Anti-phospholipid antibodies nephropathy is associated with an increased risk of kidney failure: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

Background: Anti-phospholipid antibodies nephropathy (aPL-N) is a complex feature of anti-phospholipid syndrome due to microvascular lesions. Renal prognosis and predictors of outcome are not yet known. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature (February 2006-January 2024) using the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and EMBASE databases. Two reviewers independently conducted literature screening and data extraction in a blinded, standardized manner. A random effects model was used to pool odds ratios (ORs) [with 95% confidence interval (CI)] for the primary analysis, the risk of kidney failure. Subgroup analyses were performed for clinical and laboratory features that predicted renal outcomes. Heterogeneity was assessed by I2. Results: Six records involving 709 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Biopsy-proven aPL-N was found in 238/832 (28.6%) patients. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was present at diagnosis in 20/65 (30.8%), while 73/233 (31.3%) patients with aPL-N developed chronic kidney disease (CKD)/end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) at follow-up. aPL-N was associated with an increased risk of CKD/ESKD [OR 6.89 (95% CI 2.42-19.58)] and AKI [OR 2.97 (95% CI 1-4-6.29)]. Arterial hypertension and positivity for lupus anticoagulant, anti-cardiolipin antibodies and anti-ß2 glycoprotein I antibodies were associated with an increased risk of developing aPL-N [OR 3.7 (95% CI 1.9-7.23), OR 4.01 (95% CI 1.88-8.53), OR 2.35 (95% CI 1.31-4.21) and OR 19.2 (95% CI 2.91-125.75), respectively]. Conclusion: aPL-N is associated with poor renal outcomes. High blood pressure and aPL positivity have been identified as predictors of adverse renal outcomes. This up-to-date knowledge on renal outcomes and predictors of renal outcomes in aPL-N enables a personalized follow-up and therapeutic approach.

Profiling plasma alterations of extracellular vesicles in patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis and bacterial infection.

BACKGROUND: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) modulate inflammation, coagulation and vascular homeostasis in decompensated cirrhosis. AIM: To characterize the profile of plasmatic EVs in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and bacterial infections and evaluate the association between EVs and the development of hemostatic complications. METHODS: We measured the levels of EVs using high-sensitivity flow cytometry and phospholipid-dependent clotting time (PPL) in a prospective cohort of hospitalized patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis with versus without bacterial infections. A separate cohort of patients with bacterial infections without cirrhosis was also enrolled. We measured endothelium-, tissue factor (TF)-bearing, platelet- and leukocyte-derived EVs. In patients with infections, EVs were reassessed upon resolution of infection. Bleeding and thrombotic complications were recorded during 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: Eighty patients with decompensated cirrhosis were recruited (40 each with and without bacterial infections). Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of plasma EVs. Despite no difference in total EVs and PPL, patients with cirrhosis and infection had significantly higher TF+ EVs, P-Selectin+ EVs (activated platelet-derived), CD14+ EVs (monocyte/macrophages derived) and CD14+ TF+ EVs versus those with cirrhosis without infection. Upon infection resolution, levels of these EVs returned to those without infection. Patients with infections showed a significant association between reduced P-Selectin+ EVs and bleeding complications (HR 8.0 [95%CI 1.3-48.1]), whereas high levels of leukocyte-derived EVs (CD45+) and CD14+ EVs were significantly associated with thrombotic complications (HR 16.4 [95%CI 1.7-160] and 10.9 [95%CI 1.13-106], respectively). Results were confirmed in a validation cohort. CONCLUSION: Bacterial infections are associated with particular alterations of plasma EVs profile in decompensated cirrhosis. Bacterial infections trigger the release of EVs originating from various cell types, which may tip the precarious hemostatic balance of patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis towards hyper- or hypocoagulability.

Risk factors for damage accrual in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: A retrospective single-center cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Despite anticoagulant therapy, a antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has a higher rate of recurrent events, which can lead to damage accrual and a negative impact on life quality. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the risk factors and APS subsets associated with damage accrual. PATIENTS/METHODS: We conducted a retrospective single-center study. We reviewed the medical records of 282 APS patients, with a median age of 36 (IQR 30-46) years and a median of 195 (IQR 137-272) months. The primary endpoint was damage accrual during follow-up, defined as organ/tissue impairment present for at least six months or causing permanent loss. The secondary endpoints were early organ damage within six months of disease onset and death. RESULTS: Eighty (28.4%) patients presented damage accrual; 52.5% developed damage within six months of APS onset, and 41.3% had more than one organ involved. Neuropsychiatric involvement, affecting 38.8% of the patients, was the most frequent, followed by peripheral vasculopathy and renal involvement, 35% either. Death happened in 7 (2.5 %) patients; damage accrual was associated with a 6-fold risk of death [OR 6.7 (95% CI 1.3-35.1), p = 0.03]. Microangiopathy and non-criteria manifestations were independent risk factors for damage accrual with 5-fold and 4-fold higher risk, respectively [(OR 4.9 (95% CI 2.1-11.7), p < 0.0001 and (OR 3.8 (95% CI 1.5-10.1), p = 0.007]. The cumulative incidence of damage accrual increased by 5.7-fold and 3.6-fold in patients with microangiopathy and non-criteria manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: APS patients had a higher frequency of damage accrual. Microangiopathy and non-criteria manifestations were independent risk factors for damage accrual.

Longitudinal Trend of Plasma Concentrations of Extracellular Vesicles in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19.

Plasma concentrations of extracellular vesicles (EVs) originating from cells involved in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC), their longitudinal trend and association with clinical outcomes were evaluated. Blood samples of consecutive COVID-19 patients admitted to a medical Unit were longitudinally collected within 48 h of admission, at discharge and 30 days post-discharge. EVs were analyzed using high sensitivity flow cytometry and phospholipid-dependent clotting time (PPL). The following EVs were measured: endothelium-, platelet-, leukocyte-derived, bearing tissue factor (TF)+, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2)+, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-ß (PDGF-ß)+ and SARS-CoV-2-nucleoprotein (NP)+. 91 patients were recruited for baseline EV analysis (mean age 67 ± 14 years, 50.5% male) and 48 underwent the longitudinal evaluation. From baseline to 30-days post-discharge, we observed significantly decreased plasma concentrations of endothelium-derived EVs (E-Selectin+), endothelium-derived bearing TF (E-Selectin+ TF+), endothelium-derived bearing ACE2 (E-Selectin+ACE2+) and leukocyte-EVs bearing TF (CD45+TF+), p < 0.001, p = 0.03, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively. Conversely, platelet-derived (P-Selectin+) and leukocyte-derived EVs (CD45+) increased from baseline to 30-days post-discharge (p = 0.038 and 0.032, respectively). EVs TF+, ACE2+, PDGF-ß+, and SARS-CoV-2-NP+ did not significantly change during the monitoring. PPL increased from baseline to 30-days post-discharge (+ 6.3 s, p = 0.006). P-Selectin + EVs >1,054/µL were associated with thrombosis (p = 0.024), E-Selectin + EVs ≤531/µL with worsening/death (p 0.026) and 30-days P-Selectin+ and CD45 + EVs with persistent symptoms (p < 0.0001). We confirmed increased EVs originating from cells involved in CAC at admission and discharge. EVs derived from activated pericytes and expressing SARS-CoV-2-NP were also detected. 30-days post-discharge, endothelium-EVs decreased, while platelet- and leukocyte-EVs further increased, indicating that cellular activation persists long after the acute phase.

Effects of Vedolizumab in Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Gut-homing lymphocytes that express the integrin α4ß7 and CCR9 might contribute to development of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Vedolizumab, which blocks the integrin α4ß7, is used to treat patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), but there are few data on its efficacy in patients with PSC. We investigated the effects of vedolizumab in a large international cohort of patients with PSC and IBD. METHODS: We collected data from European and North American centers participating in the International PSC Study Group from patients with PSC and IBD who received at least 3 doses of vedolizumab (n = 102; median vedolizumab treatment duration, 412 days). Demographic and clinical data were collected from baseline and during the follow-up period (until liver transplantation, death, or 56 days after the final vedolizumab infusion). We analyzed overall changes in biochemical features of liver and proportions of patients with reductions in serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of 20% or more, from baseline through last follow-up evaluation. Other endpoints included response of IBD to treatment (improved, unchanged, or worsened, judged by the treating clinician, as well as endoscopic score) and liver-related outcomes. RESULTS: In the entire cohort, the median serum level of ALP increased from 1.54-fold the upper limit of normal at baseline to 1.64-fold the upper limit of normal at the last follow-up examination (P = .018); serum levels of transaminases and bilirubin also increased by a small amount between baseline and the last follow-up examination. Serum levels of ALP decreased by 20% or more in 21 patients (20.6%); only the presence of cirrhosis (odds ratio, 4.48; P = .019) was independently associated with this outcome. Of patients with available endoscopic data, 56.8% had a response of IBD to treatment. Liver-related events occurred in 21 patients (20.6%), including bacterial cholangitis, cirrhosis decompensation, or transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: In an analysis of patients with PSC and IBD in an international study group, we found no evidence for a biochemical response to vedolizumab, although serum level of ALP decreased by 20% or more in a subset of patients. Vedolizumab appears to be well tolerated and the overall response of IBD was the same as expected for patients without PSC.

Hole-transfer dyads and triads based on perylene monoimide, quaterthiophene, and extended tetrathiafulvalene.

Two families of dyad and triad systems based on perylene monoimide (PMI), quaterthiophene (QT), and 9,10-bis(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-9,10-dihydroanthracene (extended tetrathiafulvalene, exTTF) molecular components have been designed and synthesized. The dyads (D1 and D2) are of the PMI-QT type and the triads (T1 and T2) of the PMI-QT-exTTF type. The two families differ in the saturated or unsaturated nature of the linker groups (ethynylene in D1 and T1, ethylene in D2 and T2) that bridge the molecular components. The dyads and triads have been characterized by electrochemical, photophysical, and computational methods. Both the experimental and the computational (DFT) results indicate that in the unsaturated systems strong intercomponent interactions lead to substantial perturbation of the properties of the subunits. In particular, in T1, delocalization is particularly effective between the QT and exTTF units, which would be better viewed combined as a single electronic subsystem. For the dyad systems, the photophysics observed following excitation of the PMI unit is solvent-dependent. In moderately polar solvents (dichloromethane, diethyl ether) fast charge separation is followed by recombination to the ground state. In toluene, slow conversion to the charge-separated state is followed by intersystem crossing and recombination to yield the triplet state of the PMI unit. The behavior of the triads, on the other hand, is remarkably similar to that of the corresponding dyads, which indicates that, after primary charge separation, hole shift from the oxidized QT component to exTTF is quite inefficient. This unexpected result has been rationalized on the basis of the anomalous (simultaneous two-electron oxidation) electrochemistry of exTTF and with the help of DFT calculations. In fact, although exTTF is electrochemically easier to oxidize than QT by around 0.6 V, the one-electron redox orbitals (HOMOs) of the two units in triad T2 are almost degenerate.