4.8 g/(kg · d)] and positive control group. The HE stain results showed that component compatibility Sini Decoction and Euthyrox could relieve glomerular atrophy and renal tubular epithelial cell injury in rats. CONCLUSION: Component compatibility Sini Decoction has a curative effect on hypothyroidism induced renal damage in rats.

[Compatibility chemistry of acid-alkaline pair medicine of Dahuang and Huangbai in Dahuang Xiaoshi decoction].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the change pattern of alkaline and acid components of Dahuang and Huangbai amoung different combinations in Dahuang Xiaoshi decotion. METHOD: The contents of anthraquinones and berberine were determined by HPLC in samples of Dahuang extracts, Huangbai extracts, Dahuang and Huangbai pair medicine extracts, and extracts of whole recipe. RESULT: The contents of anthraquinones and berberine were decreased with the changes of combinations: from component medicinal material alone to pair medicines, and to whole recipe. the change pattern was more apparent in water decoctions than in ethanol extracts. CONCLUSION: The contents of alkaline and acid components are changed with different extract methods and different combinations.

[Compatability chemistry of acid-alkaline pair medicine of dahuang and Fuzi in Dahuang Fuzi decoction].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the change pattern of alkaline and acid components of Dahuang and Fuzi in different combinations. METHOD: The contents of anthraquinones and aconite alkaloids were determined by HPLC in samples of Dahuang extracts, Fuzi extracts, Dahuang and Fuzi pair medicines extracts, and extracts of whole recipe. RESULT: As for Dahuang, the contents of anthraquinones were decreased with changes of combination: higher contents were in decoctions of Dahuang alone, lower contents were in decoctions of pair medicines, and the lowest contents were in decoctions of whole recipe. As for Fuzi, monoester aconite alkaloids could be detected in water extracts, and both biester and monoester aconite alkaloids could be detected in ethanol extracts. The contents of aconite alkaloids were decreased with changes of combinations: from Fuzi alone to pair medicines, and to whole recipe. The change pattern was more apparent when extracted in water decoction. CONCLUSION: The contents of alkaline and acid components are changed with different extract methods and different combinations.

[Compatability chemistry of acid-alkaline pair medicine of Fuzi and Gancao in Sini decoction].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the change pattern of alkaline and acid components of Fuzi and gancao amoung different combinations in Sini Decotion. METHOD: The contents of aconite alkaloids and glycyrrhizic acid were determined by HPLC in samples of Fuzi extracts, gancao extracts, Fuzi and gancao pair medicines extracts, and extracts of whole recipe. RESULT: As for Fuzi, monoester aconite alkaloids could be detected in water extracts, and both biester and monoester aconite alkaloids could be detected in ethanol extracts. The contents of aconite alkaloids were decreased with changes of combinations: from Fuzi alone to pair medicines, and to whole recipe. The change pattern was more apparent when extracted in water decoction. As for Gancao, the glycyrrhizic acid was lowered from single medicine to pair medicines, and to whole recipe. CONCLUSION: The contents of alkaline and acid components were changed with different extract methods and different combinations of Fuzi and Gancao.

[Research on compatibility chemistry of acid-alkaline pair medicines in formulas of traditional Chinese medicine].

Compatibility chemistry of acid-alkaline pair medicines in formulas of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important research field which should merit to pay attention. The ideas and methods in prescription compatibility research on formulas containing alkaline-acid pair medicines were summarized from the aspect of chemical groups of alkaline and acid ingredients; the research results were introduced and analyzed; the research meaning was elaborated; and the expectation of the field was viewed.

[Compatability chemistry of acid-alkaline pair medicine of Ephedra sinica and Glycyrrhiza uralencis in Maxing Shigan decoction].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the change regularity of ephedrine and glyrihhzine acid in Ephedra sinila and Glycyrrhiza uralencis pair medicines and in Maxing Shigan decoction. METHOD: The contents of ephedrine and glycyrrhizic acid were determined by HPLC in samples of E. sinica extracts, G. uralencis extracts, pair medicines extracts of Maxing Shigao decoction sinica and G. uralencis, and extracts of E. sinica. RESULT: There were no significant difference in ephedrine contents amoung different samples; the contents of glycyrrhizic acid were lower in decoctions of Maxing Shigan decoction than in G. uralencis decoction and pair medicines extracts. CONCLUSION: Macromolecular complex was NOT formed by ephedrine and Glycyrrhizic acid in decoctions containing pair medicines of E. sinica and G. uralencis.

[Studies on chemical structure of complexes compounds formed by acid and alkaline components of pair medicines in decoction].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical structures of macromolecular complexes formed by aconitine and glycyrrhizic acid, aconitine and rhein, berberine and rhein, ephedrine and glycyrrhizic acid in decoctions. METHOD: The binding energy of reactants and products was determined by X-ray spectrography, the ground level charge distribution of products was caculated by density function theory of quantum chemistry. RESULT: The binding energy of aconitine and glycyrrhizic acid, aconitine and rhein, berberine and rhein were changed after reaction. The characteristic atoms in the molecular structures of acid components have higher positive electric charge, while the ones in alkaline components have higher negative charge. CONCLUSION: Aconitine and glycyrrhizic acid, aconitine and rhein, berberine and rhein can form macromolecular complexes, ephedrine and glycyrrhizic acid can not.