The academic formation challenges: what does retail expect from higher education institutions in pharmacy?

BACKGROUND: The drug retail represents the main area of activity for pharmacists worldwide. In Brazil, this sector is responsible for employing around 80% of professionals. Before this reality, the academic training of pharmacists requires specialized skills and knowledge so they can fulfill their tasks. In this sector, considering the influence of managers and mentors on the model of pharmaceutical practice, their perceptions about the demands of the market can help discussions related to the training of pharmacists. AIM: To analyze the academic training of pharmacists for the drug retail market from the perspective of managers and mentors. METHOD: This is a qualitative study conducted with managers and mentors of the drug retail market. A semi-structured interview guide was prepared and applied to the intentionally selected participants. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee under the number 4,169,752. The interviews were conducted through videoconference by an experienced researcher. The data obtained were analyzed using Bardin's analysis technique, following the steps of categorical thematic content analysis using the ATLAS.ti software. RESULTS: 19 interviews were carried out. Among the reports, the interviewees highlighted the importance of retail in the employability of pharmacists, as well as inconsistency in the academic training for this sector, originating the following categories: curriculum reform to include the market demands, follow-up and career plan, training for entrepreneurship and sales, practical application of knowledge, and encouragement of experience. CONCLUSION: Pharmaceutical academic training is linked to several challenges, whether organizational, structural, or budgetary. To overcome these challenges, it is necessary to unite the interested parties in the formulation and implementation of a strategy for the professionalization of pharmacists, considering their social role in patient care, aligned with the company's sustainability, so that both coexist.

Formal leadership perceptions about the autonomy of Pharmacy: a SWOT analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Autonomy is considered a vital principle of professionalism. In recent years, despite important advances, the Pharmacy and pharmacists' autonomy has been questioned due to conflicts that jeopardize the consolidation of this profession in the division of work in health. OBJECTIVE: to understand the construct of autonomy based on perceptions of formal leaders associated with professional organizations. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted through interviews with key informants. The data obtained were submitted to content analysis. RESULTS: Perceptions about the autonomy in pharmaceutical practice were categorized according to strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to this construct. CONCLUSION: The findings allowed us to understand the autonomy of pharmaceutical practice in Brazil, generate hypotheses about the future of Pharmacy, and build strategies to maintain its occupational status.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Dysphonia in Preschoolers at Five Years Old in a Capital City in the Northeast of Brazil.

GOALS: Identifying the prevalence and risk factors of childhood dysphonia in children turning 5 years old; and assess the link with the interactional, behavioral, sociodemographic, economic, and biological indicators METHOD: Analytical, transversal, nested within a birth cohort 5 years after its creation. Original cohort biologic data were recovered from the previous database. The current demographic and personal data were acquired from the official health institutions where the individuals were found. We managed to find 371 preschoolers, both sexes, enrolled in 141 public and private schools. Face-to-face interviews were performed with mothers regarding maternal and child health and biological, sociodemographic, economic, interactional-affective, and behavioral indicators. Speech therapists used the Consensus of Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice authorized for Portuguese for the perceptual-auditory judgment of children's voices. Bivariate and multivariate analyzes of the data were performed. A significance level of 5% (P < 0.05) was considered in all analyses. RESULTS: The prevalence of mild-moderate general dysphonia occurred in 26.4% of the preschoolers assessed with tense, rough, and breathy voice quality; low pitch; strong loudness and laryngeal resonance. There was a contrast between preschoolers with dysphonia, calm temperament, and family income of up to three minimum wages and those without these characteristics. We also have noted that a greater chance of dysphonia occurred in preschoolers with a calm temperament, family income of up to three minimum wages, nocturnal bruxism up to 3 years old and who did not use a pacifier. CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of dysphonia at 5 years old. Biological indicators have an impact on voice, while interactional, behavioral, sociodemographic, and economic indicators have a higher impact. There is a great need for investments in prevention, promotion, and vocal treatment to minimize negative socio-educational impacts and provide higher quality of life for children at greater risk for dysphonia.

Perceptions of formal pharmacy leadership on the social role of the profession and its historical evolution: A qualitative study.

Background: In recent years, pharmaceutical professionalism has been questioned due to the social role of pharmacy, which is ambiguous in the literature. This raises questions about the purpose of the profession among pharmacists, despite the efforts of their professional organizations and formal leaders to consolidate the occupational status of the profession. Objective: To understand the social role of pharmacy in Brazil through its historical evolution based on the perceptions of formal leaders of the profession. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted between July 2020 and February 2021 with pharmacists who held leadership positions in formal and professional pharmacy organizations in Brazil. The data obtained from the interviews were submitted to content analysis. Results: A total of 17 pharmacists participated in this study. The data analyzed presented perceptions about the social role of the pharmaceutical profession in Brazil, which promotes access to health through different means. These include the manager pharmacist, who facilitates access to public health policies; the caring pharmacist, who promotes health education and the rational use of medicines; and the technologist pharmacist, who researches, develops, and promotes access to safe and cost-effective medicines. The interviewees also discussed the evolution of this social role based on influential factors such as legislation, clinical movement, pharmaceutical education, labor market, behaviors, and attitudes of pharmacists. Conclusion: In this study, pharmaceutical professionalism was conceptualized based on its social role, which should be centered on the patient. Understanding such issues is part of the evolutionary purpose of the profession in Brazil and should be encouraged in the behaviors and attitudes of pharmacists despite the challenges faced by the profession.

Pediatric Dysphonia and the Access to Voice Therapy: A Study in Speech Therapy Services Available in a Capital City in the Northeast of Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: Defining the laryngeal and vocal alterations in the pediatric group studied in private speech therapy facilities; and estimating the time period between the problem being identified by the parents and the access to the proper provided services. METHODS: A cross-sectional analytical observational research with data collected from medical records by the speech therapist of each private facility. A written form was prepared and sent to the speech therapists of the 40 existing facilities. We received 124 of them from the pediatric group being assisted in 15 of the facilities. The form included questions about gender, age, vocal complaints; general degree of dysphonia; otorhinolaryngological diagnosis of vocal fold alterations; the age that the problem was identified by the parents and the beginning of speech therapy. The larynx was examined by videonasopharyngolaryngoscopy, and voice quality by auditory-perceptual assessment. RESULTS: The time period between the identification of the participant's dysphonia by the parents and the start of speech therapy was considered long (3.5years). The group showed variance in the proportion of nodule and cyst between genders. The highest prevalence of nodules occurred in boys; and the cyst in girls. Moderate general dysphonia occurred between 4 and 17years old, average age of 7years and 7months, with greater distribution between 5 and 10years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The average time delay until the start of speech therapy was 3.5years, more frequently in the 5-10years group and due to nodules in boys and cysts in girls.

"Reigns but does not govern": A reflection on professionalism and the autonomy of the pharmacist.

INTRODUCTION: In recent decades, the professionalization of pharmacy has been debated worldwide. With the advent of industrialization, pharmacist autonomy has weakened, especially in the retail pharmacy market. Manegers and mentors of pharmacy chains serve as links between the profession and drug users. This study sought to understand the perceptions of retail pharmacy stakeholders regarding pharmacist autonomy and how to improve it, and to reflect on theories of professionalism. METHOD: 19 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed through analyst triangulation and categorical content analysis, using the ATLAS.ti software. RESULTS: Interviews were conducted with nine mentors and ten managers in retail medicine. They reported aspects related to managerial and technical autonomy regulated by law, and strategies for enhancing professional autonomy in retail pharmacy. Autonomy was considered limited by pharmacists' dependence on employability and self-devaluation; and market control exposed the weaknesses in pharmaceutical professionalism. Entrepreneurship and ownership attitude strategies were feasible only in a retail micro-political context. CONCLUSION: The retail medicine continues to have business model centered on the product and controlling the pharmaceutical practice model. To ensure autonomy and professional strengthening, it is necessary that pharmacy recognizes itself as a clinical profession and develops a stable professional identity.

Cuidados paliativos em uma metodologia ativa de ensino / Palliative care in an active teaching methodology / Cuidados paliativos en una metodología de enseñanza activa

Resumo O presente estudo avalia o conhecimento sobre cuidados paliativos de estudantes de medicina dos últimos anos nas universidades que adotam a metodologia de aprendizagem baseada em problemas no Nordeste do Brasil. Observou-se que 78% dos estudantes não tiveram informações suficientes sobre cuidados de pacientes em situação terminal, e apenas 55% conheciam a definição de cuidados paliativos da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Quanto aos conhecimentos específicos, os estudantes demonstraram um nível de acerto insatisfatório nos domínios dispneia, problemas psiquiátricos e gastrintestinais; aceitável no domínio dor e excelente em filosofia dos cuidados paliativos e habilidade de comunicação. Durante o internato houve ganho de conhecimento quanto a manejo da dor, dispneia e problemas psiquiátricos. Portanto, verificou-se que os estudantes entram em contato com o tema, porém apresentam déficit significativo nas questões relacionadas ao manejo de sintomas comuns em cuidados paliativos.

Abstract This study evaluates the knowledge about palliative care of medical students in their final years at universities that adopt problem-based learning methodology in Northeast Brazil. It was observed that 78% of the students did not have sufficient information on the care of terminally ill patients, and only 55% knew the World Health Organization's definition of palliative care. Regarding specific knowledge, students showed an unsatisfactory level of achievement in the domains of dyspnea, psychiatric and gastrointestinal problems; acceptable in the pain domain and excellent in philosophy of palliative care and communication skills. Knowledge regarding pain management, dyspnea and psychiatric problems improved during the internship. Therefore, it was found that students come into contact with the subject but have a significant deficit in issues related to the management of common symptoms in palliative care.

Resumen Este estudio evalúa el conocimiento de cuidados paliativos por los estudiantes de medicina de los últimos años en universidades que adoptan la metodología de aprendizaje basado en problemas en el Noreste de Brasil. El 78% de los estudiantes no tenía suficiente información sobre la atención a pacientes terminales, y solo el 55% conocía la definición de cuidados paliativos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Respecto a los conocimientos específicos, los estudiantes demostraron un insatisfactorio nivel de precisión en los dominios disnea, problemas psiquiátricos y gastrointestinales, aceptable en el dominio dolor y excelente en la filosofía de cuidados paliativos y habilidades de comunicación. En el internado adquirieron conocimientos sobre el manejo del dolor, la disnea y los problemas psiquiátricos. Se constató que los estudiantes tienen contacto con el tema, pero presentan un déficit significativo en temas relacionados con el manejo de los síntomas comunes en los cuidados paliativos.

Written communication about the use of medications in medical records in a Brazilian hospital.

BACKGROUND: Effective communication regarding the use of medications in hospital environments is a process that contributes to patient safety. Despite its importance, written communication about the medication use process in medical records remains insufficiently investigated. AIM: To describe the documentation in medical records regarding the medication use process by pharmacists, physicians and nurses on admission, during the hospital stay, and at hospital discharge. METHOD: A retrospective cross-sectional chart review study was carried out in medical records of patients admitted to a teaching hospital in Northeast Brazil. The study considered all patients admitted between December 2016 and February 2017, aged 18 or older and hospitalised for at least 48 hours. Clinical notes made by pharmacists, physicians and nurses were examined at three transition points of care. Data were collected using a questionnaire relating to the use of medications prior to hospital admission, changes in the prescribed medications during the hospital stay and discharge, as well as prescription non-conformities. Communication failures between the three healthcare professional groups were analysed and classified. The study was authorised by the Hospital's Board of Directors and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Sergipe. RESULTS: This study included 202 medical records of patients with a mean age of 51.48 (SD 6.42, range: 19-97) years. There was no record of a patient or relative interview on allergies and adverse drug reactions in 54 (26.8%) physician notes, 44 (21.9%) nursing notes, and 9 (25.0%) pharmacist notes. Moreover, 1,588 changes in prescriptions were identified during data collection, and 1,198 (75.4%) of these were unjustified. CONCLUSION: Medication-related information in medical records was incomplete and inconsistent in the clinical notes of the three studied professions, especially in pharmacists' documentation. Future studies should focus on investigating the consequences of interprofessional communication in patient care.

Avaliação do conhecimento sobre cuidados paliativos entre acadêmicos de medicina / Assessment of knowledge on palliative care among medical students

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento sobre cuidados paliativos entre estudantes de medicina e comparar o ganho de conhecimento ao longo dos períodos. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, transversal e analítico entre estudantes do internato do curso de medicina de uma universidade, entre maio e junho de 2017, por meio de um questionário que contemplou dados sociodemográficos, autoavaliação e conhecimentos específicos sobre cuidados paliativos. Resultados: Dos 135 estudantes, menos de 30% tinham conhecimento da definição da Organização Mundial da Saúde de cuidados paliativos, e apenas 3% tinham percepção de ter recebido informações suficientes para lidar com pacientes terminais. Os acertos variaram entre 14,8% e 88,9% no domínio da dor; entre 32,6% e 86,7% no domínio dos problemas psiquiátricos; eram inferiores a um terço nos domínios da dispneia e dos problemas gastrintestinais e maiores nos domínios da filosofia e da comunicação. No domínio da dor e dos problemas psiquiátricos, os estudantes do sexto ano obtiveram maiores medianas de acertos em relação aos alunos do quinto ano, com significância estatística (p<0,001). Conclusão: Os alunos apresentaram desconhecimento da definição de cuidados paliativos, que esteve associada a uma percepção de insuficiente preparo para lidar com pacientes terminais. Quanto aos conhecimentos específicos, embora os alunos apresentassem baixas frequências de acertos nos domínios da dor, dispneia, problemas gastrintestinais e psiquiátricos, a experiência do internato proporcionou um ganho de conhecimento. (AU)

Objective: To assess the knowledge about palliative care among medical students and compare knowledge gain over the periods. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional, analytical study was carried out among students of the fifth and sixth years of the medical course of a university from May to June 2017, through the application of a questionnaire that included socio-demographic data, self-assessment, and specific knowledge about palliative care. Results: Out of a total of 135 students, less than 30% were aware of the World Health Organization definition of palliative care and only 3% had a perception that they had received enough information to deal with terminal patients. The pain domain presented correct frequencies ranging from 14.8% to 88.9%; in the area of psychiatric problems, it ranged from 32.6% to 86.7%; they were of less than one third in the domain of dyspnea and gastrointestinal problems, and higher in the domains of philosophy and communication. In the pain and psychiatric problems domains, students in the sixth year had the highest median scores in relation to the fifth year, with statistical significance (p<0.001). Conclusion: Students were not aware of the definition of palliative care and showed the perception of insufficient preparation to deal with terminal patients. As for the specific knowledge, although students presented low frequencies of correct answers in the domains of pain, dyspnea, gastrointestinal and psychiatric problems, the experience of the internship provided an additional knowledge gain. (AU)

Saúde mental dos estudantes de Medicina do Brasil durante a pandemia da coronavirus disease 2019 / Brazilian medical students mental health during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar a prevalência de sintomas de sofrimento psíquico em estudantes do curso de Medicina durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal e exploratório que avaliou 656 estudantes do curso de Medicina do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados, em maio e junho de 2020, por meio de dois instrumentos autoaplicáveis. O primeiro foi um questionário elaborado pelos próprios autores para avaliar o perfil social, demográfico e cultural da população. Para o rastreamento de indícios de sofrimento psíquico, utilizou-se o Self-Report Questionnaire, um questionário com 20 itens divididos em quatro domínios. Durante a análise de dados, as associações entre variáveis categóricas foram testadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: A prevalência de indivíduos com indícios de sofrimento psíquico foi de 62,8%. São fatores de risco para o adoecimento mental durante a pandemia da COVID-19: ser do sexo feminino, estar nos dois primeiros anos do curso, relatar má adaptação ao ensino a distância, apresentar dificuldade de concentração, preocupar-se com o atraso da graduação, ter um diagnóstico prévio de transtorno mental, morar com alguém que precisa trabalhar fora de casa, ser incapaz de manter hábitos saudáveis e ter medo de ser infectado pelo vírus. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou que os indícios de sofrimento psíquico estão elevados entre estudantes de Medicina durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Além disso, também foi possível concluir que há fatores protetores para o adoecimento mental.

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of the research is to verify the prevalence of psychological distress symptoms in medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and exploratory study that evaluated 656 medical students in Brazil. Data were collected between May and June 2020, through two self-administered instruments. The first was a questionnaire prepared by the authors themselves to assess the social, demographic and cultural profile of the population. For the screening of signs of psychological distress, the Self-Report Questionnaire was used, a questionnaire with 20 items divided into four domains. During data analysis, associations between categorical variables were tested using Pearson's chi-square test. The significance level adopted was 5%. Results: The results show that the prevalence of individuals with signs of psychological distress was 62.8%. Risk factors for mental illness during the COVID-19 pandemic are being female, being in the first two years of the course, reporting poor adaptation to Distance Learning, having difficulty concentrating, worrying about the delay of graduation, have a previous diagnosis of mental disorder, live with someone who needs to work outside the home, inability to maintain healthy habits and fear being infected by the virus. Conclusion: We conclude that the signs of psychological distress are high among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, it was also possible to conclude that there are protective factors for mental illness.

Percepção de pacientes sobre sua relação com médicos / Perception of patients on their relations with physicians / Percepción de los pacientes sobre su relación con los médicos

Resumo A comunicação adequada é fundamental para a relação médico-paciente e para melhorar a qualidade dos atendimentos. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a percepção de 200 pacientes na cidade de Aracaju/SE sobre sua relação com os médicos. Trata-se de estudo exploratório, transversal, descritivo e quantitativo, com aplicação de questionário. A amostra foi composta majoritariamente por adultos jovens, do sexo feminino (71,5%), solteiros (50%), sem nível superior (47,5%), atendidos principalmente em hospitais da rede pública (26,5%). Um ambiente favorável para a boa relação médico-paciente depende não apenas da infraestrutura clínico-hospitalar, mas também da habilidade comunicativa dos profissionais. Quanto à relação com os médicos, a maioria relatou estar satisfeita (86%) e confiar nos profissionais (84%). A privacidade do paciente também foi respeitada na maioria dos casos.

Abstract Communicating properly is fundamental to improve physician-patient relations and the quality of health care. Considering this, the current study analyzed the perception of 200 patients in Aracaju/SE, Brazil, on their relations with physicians. This is an exploratory, cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative study with the application of a questionnaire. The sample was composed of young adults, females (71.5%), single (50.0%), without higher education (47.5%) and mainly attended in public hospitals (26.5%). A favorable environment for a good physician-patient relationship concerns not only the hospital infrastructure, but also the communication skills of health professionals. Regarding the relationship with physicians, most patients are satisfied (86%) and declared trust in the professionals (84%). Patient privacy was respected in most cases.

Resumen La comunicación adecuada es fundamental para la relación médico-paciente y para mejorar la calidad de la atención. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer la percepción de 200 pacientes en la ciudad de Aracaju, capital del estado de Sergipe, Brasil, sobre su relación con los médicos. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio, transversal, descriptivo y cuantitativo, con aplicación de un cuestionario. La muestra estuvo formada mayoritariamente por adultos jóvenes, del sexo femenino (71,5%), solteros (50%), sin nivel superior (47,5%), atendidos principalmente en hospitales de la red pública (26,5%). Un ambiente favorable para la buena relación médico-paciente depende no solo de la infraestructura clínico-hospitalaria, sino también de la habilidad comunicativa de los profesionales. En cuanto a la relación con los médicos, la mayoría relató estar satisfecha (86%) y confiar en los profesionales (84%). También se respetó la privacidad del paciente en la mayoría de los casos.

Conhecimento sobre ética médica e resolução de conflitos na graduação / Knowledge about medical ethics and conflict resolution during undergraduate courses / Conocimiento sobre ética médica y resolución de conflictos en la carrera de grado

Resumo Estudo quantitativo transversal descritivo que tem o objetivo de avaliar a percepção do graduando em medicina sobre a importância do ensino da ética médica e mensurar seu conhecimento sobre a temática em universidade pública do Nordeste brasileiro. Por meio de questionário aplicado a 230 estudantes foi possível avaliar deficiências provocadas pela ausência do ensino formal da ética médica e discutir a necessidade de abordagens diversificadas do tema durante a graduação. Resultados mostram maior taxa de acertos entre graduandos que cursaram ao menos uma disciplina sobre ética médica, mas índice insatisfatório em ambos os grupos. Um terço dos discentes que não tiveram contato com a temática revelaram não se sentir prejudicados por essa lacuna e 25,6% da amostra sequer valorizou a importância do tema em relação a outras disciplinas da graduação. Assim, torna-se necessário rever as estratégias do ensino médico para garantir melhores profissionais no futuro.

Abstract This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the medical student's perception of the importance of medical ethics being taught and to measure their knowledge about the subject in a public university in the Northeast of Brazil. Through a questionnaire, applied to 230 undergraduates, it was possible to evaluate deficits caused by the absence of formal medical ethics education and to discuss the need for diversified approaches to the subject during graduation. Results show a higher rate of correct answers among undergraduates who attended at least one discipline on medical ethics; whereas they indicated an unsatisfactory rate of success in both groups. One third of the undergraduates who did not have contact with the subject revealed that they did not feel put at a disadvantaged by this gap, and 25.6% of the sample did not value the importance of the subject in comparison to other undergraduate subjects. Therefore, it is necessary to review medical education strategies to ensure better professionals in the future.

Resumen Estudio cuantitativo transversal descriptivo que tiene el objetivo de evaluar la percepción del estudiante de medicina sobre la importancia de la enseñanza de la ética médica y mensurar su conocimiento sobre la temática en una universidad pública del Nordeste brasileño. A través de un cuestionario aplicado a 230 estudiantes fue posible evaluar las deficiencias provocadas por la ausencia de la enseñanza formal de la ética médica y discutir la necesidad de abordajes diversificados del tema durante el grado. Los resultados muestran una mayor tasa de aciertos entre los estudiantes que cursaron al menos una disciplina sobre ética médica, pero un índice insatisfactorio en ambos grupos. Un tercio de los estudiantes que no tuvieron contacto con la temática revelaron no sentirse perjudicados por esa laguna, y el 25.6% de la muestra ni siquiera valora la importancia del tema en relación con otras disciplinas de la carrera. Así, se hace necesario revisar las estrategias de la formación médica para garantizar mejores profesionales en el futuro.

Transtornos depressivos como causa de absenteísmo entre profissionais da saúde pública no período entre 2009 e 2017 em Sergipe / Depressive disorders as a cause of absenteeism among public health professionals from 2009 to 2017 in Sergipe

Introdução: Os profissionais da saúde dispõem-se a zelar pela saúde dos seus pacientes, entretanto a escassez de preocupação com sua vida, além da forma organizacional do trabalho e as difíceis relações interpessoais, os torna susceptíveis ao adoecimento físico e/ou mental. Objetivos: Descrever o perfil do servidor público estadual das áreas da saúde com afastamento do trabalho por depressão em Sergipe, bem como avaliar o índice de reincidência e as características do afastamento. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, de corte transversal, com coleta dos dados secundários do arquivo eletrônico da Secretaria de Estado do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão (Seplag) dos anos 2009 a 2017. Resultados: No período entre 2009 e 2017, afastaram-se 63 profissionais da saúde, com o total de 290 atendimentos. O perfil do profissional absenteísta correspondeu ao sexo feminino (90,5%), casado (54,0%) e com mestrado (33,3%). A categoria que mais se afastou foi o técnico de enfermagem (34,9%). A Classificação Internacional de Doenças mais prevalente do total de atendimentos foi F32 (episódios depressivos), em 26,5% dos casos. Entre os que apresentaram recidivas, a média foi de 3,6. Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram que a depressão em profissionais da saúde tem alta prevalência, com uma realidade preocupante e que necessita de intervenções.

Background: Health care workers are available to provide care to patients, but lack of concern with their lives, work organization and difficult interpersonal relationships make them susceptible to physical or mental diseases. Objective: To establish the profile of health care workers in the public sector in Sergipe, Brazil, granted sick leave due to depression, frequency of relapse and characteristics of absenteeism. Methods: Cross-sectional and descriptive study in which we analyzed secondary data for the period from 2009 2017 available in the State Secretariat of Planning, Budget and Management electronic records. Results: Sixty-three workers required sick leave, representing a total of 290 medical legal examinations. Workers who required sick leave were mostly female (90.5%), married (54.0%), had a master's degree (33.3%) and were nursing technicians (34.9%). The most frequent diagnosis as per the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) was single major depressive disorder (F32), 26.5%. The average number of recurrent spells was 3.6 per worker. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression among the analyzed health care workers was high and thus represents a cause of concern requiring intervention.

Conhecimento sobre cuidados paliativos entre médicos residentes de hospital universitário / Knowledge of palliative care among residents of a university hospital / Conocimiento sobre cuidados paliativos entre médicos residentes de un hospital universitário

Resumo Embora possam ser aplicados em diversas situações além das neoplasias, os cuidados paliativos nem sempre encontram respaldo técnico e científico por parte dos médicos. Por meio de pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, transversal e de abordagem quantitativa, objetivou-se avaliar o conhecimento sobre cuidados paliativos entre médicos residentes do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Para isso, foi criado um questionário a partir dos instrumentos da literatura. O perfil da amostra foi composto predominantemente por mulheres (67%), profissionais com até 29 anos (59%) e até quatro anos de formados (60%). A maioria dos médicos (78%) afirmou não ter recebido informações suficientes sobre cuidados paliativos durante a graduação. Após análise de todas as questões, apenas 7% da amostra apresentou avaliação excelente (acerto em mais de 80% das questões).

Abstract Although palliative care can be applied in different situations besides neoplasias, it does not always find technical and scientific support from physicians. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the knowledge regarding palliative care among these professionals. Through an exploratory, descriptive, transversal and quantitative approach, the objective was to evaluate the knowledge about palliative care among physicians residing at the Federal University of Sergipe Hospital. For this, a questionnaire was created based on instruments from literature. The sample profile consisted predominantly of women (67%), professionals up to 29 years (59%), and up to four years since graduation (60%). Most physicians (78%) stated that they had not received enough information about palliative care during graduation. After analyzing all the questions, only 7% of the sample presented an excellent evaluation (accuracy in more than 80% of the questions).

Resumen Aunque puedan ser aplicados en diversas situaciones, además de las neoplasias, los cuidados paliativos no siempre encuentran respaldo técnico y científico por parte de los médicos. Por medio de una investigación exploratoria, descriptiva, transversal y de abordaje cuantitativo, se procuró evaluar el conocimiento sobre cuidados paliativos entre médicos residentes del Hospital Universitario de la Universidad Federal de Sergipe. Para ello, se creó un cuestionario a partir de los instrumentos de la bibliografía. El perfil de la muestra estuvo compuesto predominantemente por mujeres (67%), profesionales con hasta 29 años (59%), y con hasta cuatro años de graduados (60%). La mayoría de los médicos (78%) afirmaron que no recibieron información suficiente sobre los cuidados paliativos durante la formación de grado. Luego del análisis de todas las preguntas, sólo el 7% de la muestra presentó una evaluación excelente (con aciertos en más del 80% de las preguntas).

Impacto da mamoplastia estética na autoestima de mulheres de uma capital nordestina / Impact of aesthetic mammoplasty on the self-esteem of women from a northeastern capital

Introdução: O principal motivo que leva alguém a submeter-se à cirurgia estética é a necessidade de obter aprovação e afeto de outras pessoas, o que, consequentemente, melhora sua autoestima. Este estudo comparou o nível de autoestima entre os diferentes tipos de mamoplastia e mensurou o grau de interferência na autoestima das mulheres submetidas à mamoplastia estética e o nível de satisfação pós-cirúrgico. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, longitudinal, analítico, quali-quantitativo com 40 pacientes submetidas à mamoplastia estética primária. Foi utilizada a Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg e questionamentos sobre aspectos psicossociais no pré e pós-operatório de dois meses. As associações foram avaliadas pelo teste Exato de Fisher. As diferenças de média foram avaliadas por meio da Análise Variância univariada (amostra independente) e bivariada (amostra pareada). O nível de significância foi de 5% e o software utilizado foi o R Core Team 2017. Resultados: Redução da mama, implante mamário, mastopexia e associação entre mastopexia com implante mamário totalizaram 45%, 30%, 12,5% e 12,5%, respectivamente. A maioria mostrou-se insatisfeita com o corpo no pré-cirúrgico e apontou a mama como maior incômodo. O desejo de elevar a autoestima mostrou-se como a principal motivação entre o grupo. Por fim, foi alto o nível de satisfação pós-cirúrgico entre as pacientes, tendo a cirurgia interferido em aspectos profissionais, pessoais e sexuais. Conclusão: Houve aumento médio na autoestima das pacientes submetidas à mamoplastia e os três tipos de cirurgia produziram iguais resultados quanto à variação de autoestima.

Introduction: The main reason that leads someone to undergo aesthetic surgery is the need to obtain approval and affection from other people, which, consequently, enhances self-esteem. This study compared the level of self-esteem between the different types of mammoplasty and measured the degree of interference in the self-esteem of women undergoing aesthetic mammoplasty and the level of satisfaction after surgery. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal, analytical, qualitativequantitative study was held with 40 patients undergoing primary aesthetic mammoplasty. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used together with questionnaires on psychosocial aspects in the pre- and post-operative period of two months. Associations were evaluated by Fisher's exact test. Differences in means were evaluated by a univariate analysis of variance (independent samples), and bivariate analysis (matched sample). The level of significance was 5%, and the software used was R Core Team 2017. Results: Breast reduction, breast implantation, mastopexy, and association between mastopexy and breast implantation accounted for 45%, 30%, 12.5%, and 12.5% of cases, respectively. The majority expressed being dissatisfied with their body before surgery and indicated the breasts as the major reason. The desire to raise self-esteem was the main motivation among the group. A high level of post-surgical satisfaction was observed among the participants, with surgery interfering in the professional, personal, and sexual aspects. Conclusion: There was an average increase in the self-esteem of the participants who underwent mammoplasty, and the three types of surgery yielded similar results regarding the variation of self-esteem.

Depressive disorders as cause of absenteeism among public sector health care workers in Sergipe, Brazil, from 2009 to 2017.

BACKGROUND: Health care workers are available to provide care to patients, but lack of concern with their lives, work organization and difficult interpersonal relationships make them susceptible to physical or mental diseases. OBJECTIVE: To establish the profile of health care workers in the public sector in Sergipe, Brazil, granted sick leave due to depression, frequency of relapse and characteristics of absenteeism. METHODS: Cross-sectional and descriptive study in which we analyzed secondary data for the period from 2009 2017 available in the State Secretariat of Planning, Budget and Management electronic records. RESULTS: Sixty-three workers required sick leave, representing a total of 290 medical legal examinations. Workers who required sick leave were mostly female (90.5%), married (54.0%), had a master's degree (33.3%) and were nursing technicians (34.9%). The most frequent diagnosis as per the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) was single major depressive disorder (F32), 26.5%. The average number of recurrent spells was 3.6 per worker. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of depression among the analyzed health care workers was high and thus represents a cause of concern requiring intervention.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os profissionais da saúde dispõem-se a zelar pela saúde dos seus pacientes, entretanto a escassez de preocupação com sua vida, além da forma organizacional do trabalho e as difíceis relações interpessoais, os torna susceptíveis ao adoecimento físico e/ou mental. OBJETIVOS: Descrever o perfil do servidor público estadual das áreas da saúde com afastamento do trabalho por depressão em Sergipe, bem como avaliar o índice de reincidência e as características do afastamento. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, de corte transversal, com coleta dos dados secundários do arquivo eletrônico da Secretaria de Estado do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão (Seplag) dos anos 2009 a 2017. RESULTADOS: No período entre 2009 e 2017, afastaram-se 63 profissionais da saúde, com o total de 290 atendimentos. O perfil do profissional absenteísta correspondeu ao sexo feminino (90,5%), casado (54,0%) e com mestrado (33,3%). A categoria que mais se afastou foi o técnico de enfermagem (34,9%). A Classificação Internacional de Doenças mais prevalente do total de atendimentos foi F32 (episódios depressivos), em 26,5% dos casos. Entre os que apresentaram recidivas, a média foi de 3,6. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados mostraram que a depressão em profissionais da saúde tem alta prevalência, com uma realidade preocupante e que necessita de intervenções.

Perceived barriers to the implementation of clinical pharmacy services in a metropolis in Northeast Brazil.

BACKGROUND: CLinical pharmacy services (CPS) are professional services provided by pharmacists, who use their skills and knowledge to take an active role in patient health. These services have expanded in health systems around the world. However, it is important to have a comprehensive understanding of factors that may hinder the implementation of CPS in health systems. OBJECTIVE: To identify pharmacists' and managers' perceptions of barriers regarding the implementation of CPS in some public health units in a metropolis in Northeast Brazil. METHODS: This is a qualitative study based on focus groups and semi-structured, face-to-face, in-depth interviews. Participants were health-system pharmacists and managers, selected based on their direct participation in the implementation process. Focus groups were carried out with the pharmacists, and interviews were carried out with managers. The audio and videos were transcribed verbatim in full, and were independently analyzed using content analysis. This study was approved by the Brazilian Committee of Ethics in Research and all participants signed informed consent forms. FINDINGS: There were two focus groups and five interviews. The discussions generated 240 minutes of recordings. The health-system pharmacists and managers expressed barriers were allocated into five categories to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the implementation of CPS; these barriers were related to: the local healthcare networks, the healthcare team, the pharmacists, the implementation process, and the patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed the perceptions of barriers associated with the participants involved in the implementation of CPS in some public health units in a metropolis in Northeast Brazil. The barriers reflect the challenges to be overcome in the CPS implementation process in the health systems.

Comunicação de más notícias: percepção de médicos e pacientes / Giving bad news: perception of physicians and patients

OBJETIVO: Comparar a percepção de médicos e pacientes sobre a comunicação de más notícias. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um recorte de duas pesquisas simultâneas e complementares, quantitativas, descritivas, exploratórias e transversais, com coleta de dados primários. RESULTADOS: Dentre os médicos, 71,4% relataram não ter dificuldade para transmitir más notícias; 98% explicavam as consequências e limitações da doença; 99% informavam as complicações e efeitos adversos do tratamento; 100% acreditavam transmitir confiança e 97% valorizavam a opinião do paciente. Por sua vez, 14,6% dos pacientes já receberam uma má notícia, e, para 16,7% deles, o médico não deu explicações sobre a doença; 15,2% não foram informados sobre consequências do tratamento; 12,1% não confiaram no médico e, para 36,4%, o médico não estava preocupado com sua opinião. Em relação aos médicos, 28% comunicavam cinco a dez más notícias por mês; 31% apontavam que conversar sobre início de tratamento paliativo é a tarefa mais complicada; para 43%, ser honesto sem acabar com esperanças era o mais difícil em discutir más notícias. Quanto à sua habilidade de transmiti-las, 54,5% a classificavam como boa, apesar de 62,2% não possuírem curso formal/treinamento específico; 61,2% dos médicos não se sentiam muito confortáveis ao lidar com as emoções dos pacientes, e 54,5% também não tiveram treinamento para lidar com este tipo de situação. CONCLUSÃO: Médicos e pacientes têm percepções diferentes sobre a comunicação de más notícias: os profissionais julgam fazê-la da melhor forma, enquanto os pacientes percebem as deficiências do médico e sofrem suas consequências. (AU)

OBJECTIVE: To compare physicians' and patients' perceptions of bad news delivery. METHODS: This study is a result of two simultaneous and complementary surveys, both of them quantitative, descriptive, exploratory and cross-sectional, performed with primary data collection. RESULTS: Amongst physicians, 71,4% reported no difficulties when delivering bad news; 98% of them explained the consequences and limitations of the disease to their patients; 99% of them informed the treatment complications and adverse effects; 100% of them believed that they conveyed trust, and 97% said they took patients' opinions into account. On the other hand, 14,6% of the patients interviewed had received bad news before and, for 16,7% of those, the physician in charge gave no explanations on the medical condition; 15,2% of the patients were not informed of the consequences of the treatment; 12,1% of them did not trust the physician and, for 36,4% of them, the clinician did not show much interest in their opinion. Regarding the physicians, 28% of them gave bad news 5 to ten times a month; 31% pointed out that talking to patients about palliative care is the most complicated task; for 43%, to be honest without taking patients' hope is the most difficult aspect of bad news delivery. With regards to their own ability to give the news, 54,5% rated it as good, although 62,2% of them did not have any specific training nor took any formal course; 61,2% of the physicians do not feel comfortable when dealing with patients' emotions, and 54,5% did not have training to cope with this type of situation either. CONCLUSION: Physicians and patients have different perceptions of bad news delivery: professionals believe to be doing it properly, whereas patients perceive physicians' deficiencies and suffer their consequences. (AU)

Facilitators and strategies to implement clinical pharmacy services in a metropolis in Northeast Brazil: a qualitative approach.

BACKGROUND: Clinical Pharmacy Services (CPS) are a reality in many health systems around the world. However, there are few studies that discuss the facilitators and the strategies to implement CPS in healthcare systems. In this way, the objective of this study was to identify the facilitators and strategies involved in the CPS implementation process in some public health units in a metropolis in the Northeast Brazil. METHODS: A qualitative study was carried out with health-system pharmacists and managers who experienced the implementation of CPS. Therefore, focus groups were conducted with pharmacists, and the interviews with the managers. The discussions were carried out through semi-structured scripts and were recorded in audio and videos, after the signature of the consent form. The recordings were transcribed and analyzed independently through content analysis, followed by consensus meetings between researchers. RESULTS: Two focus groups were conducted, with an average of seven pharmacists per group, and five interviews with local health managers. Participants reported 39 facilitators who were related to the categories: local healthcare network, healthcare team, pharmacists and implementation process of the CPS. And 21 strategies attributed to the following categories: local healthcare network, pharmacists and implementation process of the CPS. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified facilitators and strategies of the implementation of CPS. Most of the positive experiences were related to the clinical skills and proactive attitudes of pharmacists. These findings may support pharmacists and health managers to implement CPS in health systems.

Perceptions of a group of hospital pharmacists and other professionals of the implementation of clinical pharmacy at a high complexity public hospital in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: During the process of implementation of clinical pharmacy services, internal and external factors may favor or hinder the incorporation of care into the hospital routine. This study aimed to understand the perceptions of a group of hospital pharmacists and other professionals of the implementation of clinical pharmacy at a high complexity public hospital in Brazil. METHODS: A focus group with 16 pharmacists and interviews with tree key stakeholders including managers in the pharmaceutical, medical, and nursing profession were conducted to understand their perceptions of the implementation clinical pharmacy services in a high complexity public hospital in Brazil. The service proposal was presented to the selected participants before conducting the focus group. Professionals with an overview of the hospital and influence on the relevant departments for the implementation of clinical pharmacy at the institution were selected. Data collected were transcribed and analyzed using the Bardin Content Analysis technique. Data analyzed were systematized into categories and registration units. The methodology involves the organization and analysis of reported content to make inferences. RESULTS: The data obtained were divided into four categories: "Perception of the current situation", "Implementation expectations", "Barriers to implementation", "Implementation facilitators". Participants discussed the stagnation of clinical activities of the pharmaceutical profession in Brazil, a reality that results from a lack of clinical training in the country. Pharmacists expressed their expectations for changes in professional performance. According to the managers, such services would positively affect clinical outcomes for patients. Gaps in academic education, lack of knowledge, and poor communication skills were barriers reported in this study. Pharmacists' clinical experience has been reported to facilitate the provision of services. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights factors that may influence the implementation of clinical pharmacy services in the institution analyzed, such as resistance, fear, and frustration as barriers, as well the experience in clinical pharmacy of some pharmacists in the institution was one of the facilitators most cited by participants. This knowledge may aid future planning for the implementation of clinical pharmacy in hospitals.