Screening and validation of an alkaline-tolerant biomimetic affinity chromatography A5-87 resin for purification of discarded bovine serum Immunoglobulin G.

It is important to recycle the bovine blood discarded at slaughter and develop it into high value-added bovine serum products. Biomimetic affinity chromatography (BiAC) resins have been developed to specifically purify bovine serum immunoglobulin G (Bs-IgG). The BiAC strategy was used to screen the resins with the best purification effect on Bs-IgG. Four resins with specificity for Bs-IgG adsorption were selected from 90 BiAC resins. Finally, BiAC-A5-87 was selected and used to purify Bs-IgG based on the results of SDS-PAGE and BCA protein quantification analysis. The adsorption capacity and purity of BiAC-A5-87 were 32.79 ± 3.57 mg/mL and 85.9 ± 1.21 % for Bs-IgG, respectively. The total protein recovery rate of Bs-IgG purified by BiAC-A5-87 was 89.78±3.52 %. The resin of BiAC-A5-87 column was recycled in 40 breakthrough cycles, and its Bs-IgG adsorption efficiency decreased by less than 10 %. After soaking BiAC-A5-87 in 1.0 moL NaOH solution for 64 h, its adsorption capacity for Bs-IgG was almost the same as that before soaking. The development of waste bovine serum not only realizes the utilization of blood resources and produces high economic benefits but also reduces the pollution of the environment.

Compound Dahuang Baiji Spray Improves Acute Radiodermatitis by Down-Regulating the Expression of ALOX5.

Acute radiodermatitis is a type of skin injury caused by tumor radiotherapy. Compound Dahuang Baiji spray (CDBS) is a traditional Chinese medicine spray made from Dahuang and Baiji decoction. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of CDBS on radiation dermatitis. We analyzed the main components of CDBS using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Through network pharmacology prediction, the target of Dahuang and Baiji was identified as arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5), associated with inflammation. Therefore, we constructed radiodermatitis rat models and treated them with CDBS for 14 d. Skin samples were collected from the rats' injured skin tissues, and pathological changes, oxidative stress indicators, inflammatory cytokines, and ALOX5 expression were detected using techniques such as HE staining, blood parameters analysis, ELISA, Real-time qPCR, and Western blot. The characteristic appearances of radiodermatitis were observed in different rat groups which indicated that the skin injury score in the model group was at grade II and was at grade I in the CDBS group. In addition, the HE results showed that CDBS reduced the necrosis of collagen fibers and inflammatory cell infiltration in the dermis of the radiodermatitis rats. Moreover, compared to the model group, CDBS significantly decreased leukocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in the blood, as well as levels of IL-2, LTB4, 5-LO, NO, and ALOX5 expression in rat blood. Our findings suggest the therapeutic effect of CDBS on radiodermatitis by downregulating ALOX5 to inhibit inflammation, potentially serving as a radiodermatitis therapy.

The preoperative platelet to neutrophil ratio and lymphocyte to monocyte ratio are superior prognostic indicators compared with other inflammatory biomarkers in ovarian cancer.

Background: Previous studies have suggested that the ratios of immune-inflammatory cells could serve as prognostic indicators in ovarian cancer. However, which of these is the superior prognostic indicator in ovarian cancer remains unknown. In addition, studies on the prognostic value of the platelet to neutrophil ratio (PNR) in ovarian cancer are still limited. Methods: A cohort of 991 ovarian cancer patients was analyzed in the present study. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were utilized to choose the optimal cut-off values of inflammatory biomarkers such as neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and PNR. The correlation of inflammatory biomarkers with overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) was investigated by Kaplan-Meier methods and log-rank test, followed by Cox regression analyses. Results: Kaplan-Meier curves suggested that LMR<3.39, PLR≥181.46, and PNR≥49.20 had obvious associations with worse RFS (P<0.001, P=0.018, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis suggested that LMR (≥3.39 vs. <3.39) (P=0.042, HR=0.810, 95% CI=0.661-0.992) and PNR (≥49.20 vs. <49.20) (P=0.004, HR=1.351, 95% CI=1.103-1.656) were independent prognostic indicators of poor RFS. In addition, Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that PLR≥182.23 was significantly correlated with worse OS (P=0.039). Conclusion: Taken together, PNR and LMR are superior prognostic indicators compared with NLR, PLR, and SII in patients with ovarian cancer.

Assessing the Readability of Online Patient Education Resources Related to Neophallus Reconstruction.

INTRODUCTION: Online patient education materials (PEMs) often exceed the recommended 6th grade reading level. This can negatively affect transmasculine patients' understanding of treatment plans, increasing barriers to care and worsening health outcomes and patient satisfaction. This study assessed the readability of online English and Spanish PEMs regarding phalloplasty and urethroplasty. METHODS: The English and Spanish terms for phalloplasty and urethroplasty were queried on Google. The first fifty results were grouped into institutional (government, medical school, teaching hospital), noninstitutional (private practice, news channel, blog, etc.), and academic (journal articles, book chapters) categories. Readability scores were generated using the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook and Spanish Simple Measure of Gobbledygook scales. RESULTS: All PEMs exceeded recommended reading levels. For both procedures, English PEMs had an average reading level approximately of a university sophomore and Spanish PEMs had an average reading level approximately of a high school junior. For both procedures, English PEMs were harder to read than Spanish PEMs overall (P < 0.001) and when compared across the three categories between the two languages (P < 0.001). For Spanish urethroplasty PEMs, noninstitutional PEMs were more difficult to read than institutional PEMs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Online information for phalloplasty and urethroplasty should be revised and/or standardized materials should be created by trans-affirming health-care providers and national organizations in order to more fully educate the public and prospective patients prior to intervention. A well-informed patient population will improve patient decision-making and surgeon-patient communication, ultimately leading to better health outcomes.

Silver-mediated radical oxytrifluoromethylation of unsaturated carboxylic acids for the synthesis of γ-trifluoromethylthio lactones.

An efficient silver-mediated oxidative trifluoromethylthiolation of unsaturated carboxylic acids to construct trifluoromethylthiol-containing lactones has been disclosed. In this protocol no metal-catalysts was added, and preliminary mechanism investigations suggested that a free-radical pathway should be involved in the process. High functional group tolerance and excellent yields were demonstrated by the efficient preparation of a wide range of γ-trifluoromethylthiolated phthalides.

GSK1702934A and M085 directly activate TRPC6 via a mechanism of stimulating the extracellular cavity formed by the pore helix and transmembrane helix S6.

Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels, as important membrane proteins regulating intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) signaling, are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Activation and regulation of TRPC are more dependent on membrane or intracellular signals. However, how extracellular signals regulate TRPC6 function remains to be further investigated. Here, we suggest that two distinct small molecules, M085 and GSK1702934A, directly activate TRPC6, both through a mechanism of stimulation of extracellular sites formed by the pore helix (PH) and transmembrane (TM) helix S6. In silico docking scanning of TRPC6 identified three extracellular sites that can bind small molecules, of which only mutations on residues of PH and S6 helix significantly reduced the apparent affinity of M085 and GSK1702934A and attenuated the maximal response of TRPC6 to these two chemicals by altering channel gating of TRPC6. Combing metadynamics, molecular dynamics simulations, and mutagenesis, we revealed that W679, E671, E672, and K675 in the PH and N701 and Y704 in the S6 helix constitute an orthosteric site for the recognition of these two agonists. The importance of this site was further confirmed by covalent modification of amino acid residing at the interface of the PH and S6 helix. Given that three structurally distinct agonists M085, GSK1702934A, and AM-0883, act at this site, as well as the occupancy of lipid molecules at this position found in other TRP subfamilies, it is suggested that the cavity formed by the PH and S6 has an important role in the regulation of TRP channel function by extracellular signals.

Association of IL1R1 Coding Variant With Plasma-Level Soluble ST2 and Risk of Aortic Dissection.

Objective: Aortic dissection (AD) is characterized by an acute onset, rapid progress, and high mortality. Levels of soluble ST2 (sST2) on presentation are elevated in patients with acute AD, which can be used to discriminate AD patients from patients with chest pain. sST2 concentrations were found to be highly heritable in the general population. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of variations in ST2-related gene expression with sST2 concentrations and AD risk. Methods: This case-control study involving a total of 2,277 participants were conducted, including 435 AD patients and age- and sex-matched 435 controls in the discovery stage, and 464 patients and 943 controls in the validation stage. Eight ST2-related genes were selected by systematic review. Tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were screened out from the Chinese population of the 1,000 Genomes Database. Twenty-one ST2-related SNPs were genotyped, and plasma sST2 concentrations were measured. Results: In the discovery stage, rs13019803 located in IL1R1 was significantly associated with AD after Bonferroni correction (p = 0.0009) and was correlated with circulating sST2 levels in patients with type A AD(AAD) [log-sST2 per C allele increased by 0.180 (95%) CI: 0.002 - 0.357] but not in type B. Combining the two stages together, rs13019803C was associated with plasma sST2 level in AAD patients [log-sST2 increased by 0.141 (95% CI: 0.055-0.227) for per C allele]. Odds ratio of rs13019803 on the risk of AAD is 1.67 (95% CI: 1.33-2.09). Conclusions: The IL1R1 SNP rs13019803C is associated with higher sST2 levels and increased risk of AAD.

Streptozotocin-Induced Hyperglycemia Affects the Pharmacokinetics of Koumine and its Anti-Allodynic Action in a Rat Model of Diabetic Neuropathic Pain.

Koumine (KM), the most abundant alkaloid in Gelsemium elegans, has anti-neuropathic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities; thus, it has the potential to be developed as a broad-spectrum analgesic drug. However, factors determining the relationship between analgesic efficacy and the corresponding plasma KM concentration are largely unclear. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of KM and their optimization in the context of neuropathic pain have not been reported. We investigated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of KM after oral administration in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) using a population approach. A first-order absorption and elimination pharmacokinetics model best described the plasma KM concentration. This pharmacokinetic model was then linked to a linear pharmacodynamic model with an effect compartment based on the measurement of the mechanical withdrawal threshold. KM was rapidly absorbed (time to maximum plasma concentration: 0.14-0.36 h) with similar values in both DNP and naïve rats, suggesting that DNP did not influence the KM absorption rate. However, the area under the curve (AUC0-∞) of KM in DNP rats was over 3-fold higher than that in naïve rats. The systemic clearance rate and volume of KM distribution were significantly lower in DNP rats than in naïve rats. Blood glucose value prior to KM treatment was a significant covariate for the systemic clearance rate of KM and baseline value of the threshold. Our results suggest that streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia is an independent factor for decreased KM elimination and its anti-allodynic effects in a DNP rat model. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the role of DNP in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of KM in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Testing measurement properties of two EQ-5D youth versions and KIDSCREEN-10 in China.

OBJECTIVE: To assess measurement properties of the two youth versions of EQ-5D (i.e., 5-level EQ-5D-Y [Y-5L] and 3-level EQ-5D-Y [Y-3L]) and KIDSCREEN-10 in China. METHODS: Children and adolescents attending schools in Shanghai, China were recruited to self-complete the Y-5L, KIDSCREEN-10, and Y-3L questionnaires. Their feasibility was assessed according to missing responses. Convergent validity of the EQ-5D-Y dimensions, a summated dimension score [SDS], and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were assessed by examining their correlations with the KIDSCREEN-10 index score and dimensions. Known-groups validity of SDS, VAS, and KIDSCREEN-10 index score were tested by comparing the scores of pupils with and without two conditions (i.e., overweight and shortsightedness), and the relative efficiency (RE) between them was also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 262 pupils (girl: 58.4%; mean age: 12.7 years) were enrolled. Missing responses were low for both the Y-5L (0.3%) and Y-3L (2.4%), and KIDSCREEN-10 (0.3%). The overall ceiling effects were 40.3% for the Y-5L, 44.1% for the Y-3L and 1.1% for the KIDSCREEN-10. The SDSY-5L, SDSY-3L and VAS were moderately correlated with the KIDSCREEN-10 index score (|r|= 0.425 for SDSY-5L, 0.323 for SDSY-3L, and 0.435 for VAS; p < 0.01 for all). Similar EQ-5D-Y and KIDSCREEN-10 dimensions showed moderate to strong correlations (|r|> 0.3). Both the SDSY-5L and SDSY-3L had lower values, and VAS and KIDSCREEN-10 index score had higher values for pupils without shortsightedness compared with those for their counterparts. The difference was statistical significance for the SDSY-5L and VAS (P < 0.05 for both), which also had higher RE in the condition. CONCLUSIONS: The Y-5L, Y-3L, and KIDSCREEN-10 questionnaires are feasible and valid for measuring HRQoL among children/adolescents in China. It also appears that the advantages of Y-5L over Y-3L were modest.

Metabolic engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for improving squalene production.

The aim of this present research is to enhance the squalene production in Yarrowia lipolytica using pathway engineering and bioprocess engineering. Firstly, to improve the production of squalene, the endogenous HMG-CoA reductase (HMG1) was overexpressed in Y. lipolytica to yield 208.88 mg/L squalene. Secondly, the HMG1 and diacylglycerol acyltranferase (DGA1) were co-overexpressed, the derived recombinant Y. lipolytica SQ-1 strain produced 439.14 mg/L of squalene. Thirdly, by optimizing the fermentation medium, the improved titer of squalene with 514.34 mg/L was obtained by the engineered strain SQ-1 grown on YPD-80 medium. Finally, by optimizing the addition concentrations of acetate, citrate and terbinafine, the 731.18 mg/L squalene was produced in the engineered strain SQ-1 with the addition of 0.5 mg/L terbinafine. This work describes the highest reported squalene titer in Y. lipolytica to date. This study will provide the foundation for further engineering Y. lipolytica capable of cost-efficiently producing squalene.

Prognosis and risk factors in older patients with lung cancer and pulmonary embolism: a propensity score matching analysis.

Older patients, especially those with malignancy, may have an increased risk of pulmonary embolism (PE). However, few studies have evaluated the clinical characteristics and prognosis of older patients. We evaluated the clinical characteristics, prognosis, and risk factors in older patients with lung cancer complicated with PE. This was a single-center, prospective cohort study. Older patients (≥65 years) with lung cancer admitted in Beijing Hospital from January 2006 to December 2016 were enrolled. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of PE using propensity score matching (PSM). After PSM, one hundred and six patients (53 per group) with an average age of (77.3 ± 10.9) years were enrolled. Adenocarcinoma was the most common histology in patients with PE (52.8%, n = 28), and most lung cancer patients were in stages III and IV (59.4%, n = 63). Patients with PE were stratified to low risk (52.8%, n = 28), intermediate-low risk (24.5%, n = 13), intermediate-high risk (15.1%, n = 8), high-risk (7.5%, n = 4) subgroups. Most PE patients presented with dyspnea (75.5%), and the majority of patients (86.8%, n = 46) developed PE within 3 months after the diagnosis of cancer. The median follow-up time was 23.7 months (12.0-62.0 months), and 7 patients (6.6%) were lost to follow-up. During the follow-up period, 92 patients (86.8%) died, including 8 cases (8.7%) of PE-related death, 73 (79.3%) of tumor death, and 11 (11.9%) of unknown cause. There were significant differences in all-cause mortality (94.3% vs. 83.0%) and PE-related mortality (15.1% vs. 0) between the PE and control groups, but the rate of tumor-related mortality (75.5% vs. 66.0%) was comparable between the groups. Among the 92 patients who died, the mortality rates at 3, 6, 12, and > 12 months after tumor diagnosis were 33.0% (33/106), 57.5% (61/106), 78.3% (83/106), and 89.6% (95/106), respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the median overall survival time was significantly different between the PE and the control groups (4.3 vs. 9.2 months, P = 0.0015). Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that age ≥ 77 years (OR = 2.58, 95%CI: 1.66-4.01), clinical stage III-IV (OR = 2.21, 95%CI: 1.03-4.74), adenocarcinoma (OR = 3.24, 95%CI: 1.75-6.00), high D-dimer (≥600 mg/L) (OR = 2.73, 95%CI: 1.25-5.96), and low partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2; <75 mmHg) (OR = 2.85, 95%CI: 1.74-4.67) were independent risk factors for PE in older patients with lung cancer. Older patients with lung cancer and PE often have poor prognosis. Advanced age, clinical stage III-IV, adenocarcinoma, high D-dimer level, and low PaO2 are independent risk factors for PE.

[SWOT analysis of informatization of parasitic disease prevention and control].

The study analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the informatization of parasitic disease prevention and control in China, and puts forward the development strategies, in order to provide the reference for accelerating the informatization of parasitic disease prevention and control.

Non-destructive detection for mold colonies in rice based on hyperspectra and GWO-SVR.

BACKGROUND: Mold contamination of grains not only contributes to inedible food, resulting in economic losses, but also leads to mold in humans and livestock, and can even be carcinogenic to them. Rice, as one of the main grain varieties, if stored improperly, is easily susceptible to mildew. In order to detect the total number of mold colonies in rice more accurately, a method based on hyperspectral imaging technology was investigated. RESULTS: In this paper, non-destructive detection for the total number of mold colonies in rice was performed from the angle of spectral analysis. A determination coefficient of 0.9621 for the calibration set and 0.9511 for the prediction set between the spectral data and number of mold colonies were eventually achieved by establishing the best support vector regression (SVR) model, optimized by the Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm. CONCLUSION: Hyperspectral imaging technology combined with the optimal model (GWO-SVR) is feasible for non-destructive detection of the total number of mold colonies in rice, providing a promising tool for the mold detection of other agricultural products. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Duplication and Divergence Effect on Network Motifs in Undirected Bio-Molecular Networks.

Duplication and divergence are two basic evolutionary mechanisms of bio-molecular networks. Real-world bio-molecular networks and their statistical characteristics can be well mimicked by artificial algorithms based on the two mechanisms. Bio-molecular networks consist of network motifs, which act as building blocks of large-scale networks. A fundamental question is how network motifs are evolved from long time evolution and natural selection. By considering the effect of various duplication and divergence strategies, we find that the underlying duplication scheme of the real-world undirected bio-molecular networks would rather follow the anti-preference strategy than the random one. The anti-preference duplication mechanism and the dimerization processes can lead to the formation of various motifs, and robustly conserve proper quantities of motifs in the artificial networks as that in the real-world ones. Furthermore, the anti-preference mechanism and edge deletion divergence can robustly preserve the sparsity of the networks. The investigations reveal the possible evolutionary mechanisms of network motifs in real-world bio-molecular networks, and have potential implications in the design, synthesis and reengineering of biological networks for biomedical purpose.

Organophosphate pesticide exposure and neurodevelopment in young Shanghai children.

A large amount of organophosphate pesticides (OPs) is used throughout China. Animal studies have suggested that even moderate doses are toxic to neurodevelopment, but there are a few studies in humans. We investigated both the urinary levels of OP metabolites in children and their relationship with child neurodevelopment. Participating 301 young children (23-25 months of age) were recruited from two community hospitals in Shanghai between February and October 2008. We measured five nonspecific dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolite levels of OPs in the children's urine and examined their association with the children's developmental quotients (DQs) based on the Gesell Developmental Schedules (GDS). The creatinine-adjusted geometric means (GMs) of OP metabolites in urine samples were 11.27 µg/g for DMP; 6.99 µg/g for DMTP; 7.96 µg/g for DEP; 14.19 µg/g for DETP; and 4.55 µg/g for DEDTP. The children had relatively higher levels of OP urinary metabolites compared with those reported in developed countries, no association was found between child urinary levels of OP metabolites and any of the DQ scores. However, our results should be interpreted with caution, and more studies of children living in China are warranted given the relatively high levels of child OP urinary metabolites in Shanghai.

Automatic detection of supporting device positioning in intensive care unit radiography.

BACKGROUND: This paper presents a computer-aided method for automatic detection of the positioning of endotracheal, feeding and nasogastric tubes, and the identification of tube types in radiography for intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Application of this method may allow clinicians to detect the tube tips more easily and accurately, and thus improve the quality of patient care in the ICU. METHODS: One-hundred-and-seven portable X-ray images were collected from 20 patients, using a Kodak computed radiography system. It was determined whether each image did or did not have a tube and which kind of tube was present. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed tube detection method, an experienced chest radiologist reviewed all images from the 20 patients and provided the true position of these tubes. The automatic detection results could then be compared with the actual results to determine the success rate. RESULTS: Preliminary results show that the computer-aided technique has a detection rate of 94% for endotracheal tubes, with 0.6 false positives per image, and 82% for both feeding and nasogastric tubes, with 0.4 and 0.5 false positives per image, respectively. CONCLUSION: The novel detection technique can accurately detect the tubes in ICU chest radiographs at a high sensitivity level with an acceptable false positive rate.

Simian virus 40 large T-antigen G-quadruplex DNA helicase inhibition by G-quadruplex DNA-interactive agents.

On the basis of growing evidence for G-quadruplex DNA structures in genomic DNA and the presumed need to resolve these structures for DNA replication, the G-quadruplex DNA unwinding ability of a prototypical replicative helicase, SV40 large T-antigen (T-ag), was investigated. Here, we demonstrate that this G-quadruplex helicase activity is robust and comparable to the duplex helicase activity of T-ag. Analysis of the SV40 genome demonstrates the presence of sequences that may form intramolecular G-quadruplexes, which are the presumed natural substrates for the G-quadruplex helicase activity of T-ag. A number of G-quadruplex-interactive agents as well as new perylene diimide (PDI) derivatives have been investigated as inhibitors of both the G-quadruplex and the duplex DNA helicase activities of T-ag. A unique subset of these G-quadruplex-interactive agents inhibits the G-quadruplex DNA unwinding activity of T-ag, relative to those reported to inhibit G-quadruplex DNA unwinding by RecQ-family helicases. We also find that certain PDIs are both potent and selective inhibitors of the G-quadruplex DNA helicase activity of T-ag. Surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence spectroscopic G-quadruplex DNA binding studies of these T-ag G-quadruplex helicase inhibitors have been carried out, demonstrating the importance of attributes in addition to binding affinity for G-quadruplex DNA that may be important for inhibition. The identification of potent and selective inhibitors of the G-quadruplex helicase activity of T-ag provides tools for probing the specific role of this activity in SV40 replication.

[Advances in the study of plant microRNAs].

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded RNA molecules of around 22 nucleotides (nt) in length that are associated with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). They act as post-transcriptional negative regulators of gene expression mainly by guiding cleavage or attenuating the translation of target transcripts. The targets of plant miRNAs often belong to transcription factors families involved in the control of developmental processes and defense responses. In the present paper, we reviewed the recent advances in our understanding of the biogenesis and mechanism of action of plant miRNAs, as well as the regulatory roles in plants.

A simple DNA extraction method for PCR amplification from dry seeds of Brassica napus.

A simple and reliable DNA extraction method for dry seeds of Brassica napus has been developed in our laboratory. The NaCl and PVP were used to remove polysaccharides and polyphenols during DNA purification. The oil and proteins of dry seeds were removed only through centrifugation in this method. The RAPD amplification patterns have no obviously difference between the DNA extracted from dry seeds and fresh leaves extracted with control method. The good results of SSR molecular markers on the DNA of dry seeds of another 12 B. napus indicating that the DNA extracted from dry seeds was freedom from common contaminating compounds. In conclusion, this method could be widely used in DNA extraction from dry seeds of B. napus.