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1.
Am J Bot ; 111(7): e16373, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39010314

RESUMO

PREMISE: Salt tolerance has rarely been investigated regionally in the neotropics and even more rarely in Orchidaceae, one of the largest families. Therefore, investigating local adaptation to salt spray and its physiological basis in Epidendrum fulgens, a neotropical orchid species, brings important new insights. METHODS: We assessed the degree of salt tolerance in E. fulgens by testing whether coastal populations are more tolerant to salt, which could point to local adaptation. To understand the physiological basis of such salt tolerance, we exposed wild-collected individuals to salt spray for 60 days, then measured leaf expansion, osmotic potential, sodium leaf concentration, chlorophyll leaf index, chlorophyll fluorescence, relative growth rate, and pressure-volume curves. RESULTS: There is no local adaptation to salt spray since both inland and coastal plants have a high tolerance to salt stress. This tolerance is explained by the ability to tolerate high concentrations of salt in leaf tissues, which is related to the high succulence displayed by this species. CONCLUSIONS: We showed an unprecedented salt tolerance level for an orchid species, highlighting our limited knowledge of that trait beyond the traditional studied groups. Another interesting finding is that salt tolerance in E. fulgens is linked to succulence, is widespread, and is not the result of local adaptation. We suggest that E. fulgens and its allied species could be an interesting group to explore the evolution of important traits related to tolerance to salt stress, like succulence.


Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica , Orchidaceae , Folhas de Planta , Tolerância ao Sal , Orchidaceae/fisiologia , Orchidaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/fisiologia , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Cloreto de Sódio/farmacologia , Clorofila/metabolismo , Sódio/metabolismo , Clima Tropical
2.
J Contemp Dent Pract ; 25(4): 295-302, 2024 Apr 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38956842

RESUMO

AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mandibular growth and/or projection following maxillary incisor proclination, overbite correction, and maxillary dentoalveolar expansion without the use of any class II mechanics, in growing class II division 2 patients treated with clear aligners. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Before and after treatment cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) generated lateral and posteroanterior cephalograms of thirty-two patients with skeletal class II division 2, 16 in the treatment group and 16 in the untreated group, were reviewed to evaluate treatment-related changes. Upper incisors were proclined and protruded, as well as upper arch expansion and overbite correction were performed as part of their regular treatment. Cephalometric analysis was performed to evaluate skeletal and dental changes. Unpaired statistical t-tests were performed to determine if significant skeletal class II correction was achieved in the treatment group. RESULTS: In the treatment group, after treatment, the upper incisors became more proclined and protruded, and the inter-molar width increased while the overbite was reduced compared to the control group. An increase in skeletal mandibular growth and forward projection was also observed, thus contributing to an improvement of the sagittal skeletal relationship as evidenced by ANB and Wits values compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: A combination of upper incisor proclination, correction of deep overbite, and maxillary dentoalveolar expansion using clear aligners appears to contribute to an improvement of the skeletal class II relationship in growing patients with class II division 2. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows that unlocking the mandible by correcting a deep overbite, proclining upper incisors, and expanding the upper arch in growing class II division 2 patients can improve skeletal class II using clear aligners. How to cite this article: Mirzasoleiman P, El-Bialy T, Wiltshire WA, et al. Evaluation of Mandibular Projection in Class II Division 2 Subjects Following Orthodontic Treatment Using Clear Aligners. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(4):295-302.


Assuntos
Cefalometria , Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico , Má Oclusão Classe II de Angle , Mandíbula , Humanos , Má Oclusão Classe II de Angle/terapia , Má Oclusão Classe II de Angle/diagnóstico por imagem , Mandíbula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Mandíbula/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Masculino , Adolescente , Criança , Incisivo/diagnóstico por imagem , Sobremordida/terapia , Ortodontia Corretiva/métodos , Ortodontia Corretiva/instrumentação
3.
Mol Ecol ; : e17437, 2024 Jun 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38887167

RESUMO

Environmental stress is a fundamental facet of life and a significant driver of natural selection in the wild. Gene expression diversity may facilitate adaptation to environmental changes, without necessary genetic change, but its role in adaptive divergence remains largely understudied in Neotropical systems. In Amazonian riparian forests, species distribution is predominantly influenced by species' waterlogging tolerance. The flooding gradient delineates distinct wetland forest types, shaping habitats and species characteristics. Here we investigated the molecular basis of environmental stress response in a tropical ground-herb species (Ischnosiphon puberulus) to environmental variation in Amazonian riparian forests. We compared environmental variables and gene expression profiles from individuals collected in two forest types: Igapó and Terra firme in the Amazonian riparian forests. Predictable seasonal flooding poses a significant challenge in Igapó compared to Terra firme environments, with the former presenting higher water column height and longer flooding duration. Our findings suggest that contrasting environmental conditions related to flooding regimes are important drivers of population genetic differentiation and differential gene expression in I. puberulus. Enriched gene ontology terms highlight associations with environmental stresses, such as defence response, water transport, phosphorylation, root development, response to auxin, salicylic acid and oxidative stress. By uncovering key environmental stress response pathways conserved across populations, I. puberulus offers novel genetic insights into the molecular basis of plant reactions to environmental constraints found in flooded areas of this highly biodiverse neotropical ecosystem.

4.
Biomater Investig Dent ; 11: 40585, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38873367

RESUMO

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of orthodontic bracket base shape on shear bond strength (SBS) to human enamel and assess the nature of debonding fractures using the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). Orthodontic brackets with different-shaped bases (flower, heart, rectangle) were bonded to 120 extracted human third molars. Shear bond strength was measured using a Servohydraulic Test System at 24 h and 2 months after bonding. Adhesive Remnant Index scores were evaluated under 10x magnification to assess the amount of resin left on the tooth. The control bracket (rectangular base shape) had the highest mean SBS (26.8 ± 8.2 megapascals [MPa]), and significantly differed from the flower (17.2 ± 4.4 MPa) and heart (18.9 ± 3.5 MPa) base shapes (p < 0.001). The mean SBS between debonding times at 24 h (21.5 ± 7.4 MPa) and 2 months (20.4 ± 6.7 MPa) were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Analysis of ARI scores showed a significant difference between flower-24 h versus heart-2 months (p = 0.039), flower-24 h versus heart-24 h (p = 0.004), and control-2 months versus heart-24 h (p = 0.015). Bracket base shape influenced SBS, with the rectangular base shape having a higher mean SBS compared to flower and heart base shapes. Variations in ARI scores occurred based on bracket shape and were of a mixed adhesive-cohesive nature. All bracket shapes had bond strengths above the clinically acceptable range of 6-8 MPa, and may thus provide adequate SBS in a clinical situation.

5.
Ann Bot ; 134(2): 351-364, 2024 Jul 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38702965

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Desiccation tolerance (DT) is crucial for survival in arid environments, where organisms develop strategies in reproduction, maintenance and defence to cope with water scarcity. Therefore, investigating the relationship between reproduction and DT is essential to understand the ecology and adaptive strategies of species. This study explores the connection between the development of male and female gametangia in the moss Bryum argenteum and the decrease in DT during the progression of phenological phases in gametangia and protonema. METHODS: Samples collected from a dry tropical forest in Brazil were cultivated, cloned and subjected to desiccation. Subsequently, the physiological parameters of shoots and protonemata were analysed. Shoot and protonema regeneration were monitored for 28 d after the physiological analyses. Both phases were subjected to control and desiccation treatments. KEY RESULTS: Significant effects of desiccation and sex on the physiological parameters and regeneration capacity of shoots and protonemata were found. Male shoots generally exhibited lower values of Fv/Fm (quantum efficiency of photosystem II) and ϕPSII (effective quantum yield of photosystem II), while females demonstrated higher values and better recovery after desiccation. Protonemata also showed variation in Fv/Fm over time and with sex, with no significant differences in ϕPSII between them. Desiccated male shoots had higher mortality rates and produced fewer new shoots. For females, the regeneration patterns varied between the desiccation-exposed groups and the control, with decreased shoot production, and some protonemata growing into filaments without forming shoots. CONCLUSION: These findings improve our understanding of the ecological responses of bryophytes to desiccation stress and provide insights into their adaptive strategies in challenging environments, such as the possible rarity of males in dioicous moss populations.


Assuntos
Dessecação , Adaptação Fisiológica/fisiologia , Brotos de Planta/fisiologia , Brotos de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bryopsida/fisiologia , Reprodução/fisiologia , Brasil
6.
Proc Inst Mech Eng H ; : 9544119241237356, 2024 Mar 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38523483

RESUMO

Stress urinary incontinence often results from pelvic support structures' weakening or damage. This dysfunction is related to direct injury of the pelvic organ's muscular, ligamentous or connective tissue structures due to aging, vaginal delivery or increase of the intra-abdominal pressure, for example, defecation or due to obesity. Mechanical changes alter the soft tissues' microstructural composition and therefore may affect their biomechanical properties. This study focuses on adapting an inverse finite element analysis to estimate the in vivo bladder's biomechanical properties of two groups of women (continent group (G1) and incontinent group (G2)). These properties were estimated based on MRI, by comparing measurement of the bladder neck's displacements during dynamic MRI acquired in Valsalva maneuver with the results from inverse analysis. For G2, the intra-abdominal pressure was adjusted after applying a 95% impairment to the supporting structures. The material parameters were estimated for the two groups using the Ogden hyperelastic constitutive model. Finite element analysis results showed that the bladder tissue of women with stress urinary incontinence have the highest stiffness (α1 = 0.202 MPa and µ1 = 7.720 MPa) approximately 47% higher when compared to continent women. According to the bladder neck's supero-inferior displacement measured in the MRI, the intra-abdominal pressure values were adjusted for the G2, presenting a difference of 20% (4.0 kPa for G1 and 5.0 kPa for G2). The knowledge of the pelvic structures' biomechanical properties, through this non-invasive methodology, can be crucial in the choice of the synthetic mesh to treat dysfunction when considering personalized options.

7.
Mol Omics ; 19(10): 743-755, 2023 Dec 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37581345

RESUMO

Microbial biostimulants have emerged as a sustainable alternative to increase the productivity and quality of important crops. Despite this, the effects of the treatment on plant metabolism are poorly understood. Thus, this study investigated the metabolic response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) related to the treatment with a biostimulant obtained from the extract of Corynebacterium glutamicum that showed positive effects on the development, growth, and yield of crops previously. By untargeted metabolomic analysis using UHPLC-MS/MS, plants and seeds were subjected to treatment with the biostimulant. Under ideal growth conditions, the plants treated exhibited higher concentration levels of glutamic acid, nicotiflorin and glycosylated lipids derived from linolenic acid. The foliar application of the biostimulant under water stress conditions increased the chlorophyll content by 17% and induced the accumulation of flavonols, mainly quercetin derivatives. Also, germination seed assays exhibited longer radicle lengths for seeds treated compared to the untreated control even in the absence of light (13-18% increase, p-value <0.05). Metabolomic analysis of the seeds indicated changes in concentration levels of amino acids (tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamine, and arginine) and their derivatives. The results point out the enhancement of abiotic stress tolerance and the metabolic processes triggered in this crop associated with the treatment with the biostimulant, giving the first insights into stress tolerance mechanisms in P. vulgaris.


Assuntos
Corynebacterium glutamicum , Phaseolus , Phaseolus/química , Phaseolus/metabolismo , Phaseolus/microbiologia , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Estresse Fisiológico , Clorofila/metabolismo
9.
Ann Bot ; 131(5): 885-896, 2023 05 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37004162

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We examined the relationship between reproductive allocation and vegetative growth in three monoicous sexual systems of bryophytes. The sexual systems show a gradient of increasing distance between the sexes, from gonioautoicous to cladautoicous to rhizautoicous. Here, we investigated the following two hypotheses: (1) reproductive allocation differs between sexes and sexual systems, and male reproductive allocation increases with increasing distance between male and female gametangia; and (2) reproductive allocation is negatively related to vegetative growth. METHODS: We sampled the three sexual systems, represented by three moss species of the genus Fissidens in the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil. Ramets were washed in the laboratory; the reproductive structures were detached from the vegetative ramets and sorted regarding sex and individual, dried at 70 °C for 72 h, and weighed in an ultramicrobalance. We calculated the mean reproductive and vegetative mass and reproductive allocation and used generalized linear models to test our predictions. KEY RESULTS: Reproductive allocation differed between species and sexes. It was higher in the rhizautoicous than in the cladautoicous and gonioautoicous species. Mean reproductive allocation was greater in males than in females of the rhizautoicous species, greater in females than males of the cladautoicous species, and did not differ between the sexes in the gonioautoicous species. Estimates of reproductive and vegetative mass were positively related in females of the rhizautoicous species. Vegetative mass was not related to reproductive allocation in the gonioautoicous species, but negatively related to reproductive allocation in the male and female branchlets of the cladautoicous species and in the female ramets of the rhizautoicous species. CONCLUSIONS: The reproductive allocation patterns differ between the rhizautoicous species and the 'truly' monoicous species, with shorter intersexual distances, which implies that our hypotheses were supported only in part. We suggest that the hypotheses should be reformulated and tested further by comparing 'truly' monoicous species with dioicous species and by including other genera.


Assuntos
Briófitas , Bryopsida , Reprodução , Brasil , Florestas
10.
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop ; 163(5): 677-689, 2023 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36621351

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The Twin-block (TB) and the van Beek Headgear-Activator (vBHGA) are indicated for patients with Class II malocclusion with a retrognathic mandible. Although the former is commonly prescribed for horizontally growing patients, the latter is often recommended for those growing vertically. This study aimed to compare the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft-tissue short-term effects of TB and vBHGA, taking growth patterns into account. METHODS: Immediate prefunctional (T1) and postfunctional appliance (T2) lateral cephalometric radiographs were retrospectively obtained for vBHGA (n = 46), TB (n = 45), and untreated control (n = 45) groups. The interaction of several variables at T1, T2, and T2 - T1, as well as the resultant treatment effect, were analyzed using the analysis of covariance regression models at the 5% significance level. RESULTS: Except for a greater reduction in Wits measurement (3.0 mm; P <0.0001) in the TB group, no anteroposterior (AP) skeletal difference was observed between the 2 appliances (ANB, 0.530; P = 0.07) (Harvold, 0.13 mm; P = 0.81). Both improved the AP skeletal relationship (ANB and Harvold) compared with the control (P <0.05). Although this mostly occurred because of the forward positioning of the mandible with the TB (SNB, 0.960; P = 0.01), the maxillary restriction was the main mechanism with the vBHGA (SNA, 1.590; P <0.01). Dentoalveolar compensations were more pronounced with the TB (IMPA, 1.92; P = 0.02), leading to greater overbite and overjet correction. Only the inclination of the maxillary incisors showed interaction with the growth pattern, with the TB horizontal growers experiencing more retroclination (U1-NA°. 3.620; P = 0.0067). CONCLUSIONS: Both appliances produced similar modest AP skeletal changes that, together with dentoalveolar compensations, were able to correct the Class II malocclusion regardless of growth pattern.


Assuntos
Má Oclusão Classe II de Angle , Sobremordida , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Má Oclusão Classe II de Angle/diagnóstico por imagem , Má Oclusão Classe II de Angle/terapia , Mandíbula/diagnóstico por imagem , Cefalometria , Maxila
11.
Oecologia ; 201(2): 287-298, 2023 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36517619

RESUMO

Life-history traits, such as reproductive allocation, sexual expression, sex ratio, and reproductive success, are central aspects of a species' ecology and evolution. For example, bias in male and female sex expression may play a large role in determining the viability of populations in the face of environmental pressures, such as population fragmentation, climate change and habitat occupancy. Thus, in this study, we investigated reproductive traits in 10 meta-populations of Fissidens flaccidus Mitt. From each meta-population, 30 patches were randomly selected, and 1 cm2 samples were collected form each patch. A total of 20,173 ramets were analyzed and classified into male, non-sporophytic female, sporophytic female, and non-sex expressing. In addition, population density in each patch was quantified. Our results showed that relative reproductive allocation in perigonia and sporophytes is greater than perichaetia. Trade-off between sexual relative reproductive allocation and asexual gemma production was observed, suggesting an important role of female ramets in asexual reproduction. The number of male ramets does not influence the reproductive success observed in each patch, and ramet density may induce male sex expression. Thus, we concluded that reproductive allocation in male function is efficient, since fewer male ramets can assure a considerable reproductive success. Furthermore, our results suggest that there may be a habitat preference between the sexes, since male ramets are found in patches with high density and mostly below female ramets, suggesting an avoidance of direct sunlight by male ramets.


Assuntos
Características de História de Vida , Reprodução Assexuada , Feminino , Masculino , Humanos , Reprodução , Ecossistema
12.
Am J Bot ; 109(12): 2030-2050, 2022 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36254561

RESUMO

PREMISE: Pogoniopsis likely represents an independent photosynthesis loss in orchids. We use phylogenomic data to better identify the phylogenetic placement of this fully mycoheterotrophic taxon, and investigate its molecular evolution. METHODS: We performed likelihood analysis of plastid and mitochondrial phylogenomic data to localize the position of Pogoniopsis schenckii in orchid phylogeny, and investigated the evolution of its plastid genome. RESULTS: All analyses place Pogoniopsis in subfamily Epidendroideae, with strongest support from mitochondrial data, which also place it near tribe Sobralieae with moderately strong support. Extreme rate elevation in Pogoniopsis plastid genes broadly depresses branch support; in contrast, mitochondrial genes are only mildly rate elevated and display very modest and localized reductions in bootstrap support. Despite considerable genome reduction, including loss of photosynthesis genes and multiple translation apparatus genes, gene order in Pogoniopsis plastomes is identical to related autotrophs, apart from moderately shifted inverted repeat (IR) boundaries. All cis-spliced introns have been lost in retained genes. Two plastid genes (accD, rpl2) show significant strengthening of purifying selection. A retained plastid tRNA gene (trnE-UUC) of Pogoniopsis lacks an anticodon; we predict that it no longer functions in translation but retains a secondary role in heme biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS: Slowly evolving mitochondrial genes clarify the placement of Pogoniopsis in orchid phylogeny, a strong contrast with analysis of rate-elevated plastome data. We documented the effects of the novel loss of photosynthesis: for example, despite massive gene loss, its plastome is fully colinear with other orchids, and it displays only moderate shifts in selective pressure in retained genes.


Assuntos
Genomas de Plastídeos , Orchidaceae , Filogenia , Genomas de Plastídeos/genética , Orchidaceae/genética , Evolução Molecular , Plastídeos/genética
13.
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop ; 162(4): 477-482.e5, 2022 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35780019

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the factors influencing potential orthodontic patients' choice between an orthodontist, general dentist (GD), and direct-to-consumer (DTC) aligners for their treatment and their choice of orthodontic appliance type and explored their motivating factors for seeking orthodontic treatment and preference for appliance type. METHODS: An electronic survey was administered to 330 Canadian adults to determine demographic background, choice of the orthodontic treatment provider, the preferred mode of treatment, orthodontic issues they wished to address, and motivation for treatment. RESULTS: When participants were asked their preference in provider type, 49.4% of participants selected an orthodontist, 19.2% would follow the recommendation of their GD, 18.9% selected a GD, and 12.5% selected DTC aligners. Younger adult participants (P = 0.037) and those living in metropolitan areas (P = 0.0005) were significantly more likely to select an orthodontist than GD or DTC aligners. When asked about their preference in the mode of orthodontic treatment, 45.4% selected clear braces, 34.1% selected clear aligners, 14.3% selected metal braces, and 6.1% indicated they currently have no interest in orthodontic treatment. Older participants (P = 0.0005) and those in moderate-sized population centers (P = 0.001) were significantly more likely to select clear braces or aligners. CONCLUSIONS: Adults in Canada have a high preference for orthodontic treatment performed by orthodontists, especially among younger participants and those in metropolitan areas. Although all ages preferred clear braces, younger adult participants tended to be more open to metal braces, whereas older participants' preference for clear braces was the strongest. Preference for clear aligners is positively correlated to increased community size.


Assuntos
Braquetes Ortodônticos , Preferência do Paciente , Adulto , Canadá , Humanos , Aparelhos Ortodônticos Fixos , Ortodontistas
14.
New Phytol ; 236(5): 1908-1921, 2022 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35731179

RESUMO

Fully mycoheterotrophic plants can be difficult to place in plant phylogeny due to elevated substitution rates associated with photosynthesis loss. This potentially limits the effectiveness of downstream analyses of mycoheterotrophy that depend on accurate phylogenetic inference. Although mitochondrial genomic data sets are rarely used in plant phylogenetics, theory predicts that they should be resilient to long-branch artefacts, thanks to their generally slow evolution, coupled with limited rate elevation in heterotrophs. We examined the utility of mitochondrial genomes for resolving contentious higher-order placements of mycoheterotrophic lineages in two test cases: monocots (focusing on Dioscoreales) and Ericaceae. We find Thismiaceae to be distantly related to Burmanniaceae in the monocot order Dioscoreales, conflicting with current classification schemes based on few gene data sets. We confirm that the unusual Afrothismia is related to Taccaceae-Thismiaceae, with a corresponding independent loss of photosynthesis. In Ericaceae we recovered the first well supported relationships among its five major lineages: mycoheterotrophic Ericaceae are not monophyletic, as pyroloids are inferred to be sister to core Ericaceae, and monotropoids to arbutoids. Genes recovered from mitochondrial genomes collectively resolved previously ambiguous mycoheterotroph higher-order relationships. We propose that mitochondrial genomic data should be considered in standardised gene panels for inferring overall plant phylogeny.


Assuntos
Ericaceae , Genoma Mitocondrial , Filogenia , Genoma Mitocondrial/genética , Ericaceae/genética , Fotossíntese/genética , Genômica
15.
Am J Bot ; 109(4): 645-654, 2022 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35274291

RESUMO

PREMISE: We investigated sex-specific differences in the life-history traits of a metapopulation of the dioicous moss Weissia jamaicensis. Field observations revealed high rates of fertilization, which is uncommon for most dioicous bryophytes. We raised four hypotheses associated with the way the reproductive traits are related to the fertilization rate in this metapopulation. METHODS: We sampled 10 patches of the metapopulation and quantified sexual expression, sex ratio, reproductive success, and reproductive allocation. The ramets were classified as male, non-sporophytic female, sporophytic female, or non-sex-expressing. Thirty ramets from each of the categories expressing sex were placed for regeneration to test the effect of reproductive allocation on this trait. RESULTS: We found greater expression of the female function in all patches, implying a female bias in the metapopulation. The number of male ramets was variable in each patch and did not affect reproductive success. At the prezygotic level, the allocation of resources to the male function was higher. However, the large allocation of resources to sporophyte development in sporophytic females, which exceeded allocations at prezygotic levels, was related to the higher mortality rate of these ramets, suggesting reproductive cost. CONCLUSIONS: The prezygotic ramets that allocated the greatest amount of resources to reproduction expressed sex less frequently, biasing the sex ratio toward the sex that allocated the least amount of resources to reproduction. Overall, the ramets that allocated the greatest amount of resources to reproduction had the lowest regeneration rate, suggesting reproductive cost.


Assuntos
Briófitas , Bryopsida , Características de História de Vida , Animais , Reprodução , Razão de Masculinidade
16.
Angle Orthod ; 92(4): 446-462, 2022 07 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35188535

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate orthodontists' perceived impacts on their practices as a result of general practitioners (GPs) and direct-to-consumer (DTC) orthodontic care providers and the adaptational changes implemented in the past 10 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic survey was administered to 270 orthodontists in Canada and the United States to determine demographic background, perception of perceived impact, and specific changes implemented to improve practice competitiveness. RESULTS: More experienced orthodontists (P = .0001) and males (P = .027) were more likely to indicate a perceived impact from GP orthodontics. American orthodontists were significantly more likely than Canadian orthodontists to perceive an impact from DTC providers (P = .017). There was a positive association with orthodontists' years of experience and having implemented adaptational changes to their practice for a period greater than 10 years across multiple categories. Female orthodontists were more likely to have implemented adaptational changes for a period of less than 10 years across multiple categories. CONCLUSIONS: The perceived impact of GPs providing orthodontic care was greater than that of DTC providers. American orthodontists were significantly more likely to perceive an impact from DTC providers. Orthodontists have experienced a reduction in referrals from GPs and an increase in referred case difficulty. Less experienced and female orthodontists have made the most adaptive changes to their practices in the past 10 years.


Assuntos
Ortodontia , Ortodontistas , Canadá , Assistência Odontológica , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos
17.
J World Fed Orthod ; 11(3): 83-89, 2022 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34998719

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to determine whether rating systems, such as the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) and the American Board of Orthodontics Objective Grading System (ABO-OGS) can be applied to intraoral photographs. METHODS: Models and photographs of 50 cases were graded by 4 raters, and a 20% repeat of randomized cases was completed 2 weeks later. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to assess inter- and intra-rater agreements, as well as the level of agreement between the ratings on models and photographs. RESULTS: The intra- and inter-rater agreements were considered good to excellent. The paired mean difference (model minus photo) for the PAR index and the ABO Discrepancy Index as a total was 2.405 and 1.156, respectively. Overjet was the subdomain that produced the highest differences between photos and models. The ABO- Discrepancy Index method on photographs was more reliable than the PAR index when grading pre-treatment and more-severe malocclusions. CONCLUSIONS: Both methods can be used, but the choice depends on the purpose of the evaluation, and on consideration of the weaknesses and strengths of each relating to its use on photographs.


Assuntos
Má Oclusão , Ortodontia , Sobremordida , Indexação e Redação de Resumos , Humanos , Má Oclusão/diagnóstico , Má Oclusão/terapia , Estados Unidos
18.
Cleft Palate Craniofac J ; 59(1): 54-65, 2022 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33653126

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a new method to quantify occlusal improvement in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) who had undergone orthodontic treatment and to evaluate its reproducibility. DESIGN: A panel of orthodontists decided on the relevance of different occlusal features to score initial and final 3-dimensional study models and panoramic radiographs. A subsequent subjective analysis was later performed by a local orthodontic panel. SETTING: The sample was obtained from the orthodontic clinical archives of a hospital known for the treatment of patients with craniofacial differences. PATIENTS: Thirty-one nonsyndromic patients, 17 males and 14 females, were randomly selected according to preestablished inclusion/exclusion criteria. INTERVENTIONS: The records corresponded to the period during which the patients were treated with conventional multibracket mechanics and adjunctive restorative procedures. MAIN OUTCOME/MEASURES: The intraclass correlation coefficient measured intraexaminer and interexaminer agreements. The Spearman correlation test assessed the relationship between the local orthodontic panel perception and the improvement scores. RESULTS: Inter- and intra-rater ICCs varied between fair/good to excellent. There was a strong correlation between the Cleft-Customized Occlusal Rating system classification of occlusal improvement and the local orthodontic panel's perception, thereby enabling the utilization of the interpretation scale by the panel. CONCLUSIONS: The method showed to be a useful tool in quantifying and classifying occlusal improvement in this specific population. As any other method, some limitations apply and need to be accounted for.


Assuntos
Fenda Labial , Fissura Palatina , Fenda Labial/diagnóstico por imagem , Fenda Labial/terapia , Fissura Palatina/diagnóstico por imagem , Fissura Palatina/terapia , Arco Dental , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes
19.
Am J Bot ; 108(12): 2405-2415, 2021 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34622937

RESUMO

PREMISE: Unlike most flowering plants, orchid flowers have under-developed ovules that complete development only after pollination. Classical studies reported variation in the stage in which ovule development is arrested, but the extent of this variation and its evolutionary and ecological significance are unclear. METHODS: Here, we used light microscopy to observe ovule development at anthesis for 39 species not previously studied and surveyed the literature gaining information on 94 orchid species. Tropical and temperate members of all five orchid subfamilies as well as species with contrasting pollination strategies (rewarding versus deceptive) and life forms (epiphytic versus terrestrial) were represented. We analyzed the data using statistical comparisons and a phylogenetic generalized least square (PGLS) analysis. RESULTS: Apostasioideae, the sister to the rest of the orchids, have mature ovules similar to other Asparagales, while under-differentiated ovules are present in the other subfamilies. Ovule developmental stages showed high variation even among closely related groups. Ovules were more developed in terrestrial than in epiphytic, in temperate than in tropical, and in rewarding than in deceptive pollination orchid species. This latter comparison was also significant in the PGLS analysis. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ovule developmental stage in orchids can be shaped by ecological factors, such as seasonality and pollination strategy, and can be selected for optimizing female reproductive investment.


Assuntos
Orchidaceae , Óvulo Vegetal , Flores , Filogenia , Polinização
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