[Association between breast arterial calcifications and cardiovascular risk factors in menopausal women]. / Associação entre calcificações arteriais mamárias e fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular em mulheres menopausadas.

PURPOSE: To analyze associations between mammographic arterial mammary calcifications in menopausal women and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study, in which we analyzed the mammograms and medical records of 197 patients treated between 2004 and 2005. Study variables were: breast arterial calcifications, stroke, acute coronary syndrome, age, obesity, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and hypertension. For statistical analysis, we used the Mann-Whitney, χ2 and Cochran-Armitage tests, and also evaluated the prevalence ratios between these variables and mammary artery calcifications. Data were analyzed with the SAS version 9.1 software. RESULTS: In the group of 197 women, there was a prevalence of 36.6% of arterial calcifications on mammograms. Among the risk factors analyzed, the most frequent were hypertension (56.4%), obesity (31.9%), smoking (15.2%), and diabetes (14.7%). Acute coronary syndrome and stroke presented 5.6 and 2.0% of prevalence, respectively. Among the mammograms of women with diabetes, the odds ratio of mammary artery calcifications was 2.1 (95%CI 1.0-4.1), with p-value of 0.02. On the other hand, the mammograms of smokers showed the low occurrence of breast arterial calcification, with an odds ratio of 0.3 (95%CI 0.1-0.8). Hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, stroke and acute coronary syndrome were not significantly associated with breast arterial calcification. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of breast arterial calcification was associated with diabetes mellitus and was negatively associated with smoking. The presence of calcification was independent of the other risk factors for cardiovascular disease analyzed.

Associação entre calcificações arteriais mamárias e fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular em mulheres menopausadas / Association between breast arterial calcifications and cardiovascular risk factors in menopausal women

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presença de calcificações arteriais em mamografias de mulheres menopausadas e a sua associação com fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal e retrospectivo, em que foram analisados as mamografias e os prontuários médicos de 197 pacientes atendidas no período entre 2004 e 2005. As variáveis do estudo foram: calcificação arterial mamária, acidente vascular cerebral, síndrome coronariana aguda, idade, obesidade, diabetes mellitus, tabagismo e hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Para a análise estatística dos dados, utilizaram-se os testes de Mann-Whitney, χ2 e Cochran-Armitage, sendo também avaliadas as razões de prevalência entre as variáveis descritas e calcificação arterial mamária. Os dados foram analisados com o software SAS, versão 9.1. RESULTADOS: Dos 197 exames e prontuários analisados, observou-se a prevalência de 36,6% para calcificações arteriais nas mamografias. Entre os fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular avaliados, os mais frequentes foram: hipertensão (56,4%), obesidade (31,9%), tabagismo (15,2%) e diabetes (14,7%). A síndrome coronariana aguda e o acidente vascular cerebral tiveram prevalências de 5,6 e 2,0% respectivamente. Entre as mamografias de mulheres diabéticas, a maior ocorrência foi de calcificação arterial mamária com razão de prevalência de 2,1 (IC95%1,0-4,1) e valor p de 0,02. Por outro lado, nas mamografias de pacientes fumantes, foi menor a ocorrência de calcificação arterial mamária com razão de prevalência de 0,3 (IC95% 0,1-0,8). Hipertensão arterial sistêmica, obesidade, diabetes mellitus, acidente vascular cerebral e síndrome coronariana aguda não apresentaram ...

PURPOSE: To analyze associations between mammographic arterial mammary calcifications in menopausal women and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study, in which we analyzed the mammograms and medical records of 197 patients treated between 2004 and 2005. Study variables were: breast arterial calcifications, stroke, acute coronary syndrome, age, obesity, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and hypertension. For statistical analysis, we used the Mann-Whitney, χ2 and Cochran-Armitage tests, and also evaluated the prevalence ratios between these variables and mammary artery calcifications. Data were analyzed with the SAS version 9.1 software. RESULTS: In the group of 197 women, there was a prevalence of 36.6% of arterial calcifications on mammograms. Among the risk factors analyzed, the most frequent were hypertension (56.4%), obesity (31.9%), smoking (15.2%), and diabetes (14.7%). Acute coronary syndrome and stroke presented 5.6 and 2.0% of prevalence, respectively. Among the mammograms of women with diabetes, the odds ratio of mammary artery calcifications was 2.1 (95%CI 1.0-4.1), with p-value of 0.02. On the other hand, the mammograms of smokers showed the low occurrence of breast arterial calcification, with an odds ratio of 0.3 (95%CI 0.1-0.8). Hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, stroke and acute coronary syndrome were not significantly associated with breast arterial calcification. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of breast arterial calcification was associated with diabetes mellitus and was negatively associated with smoking. The presence of calcification was independent of the other risk factors for cardiovascular disease analyzed. .

Fractures of the neck of the talus: evaluation of reproducibility of Hawkins' classification.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of Hawkins' classification for fractures of the neck of the talus. METHODS: 20 random cases of fracture of the talus were selected, to be defined according to the classification of types by eight orthopedic surgeons, 13 orthopedic residents and 15 radiology residents. RESULTS: Using the statistical test of Landis and Koch, measurements of 0.627 and 0.668 were obtained in the first and second evaluations, respectively. These values define a satisfactory agreement for Hawkins' classification. CONCLUSION: We conclude that this classification is reproducible between observers, with better values for the more experienced observers. Level of Evidence I, Study Diagnostic - Investigating a diagnostic test.

Clinical assessment and magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder of patients with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To study the shoulder of this group of patients using magnetic resonance imaging to detect clinical and subclinical disorders and establish a rehabilitation program. METHODS: Nine patients with spinal cord injury followed in the Laboratory of Biomechanics and Rehabilitation of the Locomotive System at HC/UNICAMP were divided into two groups according to the presence of paraplegia and tetraplegia and were clinically assessed for correlation with the imaging exams. RESULTS: Normal results were found in 41% of the shoulders. Most common injuries were tendinopathy of the supraspinatus and acromioclavicular joint degeneration. Eighty percent of injured shoulders had combined lesions. CONCLUSION: A great variety of causes of shoulder pain was identified in paraplegic and tetraplegic subjects. Routine clinical assessment and imaging studies of the shoulder may contribute to the evolution of rehabilitation and reduction of pain and musculoskeletal disorders. Level of Evidence II, Development of Diagnostic Criteria on Consecutive Patients, With Universally Applied Reference "Gold" Standard.

Fraturas do colo do talus: avaliação da reprodutibilidade da classificação de Hawkins / Fractures of the neck of the talus: evaluation of reproducibility of Hawkins´s classification

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade intra-observador e inter-observador da classificação de Hawkins para fraturas do colo do talus. MÉTODOS: Selecionou-se 20 casos aleatórios de fratura de tálus para serem definidos entre os tipos da classificação por oito cirurgiões ortopédicos, 13 residentes de ortopedia e 15 de radiologia. RESULTADOS: Utilizando o teste estatístico de Landis e Kock foram obtidas médias de 0.627 e 0.668, na primeira e segunda avaliação, respectivamente. Tais valores definem uma concordância satisfatória para a classificação de Hawkins. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que tal classificação é reprodutível entre observadores, possuindo melhores valores conforme maior experiência. Nível de Evidência I, Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of Hawkins' classification for fractures of the neck of the talus. METHODS: 20 random cases of fracture of the talus were selected, to be defined according to the classification of types by eight orthopedic surgeons, 13 orthopedic residents and 15 radiology residents. RESULTS: Using the statistical test of Landis and Koch, measurements of 0.627 and 0.668 were obtained in the first and second evaluations, respectively. These values define a satisfactory agreement for Hawkins' classification. CONCLUSION: We conclude that this classification is reproducible between observers, with better values for the more experienced observers. Level of Evidence I, Study Diagnostic - Investigating a diagnostic test.

Avaliação clínica e por ressonância magnética do ombro de pacientes lesados medulares / Clinical assessment and magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder of patients with spinal cord injury

OBJETIVO: Estudar o ombro destes indivíduos através de ressonância magnética para detectar lesões clínicas ou subclínicas para instituir programas específicos de reabilitação. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados nove pacientes lesados medulares, com seguimento no Laboratório de Biomecânica e Reabilitação do Aparelho Locomotor HC/UNICAMP. Foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a presença de paraplegia ou tetraplegia e avaliados através de anamnese e exame físico para correlação com o exame de imagem. RESULTADOS: 41% dos ombros avaliados com imagens de ressonância apresentaram resultado normal. Dentre os resultados alterados, a tendinopatia do supra-espinhal e a degeneração acrômio-clavicular foram às alterações mais encontradas e 80% dos ombros com exame alterado possuiam mais de uma lesão associada. CONCLUSÃO: Pela amostra do estudo é possível identificar uma etiologia multivariada da omalgia, com particularidades para indivíduos paraplégicos e tetraplégicos. A inclusão rotineira da avaliação clínica e radiológica do ombro nos indivíduos lesados medulares pode contribuir para a evolução das técnicas de reabilitação e redução tanto das lesões músculo-articulares quanto dos sintomas álgicos. Nível de Evidência II, Desenvolvimento de critérios diagnósticos em pacientes consecutivos com padrão de referência "ouro" aplicado.

OBJECTIVE: To study the shoulder of this group of patients using magnetic resonance imaging to detect clinical and subclinical disorders and establish a rehabilitation program. METHODS: Nine patients with spinal cord injury followed in the Laboratory of Biomechanics and Rehabilitation of the Locomotive System at HC/UNICAMP were divided into two groups according to the presence of paraplegia and tetraplegia and were clinically assessed for correlation with the imaging exams. RESULTS: Normal results were found in 41% of the shoulders. Most common injuries were tendinopathy of the supraspinatus and acromioclavicular joint degeneration. Eighty percent of injured shoulders had combined lesions. CONCLUSION: A great variety of causes of shoulder pain was identified in paraplegic and tetraplegic subjects. Routine clinical assessment and imaging studies of the shoulder may contribute to the evolution of rehabilitation and reduction of pain and musculoskeletal disorders. Level of Evidence II, Development of Diagnostic Criteria on Consecutive Patients, With Universally Applied Reference "Gold" Standard.