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Tessier number 10 cleft is one of the rarest facial clefts. Surgical treatment of this type of cleft is challenging due to the complexity of periorbital and temporal soft tissue deformities. A 23-year-old male patient presented with typical facial deformities of Tessier number 10 cleft. The surgical procedure involved using a free anterolateral thigh flap to reconstruct the eye socket, while the superficial temporal artery pedicle scalp flap was used to reconstruct the eyebrow deformity. The patient had no complications and 16 months after surgery, the patient had good aesthetic results. A hair-bearing scalp flap with a pedicle of the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery combined with an anterolateral thigh-free flap can effectively resolve most soft tissue deformities of Tessier number 10 cleft and reconstruct the orbital socket in a single surgery. At the same time, it augments the soft tissue of the frontotemporal area and provides good aesthetic results.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer, with high incidence and mortality worldwide. Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advancements, HCC remains poorly responsive to treatment, with a poor prognosis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving HCC is crucial for developing effective therapies. Emerging evidence indicates that dysregulated fatty acid metabolism contributes to HCC. Acyl-CoA medium-chain synthetase 5 (ACSM5), involved in fatty acid metabolism, is down-regulated in HCC; however, its role is not well understood. In this study, we analyzed ACSM5 expression in HCC patient samples and cell lines. Using newly established ACSM5-overexpressing HCC cell lines, Huh7-ACSM5 and Hepa1-6-ACSM5, we investigated the effects and regulatory mechanisms of ACSM5. Our results showed that ACSM5 was significantly down-regulated in HCC tumor tissues compared with nontumor tissues. ACSM5 expression was regulated by DNA methylation, with a DNMT1 inhibitor effectively increasing ACSM5 expression and reducing promoter region methylation. Overexpression of ACSM5 in Huh7 cells reduced fatty acid accumulation, decreased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, and inhibited tumor growth in mouse xenografts. Furthermore, ACSM5 overexpression also decreased STAT3 phosphorylation, subsequently affecting downstream cytokine TGFB and FGF12 mRNA levels. Our findings suggest that ACSM5 down-regulation contributes to HCC progression, providing insights into its oncogenic role and highlighting its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC.
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Omicron surged as a variant of concern in late 2021. Several distinct Omicron variants appeared and overtook each other. We combined variant frequencies and infection estimates from a nowcasting model for each US state to estimate variant-specific infections, attack rates, and effective reproduction numbers (Rt). BA.1 rapidly emerged, and we estimate that it infected 47.7% of the US population before it was replaced by BA.2. We estimate that BA.5 infected 35.7% of the US population, persisting in circulation for nearly 6 months. Other variants-BA.2, BA.4, and XBB-together infected 30.7% of the US population. We found a positive correlation between the state-level BA.1 attack rate and social vulnerability and a negative correlation between the BA.1 and BA.2 attack rates. Our findings illustrate the complex interplay between viral evolution, population susceptibility, and social factors during the Omicron emergence in the US.
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COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , COVID-19/virologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Genoma Viral , Genômica/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Disruption of the epigenome is a hallmark of human disease, including liver cirrhosis and HCC. While genetic heterogeneity is an established effector of pathologic phenotypes, epigenetic heterogeneity is less well understood. Environmental exposures alter the liver-specific DNA methylation landscape and influence the onset of liver cancer. Given that currently available treatments are unable to target frequently mutated genes in HCC, there is an unmet need for novel therapeutics to prevent or reverse liver damage leading to hepatic tumorigenesis, which the epigenome may provide. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We performed genome-wide profiling of DNA methylation, copy number, and gene expression from multiple liver regions from 31 patients with liver disease to examine their crosstalk and define the individual and combinatorial contributions of these processes to liver disease progression. We identified epigenetic heterogeneity hotspots that are conserved across patients. Elevated epigenetic heterogeneity is associated with increased gene expression heterogeneity. Cirrhotic regions comprise 2 distinct cohorts-one exclusively epigenetic, and the other where epigenetic and copy number variations collaborate. Epigenetic heterogeneity hotspots are enriched for genes central to liver function (eg, HNF1A ) and known tumor suppressors (eg, RASSF1A ). These hotspots encompass genes including ACSL1 , ACSL5 , MAT1A , and ELFN1 , which have phenotypic effects in functional screens, supporting their relevance to hepatocarcinogenesis. Moreover, epigenetic heterogeneity hotspots are linked to clinical measures of outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial epigenetic heterogeneity arises early in liver disease development, targeting key pathways in the progression and initiation of both cirrhosis and HCC. Integration of epigenetic and transcriptional heterogeneity unveils putative epigenetic regulators of hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a multifaceted global health problem disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The Capturing data on Antimicrobial resistance Patterns and Trends in Use in Regions of Asia (CAPTURA) project was tasked to expand the volume of AMR and antimicrobial use data in Asia. The CAPTURA project used 2 data-collection streams: facility data and project metadata. Project metadata constituted information collected to map out data sources and assess data quality, while facility data referred to the retrospective data collected from healthcare facilities. A down-selection process, labelled "the funnel approach" by the project, was adopted to use the project metadata in prioritizing and selecting laboratories for retrospective AMR data collection. Moreover, the metadata served as a guide for understanding the AMR data once they were collected. The findings from CAPTURA's metadata add to the current discourse on the limitation of AMR data in LMICs. There is generally a low volume of AMR data generated as there is a lack of microbiology laboratories with sufficient antimicrobial susceptibility testing capacity. Many laboratories in Asia are still capturing data on paper, resulting in scattered or unused data not readily accessible or shareable for analyses. There is also a lack of clinical and epidemiological data captured, impeding interpretation and in-depth understanding of the AMR data. CAPTURA's experience in Asia suggests that there is a wide spectrum of capacity and capability of microbiology laboratories within a country and region. As local AMR surveillance is a crucial instrument to inform context-specific measures to combat AMR, it is important to understand and assess current capacity-building needs while implementing activities to enhance surveillance systems.
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Antibacterianos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Ásia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global public health challenge associated with 4.95 million deaths in 2019 and an estimated 10 million deaths per year by 2050 in the absence of coordinated action. A robust AMR surveillance system is therefore required to avert such a scenario. Based on an analysis of country-level AMR data in 8 Capturing Data on Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Trends in Use in Regions of Asia (CAPTURA) countries, we present a list of key recommendations to strengthen AMR surveillance. We propose 10 primary considerations under 3 broad categories, including recommendations on (1) laboratory and testing practices, (2) data management and analysis, and (3) data use.
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Antibacterianos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Ásia , Saúde Pública , LaboratóriosRESUMO
Venomous snakebites can cause severe injury. The loss of tendon and skin of the hand is incredibly challenging for the surgeon. A single-staged reconstruction with the free composite anterolateral thigh flap is an acceptable option for a complex thumb injury. In this case, reconstruction for a 23-year-old patient with a complex cobra-induced thumb injury had failed to cover the defect with a skin graft. There was a limitation in choice, and the patient was treated with the free composite anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap and fascia lata flap in one stage to reconstruct both the extensor tendon and the soft tissue coverage. The flap was well-vascularized, and no complications were reported. A single-stage reconstruction with a composite ALT flap with vascularized fascia was chosen as a suitable alternative. The result is satisfying both aesthetically and functionally. This technique can help shorten treatment time and restore function quickly, allowing patients to return to work in less time. The disadvantages of this technique are flap thickness, which can affect finger movement and aesthetics. The composite ALT flap with vascularized fascia lata shows that it is a reliable procedure for single-staged reconstruction, especially combined with the tendon preparation in the hand.
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The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages resulted in increased transmission rates and reduced protection from vaccines. To counteract these effects, multiple booster strategies were used in different countries, although data comparing their efficiency in improving protective immunity remain sparse, especially among vulnerable populations, including older adults. The inactivated CoronaVac vaccine was among the most widely distributed vaccine worldwide and was essential in the early control of SARS-CoV-2-related hospitalizations and deaths. However, it is not well understood whether homologous versus heterologous booster doses in those fully vaccinated with CoronaVac induce distinct humoral responses or whether these responses vary across age groups. We analyzed plasma antibody responses from CoronaVac-vaccinated younger or older individuals who received a homologous CoronaVac or heterologous BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 booster vaccine. All three evaluated boosters resulted in increased virus-specific IgG titers 28 days after the booster dose. However, we found that both IgG titers against SARS-CoV-2 Spike or RBD and neutralization titers against Omicron sublineages were substantially reduced in participants who received homologous CoronaVac compared with the heterologous BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 booster. This effect was specifically prominent in recipients >50 years of age. In this group, the CoronaVac booster induced low virus-specific IgG titers and failed to elevate neutralization titers against any Omicron sublineage. Our results point to the notable inefficiency of CoronaVac immunization and boosting in mounting protective antiviral humoral immunity, particularly among older adults, during the Omicron wave. These observations also point to benefits of heterologous regimens in high-risk populations fully vaccinated with CoronaVac.
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Formação de Anticorpos , COVID-19 , Humanos , Idoso , Vacina BNT162 , SARS-CoV-2 , Imunoglobulina G , Anticorpos AntiviraisRESUMO
Following the rising concern on environmental issues caused by conventional fossil-based plastics and depleting crude oil resources, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are of great interest by scientists and biodegradable polymer market due to their outstanding properties which include high biodegradability in various conditions and processing flexibility. Many polyhydroxyalkanoate-synthesizing microorganisms, including normal and halophilic bacteria, as well as algae, have been investigated for their performance in polyhydroxyalkanoate production. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is still limited studies on PHAs-producing marine yeast. In the present study, a halophilic yeast strain isolated from Spratly Island in Vietnam were investigated for its potential in polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis by growing the yeast in Zobell marine agar medium (ZMA) containing Nile red dye. The strain was identified by 26S rDNA analysis as Pichia kudriavzevii TSLS24 and registered at Genbank database under code OL757724. The amount of polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesized was quantified by measuring the intracellular materials (predicted as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) -PHB) by gravimetric method and subsequently confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses. Under optimal growth conditions of 35 °C and pH 7 with supplementation of glucose and yeast extract at 20 and 10 gL-1, the isolated strain achieved poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) content and concentration of 43.4% and 1.8 gL-1 after 7 days of cultivation. The poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) produced demonstrated excellent biodegradability with degradation rate of 28% after 28 days of incubation in sea water.
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Poli-Hidroxialcanoatos , Poli-Hidroxialcanoatos/química , Pichia/metabolismo , Vietnã , Espectroscopia de Ressonância MagnéticaRESUMO
The chronic infection hypothesis for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant emergence is increasingly gaining credence following the appearance of Omicron. Here, we investigate intrahost evolution and genetic diversity of lineage B.1.517 during a SARS-CoV-2 chronic infection lasting for 471 days (and still ongoing) with consistently recovered infectious virus and high viral genome copies. During the infection, we find an accelerated virus evolutionary rate translating to 35 nucleotide substitutions per year, approximately 2-fold higher than the global SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary rate. This intrahost evolution results in the emergence and persistence of at least three genetically distinct genotypes, suggesting the establishment of spatially structured viral populations continually reseeding different genotypes into the nasopharynx. Finally, we track the temporal dynamics of genetic diversity to identify advantageous mutations and highlight hallmark changes for chronic infection. Our findings demonstrate that untreated chronic infections accelerate SARS-CoV-2 evolution, providing an opportunity for the emergence of genetically divergent variants.
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COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Infecção Persistente , Genoma Viral , GenótipoRESUMO
Here, we report a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineage XAM (Omicron BA.1.1/BA.2.9) strain that was collected in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. This demonstrates how SARS-CoV-2 variants can vary greatly between regions and thus underlines the great importance of regional genomic surveillance efforts.
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Starch and sugars account for most of the dry weight of horticultural crops and in many species, are known determinants of quality. However, we posit that these carbohydrates often have less-obvious roles in plant tissues with direct implications for the postharvest quality and produce shelf life. The latter has not been given as much attention, but with the recent interest in reducing the scale of postharvest waste and loss, we highlight how dynamic changes in the spatial-temporal accumulation of carbohydrates, can influence myriads of biological processes affecting postharvest attributes. Versatile roles, some surprising, that carbohydrates play in determining produce of high value to consumers, are highlighted, and gene targets for biotechnological improvement are specified.
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Amido , Açúcares , CarboidratosRESUMO
Globalization of the world needs the modernization of laws, theory, and philosophy, especially since World War II. This could increase researchers' attention towards the modernization of philosophy. The goals also include examining the mediating impact of modern societies among the links of globalization, modernization of laws and theories, and modernization of philosophy in Vietnam. This study has taken the quantitative method and received the data from researchers in philosophy, politics and sociology (university lecturers, researchers and activists in the field of philosophy, politics and sociology) of Vietnam using questionnaires. The smart-PLS was executed to test the relationships between the understudy constructs. The results indicated that globalization, modernization of laws, and theories positively and significantly associated with the modernization of philosophy in Vietnam. The outcomes also revealed that modern societies significantly mediate the links among globalization, modernization of laws and theories, and modernization of philosophy in Vietnam. These results motivate the regulators to focus on the modernization of philosophies in terms of globalization and modernization of laws, theories, and societies.
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Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) have shown an alarming rate of increase in incidence over the past several decades, markedly in men. In the United States, transcriptionally-active human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV 16, has become the highest contributive agent of OPSCCs, affecting approximately 16,000 people a year. Compared to patients with HPV-negative OPSCCs, patients with HPV-positive OPSCCs exhibit better health responses to chemoradiotherapy and an overall increase in long-term survival. Despite promising treatment options, many OPSCCs are discovered at an advanced stage, and ~20% of cases will recur after definitive treatment. Therefore, extensive research is ongoing to identify new targets for precision treatment and to stratify tumor prognosis. The aim of this review is to capture the most updated research on HPV-positive OPSCCs, emphasizing their relevance as potential new targets for precision medicine and survival prognosis.
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Epigenomic-wide DNA methylation profiling holds the potential to reflect both electronic cigarette exposure-associated risks and individual poor health outcomes. However, a systemic study in animals or humans is still lacking. Using the Infinium Mouse Methylation BeadChip, we examined the DNA methylation status of white blood cells in male ApoE-/- mice after 14 weeks of electronic cigarette exposure with the InExpose system (2 hr/day, 5 days/week, 50% PG and 50% VG) with low (6 mg/ml) and high (36 mg/ml) nicotine concentrations. Our results indicate that electronic cigarette aerosol inhalation induces significant alteration of 8,985 CpGs in a dose-dependent manner (FDR<0.05); 7,389 (82.2%) of the CpG sites are annotated with known genes. Among the top 6 significant CpG sites (P-value<1e-8), 4 CpG sites are located in the known genes, and most (3/5) of these genes have been related to cigarette smoking. The other two CpGs are close to/associated with the Phc2 gene that was recently linked to smoking in a transcriptome-wide associations study. Furthermore, the gene set enrichment analysis highlights the activation of MAPK and 4 cardiomyocyte/cardiomyopathy-related signaling pathways (including adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy) following repeated electronic cigarette use. The MAPK pathway activation correlates well with our finding of increased cytokine mRNA expression after electronic cigarette exposure in the same batch of mice. Interestingly, two pathways related to mitochondrial activities, namely mitochondrial gene expression and mitochondrial translation, are also activated after electronic cigarette exposure. Elucidating the relationship between these pathways and the increased circulating mitochondrial DNA observed here will provide further insight into the cell-damaging effects of prolonged inhalation of e-cigarette aerosols.
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The chronic infection hypothesis for novel SARS-CoV-2 variant emergence is increasingly gaining credence following the appearance of Omicron. Here we investigate intrahost evolution and genetic diversity of lineage B.1.517 during a SARS-CoV-2 chronic infection lasting for 471 days (and still ongoing) with consistently recovered infectious virus and high viral loads. During the infection, we found an accelerated virus evolutionary rate translating to 35 nucleotide substitutions per year, approximately two-fold higher than the global SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary rate. This intrahost evolution led to the emergence and persistence of at least three genetically distinct genotypes suggesting the establishment of spatially structured viral populations continually reseeding different genotypes into the nasopharynx. Finally, using unique molecular indexes for accurate intrahost viral sequencing, we tracked the temporal dynamics of genetic diversity to identify advantageous mutations and highlight hallmark changes for chronic infection. Our findings demonstrate that untreated chronic infections accelerate SARS-CoV-2 evolution, ultimately providing opportunity for the emergence of genetically divergent and potentially highly transmissible variants as seen with Delta and Omicron.
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The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic-caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)- has posed a global threat and presented with it a multitude of economic and public-health challenges. Establishing a reliable means of readily available, rapid diagnostic testing is of paramount importance in halting the spread of COVID-19, as governments continue to ease lockdown restrictions. The current standard for laboratory testing utilizes reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR); however, this method presents clear limitations in requiring a longer run-time as well as reduced on-site testing capability. Therefore, we investigated the feasibility of a reverse transcription looped-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP)-based model of rapid COVID-19 diagnostic testing which allows for less invasive sample collection, named SaliVISION. This novel, two-step, RT-LAMP assay utilizes a customized multiplex primer set specifically targeting SARS-CoV-2 and a visual report system that is ready to interpret within 40 min from the start of sample processing and does not require a BSL-2 level testing environment or special laboratory equipment. When compared to the SalivaDirect and Thermo Fisher Scientific TaqPath RT-qPCR testing platforms, the respective sensitivities of the SaliVISION assay are 94.29% and 98.28% while assay specificity was 100% when compared to either testing platform. Our data illustrate a robust, rapid diagnostic assay in our novel RT-LAMP test design, with potential for greater testing throughput than is currently available through laboratory testing and increased on-site testing capability.
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COVID-19 , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Teste para COVID-19 , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina , Humanos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , RNA Viral/análise , RNA Viral/genética , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Saliva/química , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Background: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant became a global concern due to its rapid spread and displacement of the dominant Delta variant. We hypothesized that part of Omicron's rapid rise was based on its increased ability to cause infections in persons that are vaccinated compared to Delta. Methods: We analyzed nasal swab PCR tests for samples collected between December 12 and 16, 2021, in Connecticut when the proportion of Delta and Omicron variants was relatively equal. We used the spike gene target failure (SGTF) to classify probable Delta and Omicron infections. We fitted an exponential curve to the estimated infections to determine the doubling times for each variant. We compared the test positivity rates for each variant by vaccination status, number of doses, and vaccine manufacturer. Generalized linear models were used to assess factors associated with odds of infection with each variant among persons testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. Findings: For infections with high virus copies (Ct < 30) among vaccinated persons, we found higher odds that they were infected with Omicron compared to Delta, and that the odds increased with increased number of vaccine doses. Compared to unvaccinated persons, we found significant reduction in Delta positivity rates after two (43.4%-49.1%) and three vaccine doses (81.1%), while we only found a significant reduction in Omicron positivity rates after three doses (62.3%). Conclusion: The rapid rise in Omicron infections was likely driven by Omicron's escape from vaccine-induced immunity. Funding: This work was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
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COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Hospitalização , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Chronic HCV infection is a leading etiologic driver of cirrhosis and ultimately HCC. Of the approximately 71 million individuals chronically infected with HCV, 10%-20% are expected to develop severe liver complications in their lifetime. Epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation and histone modifications become profoundly disrupted in disease processes including liver disease. APPROACH AND RESULTS: To understand how HCV infection influences the epigenome and whether these events remain as "scars" following cure of chronic HCV infection, we mapped genome-wide DNA methylation, four key regulatory histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K4me1, H3K27ac, and H3K27me3), and open chromatin in parental and HCV-infected immortalized hepatocytes and the Huh7.5 HCC cell line, along with DNA methylation and gene-expression analyses following elimination of HCV in these models through treatment with interferon-α (IFN-α) or a direct-acting antiviral (DAA). Our data demonstrate that HCV infection profoundly affects the epigenome (particularly enhancers); HCV shares epigenetic targets with interferon-α targets; and an overwhelming majority of epigenetic changes induced by HCV remain as "scars" on the epigenome following viral cure. Similar findings are observed in primary human patient samples cured of chronic HCV infection. Supplementation of IFN-α/DAA antiviral regimens with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine synergizes in reverting aberrant DNA methylation induced by HCV. Finally, both HCV-infected and cured cells displayed a blunted immune response, demonstrating a functional effect of epigenetic scarring. CONCLUSIONS: Integration of epigenetic and transcriptional data elucidate key gene deregulation events driven by HCV infection and how this may underpin the long-term elevated risk for HCC in patients cured of HCV due to epigenome scarring.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Hepatite C Crônica , Hepatite C , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Epigenoma , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepatite C/complicações , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite C/genética , Hepatite C Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite C Crônica/genética , Humanos , Interferon-alfa/farmacologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genéticaRESUMO
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly worldwide. Given that this contagious viral outbreak is still unfolding, it is urgent to understand the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and explore effective treatments to protect patients from developing a severe illness related to COVID-19. Recently, IFN-α has been considered a potential therapeutic strategy to treat COVID-19 disease, mainly because the innate immune system rapidly produces IFN-α as the first line of defense to combat viral infections. However, IFN-α can also play a role in immunoregulatory effects, causing pathogenic damage and uncontrolled inflammatory responses. There are 13 human IFN-α subtypes that bind to the same receptor and induce different interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression, regulating various antiviral and immunoregulatory effects. The varying degrees of inflammatory regulations may raise concerns about the possible side effects to enlarge the inflammatory responses, exacerbating the severity of infection. Thus, the analysis of various IFN-α subtype induction during SARS-CoV-2 infection is necessary in exploring the mechanism of COVID-19 pathogenesis. This review summarizes the current understanding of IFN-α in the pathogenesis of respiratory virus diseases and IFN-α based clinical intervention used in SARS-CoV-2 infection and other respiratory virus diseases. Besides, new ideas in selecting suitable IFN-α subtypes or combinations as drug candidates for viral infection treatment will also be discussed.Key Points⢠IFN-α plays an important role in anti-viral and immunoregulatory effects in COVID-19 patients caused by SARS-CoV-2.⢠The uncontrolled inflammation and disease severity correlated to the diversity of IFN-α subtype induction.⢠Selecting suitable IFN-α subtypes or combinations as drug candidates will be beneficial for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.