Correction to: A practical algorithmic approach to mature aggressive B cell lymphoma diagnosis in the double/triple hit era: selecting cases, matching clinical benefit.

The first and family names of the authors were interchanged and are now presented correctly. The original article has been corrected.

A practical algorithmic approach to mature aggressive B cell lymphoma diagnosis in the double/triple hit era: selecting cases, matching clinical benefit : A position paper from the Italian Group of Haematopathology (G.I.E.).

An accurate diagnosis of clinically distinct subgroups of aggressive mature B cell lymphomas is crucial for the choice of proper treatment. Presently, precise recognition of these disorders relies on the combination of morphological, immunophenotypical, and cytogenetic/molecular features. The diagnostic workup in such situations implies the application of costly and time-consuming analyses, which are not always required, since an intensified treatment option is reasonably reserved to fit patients. The Italian Group of Haematopathology proposes herein a practical algorithm for the diagnosis of aggressive mature B cell lymphomas based on a stepwise approach, aimed to select cases deserving molecular analysis, in order to optimize time and resources still assuring the optimal management for any patient.

Dissection of DLBCL microenvironment provides a gene expression-based predictor of survival applicable to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue.

Background: Gene expression profiling (GEP) studies recognized a prognostic role for tumor microenvironment (TME) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), but the routinely adoption of prognostic stromal signatures remains limited. Patients and methods: Here, we applied the computational method CIBERSORT to generate a 1028-gene matrix incorporating signatures of 17 immune and stromal cytotypes. Then, we carried out a deconvolution on publicly available GEP data of 482 untreated DLBCLs to reveal associations between clinical outcomes and proportions of putative tumor-infiltrating cell types. Forty-five genes related to peculiar prognostic cytotypes were selected and their expression digitally quantified by NanoString technology on a validation set of 175 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded DLBCLs from two randomized trials. Data from an unsupervised clustering analysis were used to build a model of clustering assignment, whose prognostic value was also assessed on an independent cohort of 40 cases. All tissue samples consisted of pretreatment biopsies of advanced-stage DLBCLs treated by comparable R-CHOP/R-CHOP-like regimens. Results: In silico analysis demonstrated that higher proportion of myofibroblasts (MFs), dendritic cells, and CD4+ T cells correlated with better outcomes and the expression of genes in our panel is associated with a risk of overall and progression-free survival. In a multivariate Cox model, the microenvironment genes retained high prognostic performance independently of the cell-of-origin (COO), and integration of the two prognosticators (COO + TME) improved survival prediction in both validation set and independent cohort. Moreover, the major contribution of MF-related genes to the panel and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis suggested a strong influence of extracellular matrix determinants in DLBCL biology. Conclusions: Our study identified new prognostic categories of DLBCL, providing an easy-to-apply gene panel that powerfully predicts patients' survival. Moreover, owing to its relationship with specific stromal and immune components, the panel may acquire a predictive relevance in clinical trials exploring new drugs with known impact on TME.

Understanding CD30 biology and therapeutic targeting: a historical perspective providing insight into future directions.

CD30 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. It is characteristically expressed in certain hematopoietic malignancies, including anaplastic large cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma, among others. The variable expression of CD30 on both normal and malignant lymphoid cells has focused research efforts on understanding the pathogenesis of CD30 upregulation, its contribution to lymphomagenesis through anti-apoptotic mechanisms, and its effect on cell survival. Given the restriction of CD30 to certain tumor types, the logical extension of this has been to attempt to exploit it as a therapeutic target. The efficacy of naked anti-CD30 antibodies in practice was, however, modest. Moreover, combinations with bacterial toxins and radioimmunoconjugates have also had limited success. The development of the antibody-drug compound brentuximab vedotin (BV), however, has rejuvenated interest in CD30 as a tumor target. Phase I and II clinical trials in Hodgkin lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, and even CD30-expressing B-cell lymphomas, have shown the compound is well tolerated, but more importantly, able to deliver meaningful disease control even in patients with multiply relapsed or refractory disease. FDA approval has been granted for its use in relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma and systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma. A recent phase III trial of BV in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma has confirmed its superiority to standard of care therapies. In this manuscript, we explore the history of CD30 as a tumor marker and as a therapeutic target, both in the laboratory and in the clinic, with a view to understanding future avenues for further study.

Pelvic myeloid sarcoma: a multidisciplinary approach.

Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a rare tumor mass derived from the extramedullary proliferation of blasts of one or more of myeloid lineages. It usually occurs at an anatomical site other than the bone marrow (BM). Among the anatomical site which may be involved, female genital tract is a rare localization. When MS follows a previous history of myeloid pathology it is usually associated to a poor prognosis. To date this disease was managed with exploratory laparotomy or with surgical debulking. The authors report a case of laparosc6pic diagnosis of a pelvic myeloid sarcoma in a patient previously affected by acute mycloid leukemia, evidencing the importance of minimally invasive diagnosis and subsequent multidisciplinary management.

A novel patient-derived tumorgraft model with TRAF1-ALK anaplastic large-cell lymphoma translocation.

Although anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (ALCL) carrying anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) have a relatively good prognosis, aggressive forms exist. We have identified a novel translocation, causing the fusion of the TRAF1 and ALK genes, in one patient who presented with a leukemic ALK+ ALCL (ALCL-11). To uncover the mechanisms leading to high-grade ALCL, we developed a human patient-derived tumorgraft (hPDT) line. Molecular characterization of primary and PDT cells demonstrated the activation of ALK and nuclear factor kB (NFkB) pathways. Genomic studies of ALCL-11 showed the TP53 loss and the in vivo subclonal expansion of lymphoma cells, lacking PRDM1/Blimp1 and carrying c-MYC gene amplification. The treatment with proteasome inhibitors of TRAF1-ALK cells led to the downregulation of p50/p52 and lymphoma growth inhibition. Moreover, a NFkB gene set classifier stratified ALCL in distinct subsets with different clinical outcome. Although a selective ALK inhibitor (CEP28122) resulted in a significant clinical response of hPDT mice, nevertheless the disease could not be eradicated. These data indicate that the activation of NFkB signaling contributes to the neoplastic phenotype of TRAF1-ALK ALCL. ALCL hPDTs are invaluable tools to validate the role of druggable molecules, predict therapeutic responses and implement patient specific therapies.

Pathogenetic and diagnostic significance of microRNA deregulation in peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified.

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas not otherwise specified (PTCLs/NOS) are rare and aggressive tumours whose molecular pathogenesis and diagnosis are still challenging. The microRNA (miRNA) profile of 23 PTCLs/NOS was generated and compared with that of normal T-lymphocytes (CD4+, CD8+, naive, activated). The differentially expressed miRNA signature was compared with the gene expression profile (GEP) of the same neoplasms. The obtained gene patterns were tested in an independent cohort of PTCLs/NOS. The miRNA profile of PTCLs/NOS then was compared with that of 10 angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas (AITLs), 6 anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (ALCLs)/ALK+ and 6 ALCLs/ALK-. Differentially expressed miRNAs were validated in an independent set of 20 PTCLs/NOS, 20 AITLs, 19 ALCLs/ALK- and 15 ALCLs/ALK+. Two hundred and thirty-six miRNAs were found to differentiate PTCLs/NOS from activated T-lymphocytes. To assess which miRNAs impacted on GEP, a multistep analysis was performed, which identified all miRNAs inversely correlated to different potential target genes. One of the most discriminant miRNAs was selected and its expression was found to affect the global GEP of the tumours. Moreover, two sets of miRNAs were identified distinguishing PTCL/NOS from AITL and ALCL/ALK-, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of this tool was very high (83.54%) and its prognostic value validated.

SIE-SIES-GITMO guidelines for the management of adult peripheral T- and NK-cell lymphomas, excluding mature T-cell leukaemias.

BACKGROUND: In order to promote widespread adoption of appropriate clinical practice, the Italian Society of Hematology (SIE), and the affiliate societies SIES (Italian Society of Experimental Hematology) and GITMO (Italian Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation) established to produce guidelines in the most relevant hematological areas. In this article, we report the recommendations for management of T/NK-cell lymphomas, excluding mature T-cell leukaemias. DESIGN: By using the Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system, we produced evidence-based recommendations for the key clinical questions that needed to be addressed by a critical appraisal of evidence. The consensus methodology was applied to evidence-orphan issues. RESULTS: Six courses of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP) or cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, etoposide and prednisone (CHOEP) chemotherapy were recommended for first-line therapy of patients with nodal, intestinal or hepatosplenic T-cell lymphomas (evidence: low; recommendation: do, weak). Except for ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma and elderly unfit patients, consolidation with high-dose chemotherapy was recommended (evidence: low; recommendation: do, weak). 50 Gy radiotherapy was the recommended first-line therapy for localized extranodal T/NK-cell lymphoma nasal type (evidence: low; recommendation: do, strong), while l-asparaginase-containing chemotherapy regimens were recommended for patients with systemic disease (evidence: very low; recommendation: do, strong). CONCLUSION: In adult T/NK-cell lymphomas, GRADE methodology was applicable to a limited number of key therapeutic issues. For the remaining key issues, due to lack of appraisable evidence, recommendations was based on consensus methodology.

Intensified chemo-immunotherapy with or without stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma.

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) receiving conventional treatment have a poor clinical outcome. We conducted a phase II study to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of chemo-immunotherapy in young (⩽60 years old, Clin A study) and elderly (>60 and < or =75 years old, Clin B study) patients with newly diagnosed PTCL. Clin A patients (n=61) received two courses of CHOP (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, prednisone)-21 with alemtuzumab (AL, 30 mg) followed by two courses of high-dose chemotherapy. On the basis of donor availability, patients in response received allogeneic (allo) or autologous (auto) stem cell transplantation (SCT). Clin B patients (n=25) received six courses of CHOP-21 and AL (10 mg). Clin A responding patients were 38 of 61 (62%) and received alloSCT (n=23) or autoSCT (n=14); one complete remission (CR) patient was not transplanted. At a median follow-up of 40 months, the 4-year overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 49, 44 and 65%, respectively. In Clin B study, the response rate was 72%. At a median follow-up of 48 months, the 4-year OS, PFS and DFS rates were 31, 26 and 44%, respectively. In conclusion, front-line alloSCT or autoSCT is effective in prolonging DFS in young patients; AL in elderly improved response with no survival benefit.

Molecular profiling of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm reveals a unique pattern and suggests selective sensitivity to NF-kB pathway inhibition.

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare disease of controversial origin recently recognized as a neoplasm deriving from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Nevertheless, it remains an orphan tumor with obscure biology and dismal prognosis. To better understand the pathobiology of BPDCN and discover new targets for effective therapies, the gene expression profile (GEP) of 25 BPDCN samples was analyzed and compared with that of pDCs, their postulated normal counterpart. Validation was performed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), whereas functional experiments were carried out ex vivo. For the first time at the molecular level, we definitely recognized the cellular derivation of BPDCN that proved to originate from the myeloid lineage and in particular, from resting pDCs. Furthermore, thanks to an integrated bioinformatic approach we discovered aberrant activation of the NF-kB pathway and suggested it as a novel therapeutic target. We tested the efficacy of anti-NF-kB-treatment on the BPDCN cell line CAL-1, and successfully demonstrated by GEP and IHC the molecular shutoff of the NF-kB pathway. In conclusion, we identified a molecular signature representative of the transcriptional abnormalities of BPDCN and developed a cellular model proposing a novel therapeutic approach in the setting of this otherwise incurable disease.

Platelet-derived growth factor alpha mediates the proliferation of peripheral T-cell lymphoma cells via an autocrine regulatory pathway.

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas not otherwise specified (PTCL/NOS) are very aggressive tumors characterized by consistent aberrant expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). In this study, we aimed to identify the determinants of PDGFRA activity in PTCL/NOS and to elucidate the biological consequences of its activation. We observed overexpression of the PDGFRA gene by gene expression profiling in most of the tested PTCLs and confirmed the expression of PDGFRA and phospho-PDGFRA using immunohistochemistry. The integrity of the PDFGRA locus was demonstrated using several different approaches, including massive parallel sequencing and Sanger sequencing. PDGF-AA was found to be expressed and secreted by PTCL/NOS cells and to be necessary and sufficient for PDGFRA phosphorylation ex vivo by sustaining an autocrine stimulation. We documented consistently high PDGF-A expression in primary biopsies and patients' plasma and tracked PDGFRA signaling in primary tumors, achieving evidence of its activation. Indeed, we found that STAT1 and STAT5 are implicated in PDGFRA signaling transduction. Finally, we demonstrated that PDGFRA activation supported tumor cell proliferation and provided the first evidence of the anti-lymphoma activity of PDGRA inhibition in a PTCL/NOS patient. Altogether, our data demonstrated that PDGFRA activity fosters PTCL/NOS proliferation via an autocrine loop.

Unilesional folliculotropic mycosis fungoides: a true rarity in the clinico-pathologic spectrum?

AIM: Unilesional mycosis fungoides (UMF) was firstly described in 1981 as solitary lesion with clinical and histological features of MF. Although over 100 cases have been reported in the literature, there is a lack of clear-cut criteria characterising UMF. Only 10 cases featured by follicolotropism of the neoplastic T-cells have been reported: the so-called unilesional folliculotropic MF (UFMF). This paper questions whether or not UFMF should be considered as a true rarity in MF clinico-pathological spectrum. METHODS: We retrieved 28 folliculotropic MF cases in the database of the Dermatological Divisions of Bologna (12 patients) and Florence University (16 patients). Four of them were UFMF patients (2 males and 2 females, mean age 45 years; median age: 39 years). RESULTS: All patients achieved after therapy disease complete remission. Notably, only one patient was treated with radiotherapy, that seems the most recommended strategy in UMF. For the remaining patients, we choose different managements in order to achieve both clinical efficacy and the best aesthetical outcome. CONCLUSION: No definitive conclusions can be drawn whether or not UFMF has the same indolent clinical course of UMF. Recently, Kempf et al. reported 2 UFMF patients with progression to tumour stage and large-cell transformation, respectively. UFMF in our database is 14.3% of the 28 FMF cases. Our data suggest that UFMF can be regarded as a true rarity in MF clinico-pathological spectrum.

ESMO Consensus conferences: guidelines on malignant lymphoma. part 2: marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma.

To complement the existing treatment guidelines for all tumour types, ESMO organizes consensus conferences to focus on specific issues in each type of tumour. In this setting, a consensus conference on the management of lymphoma was held on 18 June 2011 in Lugano, next to the 11th International Conference on Malignant Lymphoma. The conference convened ∼30 experts from all around Europe, and selected six lymphoma entities to be addressed; for each of them, three to five open questions were to be addressed by the experts. For each question, a recommendation should be given by the panel, referring to the strength of the recommendation based on the level of evidence. This consensus report focuses on the three less common lymphoproliferative malignancies: marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and peripheral T-cell lymphomas. A first report had focused on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN): the cutaneous sanctuary.

AIM: Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDNC) is a rare tumour, which stems from plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Although the aetiology is still unclear, in the last few years various reports suggested a potential role of chromosomal aberrations in the oncogenesis. The disease is currently enclosed among "acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and related precursor neoplasms" in the last WHO classification. BPDCN has an aggressive course, however, it has been suggested that an exclusive cutaneous involvement at presentation is related to a better clinical outcome. METHODS: We review the literature about BPDCN, and we present a series of 11 cases, all characterised by disease limited to the skin at presentation. Furthermore, we examined all cases of the last 10 years stored in the database of the multidisciplinary study group on cutaneous lymphomas of the University of Florence. RESULTS: Basing on the clinical features, patient were classified into two groups: with a single-lesion or multiple eruptive-lesions presentation. The former were treated with radiotherapy (limited field, electron beam therapy). The latter were treated with different therapeutic options, depending on age and co-morbidities. All patients with a single lesion achieved complete response. Five of 6 patients with eruptive lesions achieved a clinical response (2 complete and 3 partial response). Notably, the progression free survival was higher in the single-lesion than in the eruptive-lesion group (23 vs. 9 months). However all patients relapsed and 8 of 11 died. CONCLUSION: Although the small number of selected patients, we could speculate that the concept of "cutaneous sanctuary" is particularly true in patients with a single lesion-presentation. In these patients, especially if >70 year-old aged, radiotherapy should be encouraged as the treatment of choice.

Expression of the CD2AP adaptor molecule in normal, reactive and neoplastic human tissue.

AIMS: To study the expression of CD2-associated protein (CD2AP), an adaptor protein involved in T-cell signalling and renal function, in normal, reactive and neoplastic human lymphoid tissues. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used immunohistochemical techniques to evaluate monoclonal antibodies against CD2AP on over 400 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks retrieved from the host institutions of three authors. The samples tested included normal, reactive and neoplastic lymphoid tissue. In lymphoid tissues, strong CD2AP staining was observed in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), weak and variable in mantle zone B cells and moderate in rare germinal center cells. CD2AP labeled cortical and rare medullary thymocytes and isolated mononuclear cells in bone marrow trephines. Furthermore, epithelial and endothelial cells expressed CD2AP. Among neoplasms, the greatest number of CD2AP-positive cases were found in diffuse large B cell (21/94), NK T-cell lymphomas (7/67), "blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasms" (9/10) and some types of solid tumor. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding that mature peripheral T cells are CD2AP-negative but immature cortical thymocytes are positive may prove useful for diagnostic purposes. Moreover, our results demonstrate that CD2AP represents a useful marker of normal and neoplastic pDC and may be used in a diagnostic panel in reactive or neoplastic lymphoid proliferations.