The Burden of Chagas Disease in the Contemporary World: The RAISE Study.

Chagas disease (ChD), a Neglected Tropical Disease, has witnessed a transformative epidemiological landscape characterized by a trend of reduction in prevalence, shifting modes of transmission, urbanization, and globalization. Historically a vector-borne disease in rural areas of Latin America, effective control measures have reduced the incidence in many countries, leading to a demographic shift where most affected individuals are now adults. However, challenges persist in regions like the Gran Chaco, and emerging oral transmission in the Amazon basin adds complexity. Urbanization and migration from rural to urban areas and to non-endemic countries, especially in Europe and the US, have redefined the disease's reach. These changing patterns contribute to uncertainties in estimating ChD prevalence, exacerbated by the lack of recent data, scarcity of surveys, and reliance on outdated models. Besides, ChD's lifelong natural history, marked by acute and chronic phases, introduces complexities in diagnosis, particularly in non-endemic regions where healthcare provider awareness is low. The temporal dissociation of infection and clinical manifestations, coupled with underreporting, has rendered ChD invisible in health statistics. Deaths attributed to ChD cardiomyopathy often go unrecognized, camouflaged under alternative causes. Understanding these challenges, the RAISE project aims to reassess the burden of ChD and ChD cardiomyopathy. The project is a collaborative effort of the World Heart Federation, Novartis Global Health, the University of Washington's Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, and a team of specialists coordinated by Brazil's Federal University of Minas Gerais. Employing a multidimensional strategy, the project seeks to refine estimates of ChD-related deaths, conduct systematic reviews on seroprevalence and prevalence of clinical forms, enhance existing modeling frameworks, and calculate the global economic burden, considering healthcare expenditures and service access. The RAISE project aspires to bridge knowledge gaps, raise awareness, and inform evidence-based health policies and research initiatives, positioning ChD prominently on the global health agenda.

[HEARTS in the Americas: innovations for improving hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk management in primary careHEARTS nas Américas: inovações para melhorar a gestão do risco de hipertensão e de doenças cardiovasculares na atenção primária]. / HEARTS en las Américas: innovaciones para mejorar el manejo de la hipertensión y del riesgo cardiovascular en la atención primaria.

Global Hearts is the flagship initiative of the World Health Organization to reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. HEARTS in the Americas Initiative is the regional adaptation that envisions HEARTS as the model for cardiovascular disease risk management, including hypertension and diabetes, in primary health care in the Americas by 2025. This initiative is entering its sixth year of implementation and now includes 22 countries and 1 380 primary health care centers. The objectives of this report are three-fold. First, it describes the emergence and the main elements of HEARTS in the Americas. Secondly, it summarizes the main innovations developed to catalyze and sustain implementation of the initiative. These innovations include: a) introduction of hypertension control drivers; b) development of a comprehensive and practical clinical pathway; c) development of a strategy to improve the accuracy of blood pressure measurement; d) creation of a monitoring and evaluation platform; and e) development of a standardized set of training and education resources. Thirdly, this report discusses future priorities of the initiative. The goal of implementing these innovative and pragmatic solutions is to create a more effective health system and shift the focus of cardiovascular and hypertension programs from the highly specialized care level to primary health care. In addition, HEARTS in the Americas can serve as a model for more comprehensive, effective, and sustainable noncommunicable disease prevention and treatment practices.

Global Hearts é a iniciativa mais importante da Organização Mundial da Saúde para reduzir a carga de doenças cardiovasculares, que são a principal causa de morte e incapacidade em todo o mundo. A Iniciativa HEARTS nas Américas é a adaptação regional que pressupõe a HEARTS como o modelo para a gestão do risco de doenças cardiovasculares, incluindo hipertensão e diabetes, na atenção primária à saúde nas Américas até 2025. Essa iniciativa está entrando em seu sexto ano de implementação e agora inclui 22 países e 1 380 centros de atenção primária à saúde. Os objetivos deste relatório são três. Primeiramente, ele descreve o surgimento e os principais elementos da Iniciativa HEARTS nas Américas. Em segundo lugar, resume as principais inovações desenvolvidas para catalisar e sustentar a implementação da iniciativa. Essas inovações incluem: a) introdução de fatores impulsionadores de controle da hipertensão; b) desenvolvimento de um caminho clínico abrangente e prático; c) desenvolvimento de uma estratégia para melhorar a exatidão da aferição da pressão arterial; d) criação de uma plataforma de monitoramento e avaliação; e e) desenvolvimento de um conjunto padronizado de recursos para treinamento e educação. Em terceiro lugar, este relatório discute as futuras prioridades da iniciativa. O objetivo de implementar essas soluções inovadoras e pragmáticas é criar um sistema de saúde mais eficaz e mudar o foco dos programas cardiovasculares e de hipertensão do nível de atendimento altamente especializado para a atenção primária à saúde. Além disso, a Iniciativa HEARTS nas Américas pode servir de modelo para práticas mais abrangentes, efetivas e susten- táveis de prevenção e tratamento de doenças não transmissíveis.

HEARTS in the Americas: innovations for improving hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk management in primary care.

Global Hearts is the flagship initiative of the World Health Organization to reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. HEARTS in the Americas Initiative is the regional adaptation that envisions HEARTS as the model for cardiovascular disease risk management, including hypertension and diabetes, in primary health care in the Americas by 2025. This initiative is entering its sixth year of implementation and now includes 22 countries and 1 380 primary health care centers. The objectives of this report are three-fold. First, it describes the emergence and the main elements of HEARTS in the Americas. Secondly, it summarizes the main innovations developed to catalyze and sustain implementation of the initiative. These innovations include: a) introduction of hypertension control drivers; b) development of a comprehensive and practical clinical pathway; c) development of a strategy to improve the accuracy of blood pressure measurement; d) creation of a monitoring and evaluation platform; and e) development of a standardized set of training and education resources. Thirdly, this report discusses future priorities of the initiative. The goal of implementing these innovative and pragmatic solutions is to create a more effective health system and shift the focus of cardiovascular and hypertension programs from the highly specialized care level to primary health care. In addition, HEARTS in the Americas can serve as a model for more comprehensive, effective, and sustainable noncommunicable disease prevention and treatment practices.

Global Hearts es la iniciativa emblemática de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para reducir la carga de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, la principal causa de muerte y discapacidad en todo el mundo. La iniciativa HEARTS en las Américas es la adaptación regional que propone HEARTS como modelo para el manejo del riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, incluida la hipertensión, y la diabetes en la atención primaria de salud en la Región de las Américas para el año 2025. Esta iniciativa está iniciando su sexto año de aplicación y ya incluye a 22 países y 1 380 centros de atención primaria de salud. Son tres los objetivos de este informe. En primer lugar, describir cómo surgió la iniciativa HEARTS en las Américas y cuáles son sus principales elementos. En segundo lugar, resumir las principales innovaciones logradas para catalizar la iniciativa y mantener su aplicación. Entre estas innovaciones se encuentran: a) la introducción de factores impulsores del control de la hipertensión; b) el desarrollo de una vía clínica integral y práctica; c) la elaboración de una estrategia para mejorar la precisión de la medición de la presión arterial; d) la creación de un marco de seguimiento y evaluación; y e) la elaboración de un conjunto estandarizado de recursos de capacitación y formación. En tercer lugar, en este informe se examinan las futuras prioridades de la iniciativa. El objetivo de poner en marcha estas soluciones innovadoras y pragmáticas es crear un sistema de salud más efectivo y trasladar el enfoque de los programas cardiovasculares y de hipertensión del nivel de atención altamente especializada a la atención primaria de salud. Además, HEARTS en las Américas puede servir como modelo para unas prácticas más integrales, efectivas y sostenibles en la prevención y el tratamiento de las enfermedades no transmisibles.

Global Hearts é a iniciativa mais importante da Organização Mundial da Saúde para reduzir a carga de doenças cardiovasculares, que são a principal causa de morte e incapacidade em todo o mundo. A iniciativa HEARTS nas Américas é a adaptação regional que pressupõe a HEARTS como o modelo para a gestão do risco de doenças cardiovasculares, incluindo hipertensão e diabetes, na atenção primária à saúde nas Américas até 2025. Essa iniciativa está entrando em seu sexto ano de implementação e agora inclui 22 países e 1 380 centros de atenção primária à saúde. Os objetivos deste relatório são três. Primeiramente, ele descreve o surgimento e os principais elementos da iniciativa HEARTS nas Américas. Em segundo lugar, resume as principais inovações desenvolvidas para catalisar e sustentar a implementação da iniciativa. Essas inovações incluem: a) introdução de fatores impulsionadores de controle da hipertensão; b) desenvolvimento de um caminho clínico abrangente e prático; c) desenvolvimento de uma estratégia para melhorar a exatidão da aferição da pressão arterial; d) criação de uma plataforma de monitoramento e avaliação; e e) desenvolvimento de um conjunto padronizado de recursos para treinamento e educação. Em terceiro lugar, este relatório discute as futuras prioridades da iniciativa. O objetivo de implementar essas soluções inovadoras e pragmáticas é criar um sistema de saúde mais eficaz e mudar o foco dos programas cardiovasculares e de hipertensão do nível de atendimento altamente especializado para a atenção primária à saúde. Além disso, a iniciativa HEARTS nas Américas pode servir de modelo para práticas mais abrangentes, efetivas e sustentáveis de prevenção e tratamento de doenças não transmissíveis.

Population attitude and access to the healthcare system during the COVID-19 pandemic / Actitud de la población y acceso al sistema de salud durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic elicited important changes in community habits and behaviors, including a distancing of people from the healthcare system. The objective of this work was to understand the causes that gave rise to changes in behavior from an individual perspective in the Argentine Republic. We performed a cross-sectional, web-based survey using an online questionnaire. The survey was distributed via the WhatsApp application for smartphones among subjects across the Argentine territory using a combination of convenience and snowball sampling. We received 6176 responses. Almost 70% of respondents manifested fear of visiting a physician. One third of respondents manifested having a desire or need in at least one occasion of visiting a physician but, of these, 48% avoided it. The main reasons for avoiding visits were: 1) a recommenda tion of staying home (40%); 2) lack of access to the physician (35%); and 3) fear of contagion (26%). The most common form of consultation was through unconventional means (e-mail, telephone, or WhatsApp). One of 5 respondents had difficulties to obtain a medication prescription and 5% stopped the use of at least one medica tion. Regarding healthy habits, almost 2/3 of those surveyed stated that they became more sedentary; 11% of hypertensive patients increased their consumption of salt and 15% saw their blood pressure values increase, while 16% of dyslipidemic patients showed increased consumption of fats.

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19 determinó un importante cambio de los hábitos y comportamientos comu nitarios, entre ellos se observó un distanciamiento de la gente del sistema de salud y el abandono de hábitos saludables. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comprender las causas que dieron lugar a dichos cambios de com portamiento desde una perspectiva individual y evaluar el impacto en el control de los factores de riesgo car diovasculares. Realizamos una encuesta utilizando un cuestionario en línea y distribuida mediante la aplicación WhatsApp entre personas de la Argentina utilizando una combinación de muestreo por conveniencia y en "bola de nieve". Recibimos 6176 respuestas, casi el 70% de los encuestados manifestaron temor de realizar una con sulta médica. Un tercio de los encuestados manifestó haber tenido necesidad de ir al médico en al menos una oportunidad desde el inicio de la pandemia, pero de éstos, el 48% evitó la visita. Las principales razones para evitarla: 1) la recomendación de quedarse en casa (40%); 2) dificultad para acceder al sistema de salud (35%); y 3) miedo al contagio (26%). La forma de consulta más común fue a través de medios no convencionales (correo electrónico, teléfono o WhatsApp). Uno de cada 5 encuestados tuvo dificultades para obtener una receta y el 5% dejó de tomar al menos un medicamento. En cuanto a los hábitos saludables, casi 2/3 de los encuestados afirmaron volverse más sedentarios, el 11% de los hipertensos aumentó su consumo de sal y el 15% aumentó sus valores de presión arterial, mientras que el 16% de los dislipidémicos mostró un mayor consumo de grasas.

Population attitude and access to the healthcare system during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic elicited important changes in community habits and behaviors, including a distancing of people from the healthcare system. The objective of this work was to understand the causes that gave rise to changes in behavior from an individual perspective in the Argentine Republic. We performed a cross-sectional, web-based survey using an online questionnaire. The survey was distributed via the WhatsApp application for smartphones among subjects across the Argentine territory using a combination of convenience and snowball sampling. We received 6176 responses. Almost 70% of respondents manifested fear of visiting a physician. One third of respondents manifested having a desire or need in at least one occasion of visiting a physician but, of these, 48% avoided it. The main reasons for avoiding visits were: 1) a recommendation of staying home (40%); 2) lack of access to the physician (35%); and 3) fear of contagion (26%). The most common form of consultation was through unconventional means (e-mail, telephone, or WhatsApp). One of 5 respondents had difficulties to obtain a medication prescription and 5% stopped the use of at least one medication. Regarding healthy habits, almost 2/3 of those surveyed stated that they became more sedentary; 11% of hypertensive patients increased their consumption of salt and 15% saw their blood pressure values increase, while 16% of dyslipidemic patients showed increased consumption of fats.

La pandemia de COVID-19 determinó un importante cambio de los hábitos y comportamientos comunitarios, entre ellos se observó un distanciamiento de la gente del sistema de salud y el abandono de hábitos saludables. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comprender las causas que dieron lugar a dichos cambios de comportamiento desde una perspectiva individual y evaluar el impacto en el control de los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares. Realizamos una encuesta utilizando un cuestionario en línea y distribuida mediante la aplicación WhatsApp entre personas de la Argentina utilizando una combinación de muestreo por conveniencia y en "bola de nieve". Recibimos 6176 respuestas, casi el 70% de los encuestados manifestaron temor de realizar una consulta médica. Un tercio de los encuestados manifestó haber tenido necesidad de ir al médico en al menos una oportunidad desde el inicio de la pandemia, pero de éstos, el 48% evitó la visita. Las principales razones para evitarla: 1) la recomendación de quedarse en casa (40%); 2) difi cultad para acceder al sistema de salud (35%); y 3) miedo al contagio (26%). La forma de consulta más común fue a través de medios no convencionales (correo electrónico, teléfono o WhatsApp). Uno de cada 5 encuestados tuvo dificultades para obtener una receta y el 5% dejó de tomar al menos un medicamento. En cuanto a los hábitos saludables, casi 2/3 de los encuestados afirmaron volverse más sedentarios, el 11% de los hipertensos aumentó su consumo de sal y el 15% aumentó sus valores de presión arterial, mientras que el 16% de los dislipidémicos mostró un mayor consumo de grasas.

HEARTS in the Americas: innovations for improving hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk management in primary care / HEARTS en las Américas: innovaciones para mejorar el manejo del riesgo de hipertensión y enfermedades cardiovasculares en la atención primaria / HEARTS nas Américas: inovações para melhorar a gestão do risco de hipertensão e de doenças cardiovasculares na atenção primária

Abstract Global Hearts is the flagship initiative of the World Health Organization to reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. HEARTS in the Americas Initiative is the regional adaptation that envisions HEARTS as the model for cardiovascular disease risk management, including hypertension and diabetes, in primary health care in the Americas by 2025. This initiative is entering its sixth year of implementation and now includes 22 countries and 1 380 primary health care centers. The objectives of this report are three-fold. First, it describes the emergence and the main elements of HEARTS in the Americas. Secondly, it summarizes the main innovations developed to catalyze and sustain implementation of the initiative. These innovations include: a) introduction of hypertension control drivers; b) development of a comprehensive and practical clinical pathway; c) development of a strategy to improve the accuracy of blood pressure measurement; d) creation of a monitoring and evaluation platform; and e) development of a standardized set of training and education resources. Thirdly, this report discusses future priorities of the initiative. The goal of implementing these innovative and pragmatic solutions is to create a more effective health system and shift the focus of cardiovascular and hypertension programs from the highly specialized care level to primary health care. In addition, HEARTS in the Americas can serve as a model for more comprehensive, effective, and sustainable noncommunicable disease prevention and treatment practices.

RESUMEN Global Hearts es la iniciativa emblemática de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para reducir la carga de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, la principal causa de muerte y discapacidad en todo el mundo. La iniciativa HEARTS en las Américas es la adaptación regional que propone HEARTS como modelo para el manejo del riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, incluida la hipertensión, y la diabetes en la atención primaria de salud en la Región de las Américas para el año 2025. Esta iniciativa está iniciando su sexto año de aplicación y ya incluye a 22 países y 1 380 centros de atención primaria de salud. Son tres los objetivos de este informe. En primer lugar, describir cómo surgió la iniciativa HEARTS en las Américas y cuáles son sus principales elementos. En segundo lugar, resumir las principales innovaciones logradas para catalizar la iniciativa y mantener su aplicación. Entre estas innovaciones se encuentran: a) la introducción de factores impulsores del control de la hipertensión; b) el desarrollo de una vía clínica integral y práctica; c) la elaboración de una estrategia para mejorar la precisión de la medición de la presión arterial; d) la creación de un marco de seguimiento y evaluación; y e) la elaboración de un conjunto estandarizado de recursos de capacitación y formación. En tercer lugar, en este informe se examinan las futuras prioridades de la iniciativa. El objetivo de poner en marcha estas soluciones innovadoras y pragmáticas es crear un sistema de salud más efectivo y trasladar el enfoque de los programas cardiovasculares y de hipertensión del nivel de atención altamente especializada a la atención primaria de salud. Además, HEARTS en las Américas puede servir como modelo para unas prácticas más integrales, efectivas y sostenibles en la prevención y el tratamiento de las enfermedades no transmisibles.

RESUMO Global Hearts é a iniciativa mais importante da Organização Mundial da Saúde para reduzir a carga de doenças cardiovasculares, que são a principal causa de morte e incapacidade em todo o mundo. A iniciativa HEARTS nas Américas é a adaptação regional que pressupõe a HEARTS como o modelo para a gestão do risco de doenças cardiovasculares, incluindo hipertensão e diabetes, na atenção primária à saúde nas Américas até 2025. Essa iniciativa está entrando em seu sexto ano de implementação e agora inclui 22 países e 1 380 centros de atenção primária à saúde. Os objetivos deste relatório são três. Primeiramente, ele descreve o surgimento e os principais elementos da iniciativa HEARTS nas Américas. Em segundo lugar, resume as principais inovações desenvolvidas para catalisar e sustentar a implementação da iniciativa. Essas inovações incluem: a) introdução de fatores impulsionadores de controle da hipertensão; b) desenvolvimento de um caminho clínico abrangente e prático; c) desenvolvimento de uma estratégia para melhorar a exatidão da aferição da pressão arterial; d) criação de uma plataforma de monitoramento e avaliação; e e) desenvolvimento de um conjunto padronizado de recursos para treinamento e educação. Em terceiro lugar, este relatório discute as futuras prioridades da iniciativa. O objetivo de implementar essas soluções inovadoras e pragmáticas é criar um sistema de saúde mais eficaz e mudar o foco dos programas cardiovasculares e de hipertensão do nível de atendimento altamente especializado para a atenção primária à saúde. Além disso, a iniciativa HEARTS nas Américas pode servir de modelo para práticas mais abrangentes, efetivas e sustentáveis de prevenção e tratamento de doenças não transmissíveis.

Standardized treatment to improve hypertension control in primary health care: The HEARTS in the Americas Initiative.

Hypertension is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide. Despite the availability of effective antihypertensive medications, the control of hypertension at a global level is dismal, and consequently, the CVD burden continues to increase. In response, countries in Latin America and the Caribbean are implementing the HEARTS in the Americas, a community-based program that focuses on increasing hypertension control and CVD secondary prevention through risk factor mitigation. One key pillar is the implementation of a standardized hypertension treatment protocol supported by a small, high-quality formulary. This manuscript describes the methodology used by the HEARTS in the Americas program to implement a population-based standardized hypertension treatment protocol. It is rooted in a seamless transition from existing treatment practices to best practice using pharmacologic protocols built around a core set of ideal antihypertensive medications. In alignment with recent major hypertension guidelines, the HEARTS in the Americas protocols call for the rapid control of blood pressure, through the use of two antihypertensive medications, preferably in the form of a single pill, fixed-dose combination, in the initial treatment of hypertension. To date, the HEARTS in the Americas program has seen the improvement in antihypertensive medication formularies and the establishment of pharmacologic treatment protocols tailored to individual participating countries. This has translated to significant increases in hypertension control rates post-program implementation in these jurisdictions. Thus, the HEARTS in the Americas program could serve as a model, for not only the Americas Region but globally, and ultimately decrease the burden of CVD.

Clinical Perspective on Antihypertensive Drug Treatment in Adults With Grade 1 Hypertension and Low-to-Moderate Cardiovascular Risk: An International Expert Consultation.

Hypertension is a leading risk factor for disease burden globally. An unresolved question is whether grade 1 hypertension (140-159/90-99mmHg) with low (cardiovascular mortality <1% at 10 years) to moderate (cardiovascular mortality ≥1% and <5% at 10 years) absolute total cardiovascular risk (CVR) should be treated with antihypertensive agents. A virtual international consultation process was undertaken to summarize the opinions of select experts. After holistic analysis of all epidemiological, clinical, psychosocial, and public health elements, this consultation process reached the following consensus in hypertensive adults aged <80 years: (1) The question of whether drug treatment in grade 1 should be preceded by a period of some weeks or months during which only lifestyle measures are recommended cannot be evidence based, but the consensus opinion is to have a period of lifestyle alone reserved only to patients with grade 1 "isolated" hypertension (grade 1 uncomplicated hypertension with low absolute total CVR, and without other major CVR factors and risk modifiers). (2) The initiation of antihypertensive drug therapy in grade 1 hypertension with moderate absolute total CVR should not be delayed. (3) Men ≥55 years and women ≥60 years with uncomplicated grade 1 hypertension should automatically be classified within the moderate absolute total CVR category, even in the absence of other major CVR factors and risk modifiers. (4) Statins should be considered along with blood-pressure lowering therapy, irrespective of cholesterol levels, in patients with grade 1 hypertensive with moderate CVR.

The Heart of 25 by 25: Achieving the Goal of Reducing Global and Regional Premature Deaths From Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke: A Modeling Study From the American Heart Association and World Heart Federation.

In 2011, the United Nations set key targets to reach by 2025 to reduce the risk of premature noncommunicable disease death by 25% by 2025. With cardiovascular disease being the largest contributor to global mortality, accounting for nearly half of the 36 million annual noncommunicable disease deaths, achieving the 2025 goal requires that cardiovascular disease and its risk factors be aggressively addressed. The Global Cardiovascular Disease Taskforce, comprising the World Heart Federation, American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology Foundation, European Heart Network, and European Society of Cardiology, with expanded representation from Asia, Africa, and Latin America, along with global cardiovascular disease experts, disseminates information and approaches to reach the United Nations 2025 targets. The writing committee, which reflects Global Cardiovascular Disease Taskforce membership, engaged the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, to develop region-specific estimates of premature cardiovascular mortality in 2025 based on various scenarios. Results show that >5 million premature CVD deaths among men and 2.8 million among women are projected worldwide by 2025, which can be reduced to 3.5 million and 2.2 million, respectively, if risk factor targets for blood pressure, tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, and obesity are achieved. However, global risk factor targets have various effects, depending on region. For most regions, United Nations targets for reducing systolic blood pressure and tobacco use have more substantial effects on future scenarios compared with maintaining current levels of body mass index and fasting plasma glucose. However, preventing increases in body mass index has the largest effect in some high-income countries. An approach achieving reductions in multiple risk factors has the largest impact for almost all regions. Achieving these goals can be accomplished only if countries set priorities, implement cost-effective population wide strategies, and collaborate in public-private partnerships across multiple sectors.

The Heart of 25 by 25: Achieving the Goal of Reducing Global and Regional Premature Deaths From Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke: A Modeling Study From the American Heart Association and World Heart Federation.

In 2011, the United Nations set key targets to reach by 2025 to reduce the risk of premature noncommunicable disease death by 25% by 2025. With cardiovascular disease being the largest contributor to global mortality, accounting for nearly half of the 36 million annual noncommunicable disease deaths, achieving the 2025 goal requires that cardiovascular disease and its risk factors be aggressively addressed. The Global Cardiovascular Disease Taskforce, comprising the World Heart Federation, American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology Foundation, European Heart Network, and European Society of Cardiology, with expanded representation from Asia, Africa, and Latin America, along with global cardiovascular disease experts, disseminates information and approaches to reach the United Nations 2025 targets. The writing committee, which reflects Global Cardiovascular Disease Taskforce membership, engaged the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, to develop region-specific estimates of premature cardiovascular mortality in 2025 based on various scenarios. Results show that >5 million premature CVD deaths among men and 2.8 million among women are projected worldwide by 2025, which can be reduced to 3.5 million and 2.2 million, respectively, if risk factor targets for blood pressure, tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, and obesity are achieved. However, global risk factor targets have various effects, depending on region. For most regions, United Nations targets for reducing systolic blood pressure and tobacco use have more substantial effects on future scenarios compared with maintaining current levels of body mass index and fasting plasma glucose. However, preventing increases in body mass index has the largest effect in some high-income countries. An approach achieving reductions in multiple risk factors has the largest impact for almost all regions. Achieving these goals can be accomplished only if countries set priorities, implement cost-effective population wide strategies, and collaborate in public-private partnerships across multiple sectors.

Effects of presenting risk information in different formats to cardiologists. A Latin American survey / Encuesta sobre los efectos de la presentación de los riesgos y beneficios en distintos formatos a cardiólogos latinoamericanos

Objective: Previous publications demonstrated that the presentation of treatment benefits in terms of relative risk reduction (RRR) rather than in terms of absolute risk reduction (ARR) or number of patients to treat (NNT) might favor the perception of outcome effectiveness. The objective was to perform a cognitive evaluation to assess how the manner in which risks and benefits of screening methods and treatments are presented can affect medical care decision-taking in a sample of cardiologists. Methods: Four-hundred and six Latin American cardiologists answered a questionnaire reporting the results of clinical trials presented as RRR, ARR or NNT, associated or not to biased graphs. Results: Cardiologists' decision-taking was different when comparing treatment benefits presented as RRR (62.2%) vs. ARR (40.4%) (p = 0.000000), and as RRR vs. NNT (44.4%) (p = 0.000000). However, their decision-taking was similar when information was presented as NNT or ARR (p = 0.073). The inclusion of biased graphs was misinterpreted as an actual data difference (RRR: 61.6% vs. ARR: 14.0%, p = 0.000000). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that Latin American cardiologists could misinterpret statistical data when information of clinical trials is presented in terms of RRR. We emphasize the need to enhance cardiologists' training in quantitative techniques, to improve medical care decision-making.

Objetivo: Publicaciones previas demostraron que la presentación de los beneficios terapéuticos en términos de reducción del riesgo relativo (RRR) en lugar de en términos de reducción del riesgo absoluto (RRA) o número necesario a tratar (NNT) favorecería la percepción de que los resultados son más efectivos. El objetivo fue realizar una evaluación en una muestra de cardiólogos para determinar cómo afecta a la decisión médica la manera como se presentan los riesgos y beneficios de métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos. Métodos: Cuatrocientos seis cardiólogos latinoamericanos respondieron a un cuestionario que contenía los resultados de ensayos clínicos como RRR, RRA y/o NNT, asociados o no a gráficos sesgados. Resultados: La toma de decisión de los cardiólogos fue diferente al comparar los beneficios terapéuticos presentados como RRR (62.2%) vs. RRA (40.4%) (p = 0.000000), y como RRR vs. NNT (44.4%) (p = 0.000000); sin embargo, fue similar cuando la información se presentó como NNT o RRA (p = 0.073). La inclusión de gráficos sesgados fue malinterpretada como una diferencia real (RRR: 61.6% vs. RRA: 14.0%, p = 0.000000). Conclusiones: Se demostró que los cardiólogos latinoamericanos podrían confundir resultados estadísticos cuando la información de los ensayos clínicos se presenta como RRR. Hacemos hincapié en la necesidad de entrenar a los cardiólogos en las técnicas cuantitativas para mejorar la toma de decisiones.

Effects of presenting risk information in different formats to cardiologists. A Latin American survey.

OBJECTIVE: Previous publications demonstrated that the presentation of treatment benefits in terms of relative risk reduction (RRR) rather than in terms of absolute risk reduction (ARR) or number of patients to treat (NNT) might favor the perception of outcome effectiveness. The objective was to perform a cognitive evaluation to assess how the manner in which risks and benefits of screening methods and treatments are presented can affect medical care decision-taking in a sample of cardiologists. METHODS: Four-hundred and six Latin American cardiologists answered a questionnaire reporting the results of clinical trials presented as RRR, ARR or NNT, associated or not to biased graphs. RESULTS: Cardiologists' decision-taking was different when comparing treatment benefits presented as RRR (62.2%) vs. ARR (40.4%) (p=0.000000), and as RRR vs. NNT (44.4%) (p=0.000000). However, their decision-taking was similar when information was presented as NNT or ARR (p=0.073). The inclusion of biased graphs was misinterpreted as an actual data difference (RRR: 61.6% vs. ARR: 14.0%, p=0.000000). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that Latin American cardiologists could misinterpret statistical data when information of clinical trials is presented in terms of RRR. We emphasize the need to enhance cardiologists' training in quantitative techniques, to improve medical care decision-making.

Encuesta sobre el uso de Guías de Práctica Clínica en cardiólogos de Latinoamérica / Survey on Clinical Practice Guidelines Use among Latin American Cardiologists / Survey on Clinical Practice Guidelines Use among Latin American Cardiologist Background

Introducción No obstante el amplio consenso acerca de los beneficios devenidos de la aplicación de Guías de Práctica Clínica (GPC) en la atención de pacientes y de su adopción por cada vez más países, incluso de Latinoamérica, su traslación a la práctica se encuentra por debajo de lo esperado. La falla en la implementación de las GPC está ligada a varios factores, entre los cuales se encuentra la falta de adherencia de los médicos. Objetivos Estimar la tasa de uso de Guías de Práctica Clínica (GPC) y conocer las objeciones a ellas entre cardiólogos latinoamericanos. Material y métodos Se realizó una encuesta anónima por correo electrónico en una muestra aleatoria del 10% de cardiólogos hispanohablantes de la Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiología. Se relevaron datos demográficos, uso de GPC y objeciones respecto de ellas. Entre los supuestos del estudio se consideró que la mayoría respondería positivamente ante la pregunta del uso de GPC; en cambio, se supuso que también manifestarían críticas y limitaciones de las GPC si se les indujera a ello. Resultados De 1.197 encuestados se obtuvo respuesta de 952. El 91,5% refirió que utilizaba GPC; de éstos, el 75,8% (660/871) recurría a GPC extranjeras y locales, mientras que el 24,2% sólo usaba GPC locales. El 58,2% de los encuestados refirió al menos una objeción a la calidad o utilidad de las GPC. Las críticas más comunes fueron que las guías proponían el uso de recursos no disponibles en los lugares de trabajo (11,5%), que recomendaban métodos no pasibles de utilizar por falta de cobertura (9,2%) y que no representaban la realidad de los pacientes asistidos (7,7%). Entre los encuestados que no las utilizaban, el 22,2% refirió que desconocía las últimas GPC. Conclusiones Si bien el uso de GPC es alto, la presencia de objeciones vinculadas a su utilidad constituye una barrera para mejorar la adherencia de los cardiólogos a ellas. Estos datos deben tenerse en cuenta para mejorar la confección, la difusión y la implementación de GPC en Latinoamérica.

There is a broad consensus about the benefits of applying Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) as a standard of care and most countries, even in Latin America; however, the applicability of CPGs to medical practice is lower than expected. The failure in the implementation of CPGs is due to several factors, including physicians' lack of adherence. Objectives To estimate the utilization rate of CPGs and to know the objections of Latin American cardiologists against them. Material and Methods We conducted an anonymous email survey among 10% of the Spanish-speaking members of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology that were randomly selected. The questions included demographic data, use of CPGs and objections to use them. We assumed that most of the respondents would make a positive answer when asked about the use CPGs; yet, we also assumed that they would criticize and comment the limitations of CPGs if they were induced to do so. Results The survey was responded by 952 of the 1197 cardiologists selected. The utilization rate of CPGs was 91.5%; 75.8% (660/871) used foreign and local guidelines, while 24.2% only used local CPGs. 58.2% of survey respondents had at least one objection to the quality or usefulness of CPGs. The most common complaints were that the guidelines proposed the use of resources that were not always available (11.5%), recommended impractical strategies due to lack of medical coverage (9.2%) and did not represent the patients in real practice (7.7%). Among those who did not use CPGs, 22.2% did not know the last guidelines published. Conclusions Although the utilization of CPGs is high, the objections about their usefulness constitute a barrier to improve the adherence of cardiologists to use them. These data should be considered to improve the production, diffusion and implementation of CPGs in Latin America.

The production of articles on cardiology from Latin America in Medline indexed journals.

INTRODUCTION: Latin America has dramatically increased the number of articles Publisher from 1995 to 2002, but the individual contribution of each country appears to be very unequal. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the production of articles on Cardiology research published in Latin American countries in the past years in international journals. METHODS: A bibliography search was carried out throughout PubMed in regards to biomedical articles in general and on Cardiology in particular, corresponding to the period 1987-2006. RESULTS: A total of 106,871 biomedical articles was identified, and 11,416 on Cardiology published between 1997 and 2006 by Latin American countries. This corresponds to 10.6% of articles on cardiovascular disease over the total. Brazil, Mexico and Argentina contributed with 80% of the publications in Latin America in the same period. The magnitude of growth since 1987 was between 5.9- and 15-fold for these countries. In regards to Brazil, since 1998 a significant increased number of publications was noted compared to Mexico and Argentina (P=0.0001). The impact factor of the journals where each country published during 2006 showed that it was in average higher in the publications from Chile and Argentina compared to Brazil and Mexico (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The scientific production in Cardiology from Latin America shows dramatic differences among the countries, and Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina alone provide 80% of the publications. Brazil seems to have led the region for 20 years, especially since 1998. From the quality of the articles point of view, considering the impact factor, Chile and Argentina appear to be better positioned.

The production of articles on cardiology from Latin America in Medline indexed journals / La producción de artículos cardiológicos latinoamericanos indizados en Medline

Introduction: Latin America has dramatically increased the number of articles published from 1995 to 2002, but the individual contribution of each country appears to be very unequal. Objectives: To analyze the production of articles on Cardiology research published in Latin American countries in the past years in international journals. Methods: A bibliography search was carried out throughout PubMed in regards to biomedical articles in general and on Cardiology in particular, corresponding to the period 1987 - 2006. Results: A total of 106 871 biomedical articles was identified, and 11 416 on Cardiology published between 1997 and 2006 by Latin American countries. This corresponds to 10.6% of articles on cardiovascular disease over the total. Brazil, Mexico and Argentina contributed with 80% of the publications in Latin America in the same period. The magnitude of growth since 1987 was between 5.9- and 15-fold for these countries. In regards to Brazil, since 1998 a significant increased number of publications was noted compared to Mexico and Argentina (P = 0.0001). The impact factor of the journals where each country published during 2006 showed that it was in average higher in the publications from Chile and Argentina compared to Brazil and Mexico (P <0.001). Conclusions: The scientific production in Cardiology from Latin America shows dramatic differences among the countries, and Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina alone provide 80% of the publications. Brazil seems to have led the region for 20 years, especially since 1998. From the quality of the articles point of view, considering the impact factor, Chile and Argentina appear to be better positioned.

Introducción: La estimación de la producción científica en enfermedades cardiovasculares indica que América Latina incrementó el número de artículos publicados desde 1995 hasta 2002, pero la contribución individual de cada país parece ser desigual. Objetivo: Analizar la producción de artículos de investigación cardiológica publicados por los países latinoamericanos en revistas internacionales. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed de artículos biomédicos y cardiológicos. Correspondientes al periodo de 1987 a 2006. Resultados: Se identificaron 106 871 artículos biomédicos y 11 416 cardiológicos (10.6%) publicados entre 1997 y 2006 por países latinoamericanos. En orden de importancia, Brasil, México y Argentina contribuyeron con 80% de las publicaciones. La magnitud del crecimiento de los artículos cardiológicos desde 1987 estuvo entre 5.9 y 15 veces para estos tres países. En Brasil se observó a partir de 1998, un aumento significativo del número de publicaciones con respecto a México y Argentina (P = 0.0001). El factor de impacto de las revistas en que publicaron sus artículos cardiológicos cada país durante 2006 mostró que éste fue en promedio superior en las publicaciones de Chile y Argentina con respecto a Brasil y México (P <0.001). Conclusiones: La producción científica cardiológica de América Latina tiene marcadas diferencias entre los países, y solamente Brasil, México y Argentina aportan 80% de lo publicado. Brasil lidera la región desde hace 20 años; en cuanto al factor de impacto, Chile y Argentina parecen estar mejor posicionados. Esta información serviría para conocer la situación individual de cada país y para establecer políticas de promoción científica.