Transition of Hypertriglyceridemic-Waist Phenotypes and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Middle-Aged and Older Chinese: A National Cohort Study.

The rapid economic growth and nutritional changes in China have brought an increased burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to assess the effects of hypertriglyceridemic-waist (HTW) and its dynamic transitions on incident T2DM among middle-aged and older Chinese. Data were extracted from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Participants were classified into three HTW phenotypes, namely NTNW (normal triglyceride (TG) and waist circumference (WC)), NTEW/ETNW (normal TG and enlarged WC, or elevated TG and normal WC) and ETEW (elevated TG and enlarged WC). Multivariable Cox frailty models were used to assess the associations of HTW phenotypes and their transitions over time with the risk of T2DM. A total of 7397 subjects without T2DM were included, of which 849 developed T2DM during 2011-2018. Compared with individuals with NTNW, people in the NTEW/ETNW group and ETEW group were at a significantly higher risk of T2DM (HRNTEW/ETNW = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.06-1.54 and HRETEW = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.26-2.06). For subjects with NTNW at baseline, the risk of developing T2DM increased by 38% and 83% if their metabolic status changed to NTEW/ETNW and ETEW, respectively. For subjects with NTEW/ETNW, the risk of T2DM decreased by 33% when their metabolic status changed to normal (NTNW); but the risk increased by 49% if the status became more serious (ETEW). NTEW/ETNW, ETEW and their transitions to adverse states were risk factors for T2DM.

Biosorption of copper, zinc, cadmium and chromium ions from aqueous solution by natural foxtail millet shell.

The industrial effluents discharge including heavy metals drain into the river, which has given rise to many problems of hazarding aquatic ecosystems and human health. Biosorption serves as the adsorption of heavy metals onto a natural adsorbent, it is becoming a potential alternative for toxic metals removal from industrial effluents in the last decades. The objectives of present research were to investigate the biosorption behaviors and the mechanisms of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) ions, respectively onto foxtail millet shell as a new natural biosorbent in aqueous solution. The effects of pH (2.0-6.0), contact time (5.0-240.0 min), initial metal ions concentration (25.0-300.0 mg/L), particle size (0.25-2.0 mm) and biosorbent dosage (1.0-6.0 g/L) on the adsorption efficiency of the target metals using foxtail millet shell were evaluated in batch experiments. The models of isotherms and kinetics were used to assess the removal behaviors of Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr ions from aqueous solution by foxtail millet shell. The results showed that the best fitting equilibrium isotherm models for Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr ions were Freundlich (Cu and Zn) and Langmuir (Cd and Cr), respectively under the proper adsorption conditions. The maximum biosorption capacities were 11.89, 10.59, 12.48 and 11.70 mg g-1 of Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr, respectively by terms of Langmuir model. The kinetics of biosoption the target metal ions processes were best explained by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Furthermore, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models were cooperative mechanism during the whole biosorption. In addition, the pores on the surface of the shell were covered and then became smooth after biosorption through Scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed, which demonstrated that the target metal ions were adsorbed by foxtail millet shell. The results of Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) further gave evidences that Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr ions were adsorbed onto surface of the adsorbent, respectively. Analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated that various functional groups, such as C-H, C˭O, C˭C, C-O, O-S-O and Si-O groups were engaged in the interaction between foxtail millet shell and Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr ions. This paper provided evidences that foxtail millet shell was a potential and efficient biosorbent on removal of Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr ions from aqueous solutions, due to its high biosorption availability, capacity and low cost.