Use of insect repellent as personal protection among women of childbearing age in an arbovirus endemic area in Northeastern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with the individual use of insect repellent by women of childbearing age living in area endemic for arboviruses in Fortaleza, Brazil. METHODS: This is a cohort study carried out between 2018 and 2019 with women aged between 15 and 39 years in Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil. A total of 1,173 women users of one of the four selected primary health care units participated in the study. The outcome was divided into: continued use, discontinued use, and nonuse of insect repellent. Crude and adjusted multinominal logistic regression analysis was carried out guided by a hierarchical model, with presentation of the respective odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The independent variables include: socioeconomic and demographic data, environmental and sanitary characteristics, knowledge of the insect repellent, and behavioral and pregnancy-related aspects. RESULTS: Only 28% of the participants reported using insect repellent during the two waves of the cohort. Women with higher education (OR=2.55; 95%CI 1.44-4.51); who are employed (OR=1.51; 95%CI 1.12-2.03); who received guidance from healthcare professionals (OR=1.74; 95%CI 1.28-2.36) and the media (OR=1.43; 95%CI 1.01-2.02); who intensified precautions against mosquitoes during the epidemic (OR=3.64; 95%CI 2.29-5.78); and who were pregnant between 2016 and 2019 (OR=2.80; 95%CI 1.83-4.30) had increased odds for continued use of insect repellent. CONCLUSION: The use of insect repellent among women of childbearing age was associated with a higher level of education, employment, guidance on insect repellent provided by healthcare professionals and the media, behavioral changes to protect against mosquitoes during the Zika virus epidemic, and pregnancy when occurring as of the beginning of the epidemic period.

Positivity of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika infections in women in Northeast Brazil post-Zika epidemic.

The state of Ceará, in the Northeast Region of Brazil, presents the simultaneous circulation of Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses. In 2017 there were a high number of cases of these three arboviruses, especially CHIKV. Here, we detected the presence of arboviruses ZIKV, DENV and CHIKV and their coinfections in women in endemic regions of the city of Fortaleza, Ceará in a post-Zika epidemic year. Sociodemographic and environmental characteristics associated with arbovirus positivity were also analyzed. Women (n = 1289) between 15 and 39 years old were included. RT-qPCR was performed for virus detection and IgM antibody positivity was also analyzed. One hundred and six (8.3%) participants were positive for one or more arboviruses. Monoinfections (76; 5.9%) were distributed between 22 (1.7%) for ZIKV, 39 (3.1%) for DENV and 15 (1.2%) for CHIKV. Co-infections were detected in 30 (2.3%) of the positive participants and one case with triple infection was found. IgM positivity was found in 2.4% of ZIKV RT-qPCR, 9.6% of DENV and 16.3% of CHIKV. RT-qPCR positivity for arboviruses was associated with low socioeconomic class and presence of a water box sealing in the household. A higher positivity to the three viruses occurred in the month with the lowest wind velocity, which was also preceded by the highest peak of rain and humidity. We identified the simultaneous circulation and co-infection of ZIKV, DENV and CHIKV in Fortaleza in a post-Zika epidemic year. We also highlight the need for continuous epidemiological surveillance combined with molecular diagnostic tools.

Hazardous alcohol use among transwomen in a Brazilian city / Consumo excessivo de álcool entre mulheres transgênero numa cidade brasileira / Consumo excesivo de alcohol entre mujeres transexuales en una ciudad brasileña

Abstract: There is a lack of information about alcohol use by transgender women. We estimated the prevalence of dangerous alcohol use in the last 12 months by transgender women, who are known as travestis in Brazil, and we identified the associated risk factors. Three hundred travestis were recruited using Respondent Driving Sampling (RDS). We applied the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). We controlled the sample by applying a weight to each interviewee. Three quarters (74.2%) of travestis were regular drinkers, half (48.7%) scored over eight in the AUDIT and 14.8% scored over 20. The risk factors for alcohol use were: aged over 24, low income and unprotected sex. The dangerous use of alcohol is prevalent among travestis. Given that this group has a greater risk of HIV infection and transmission, and that the dangerous use of alcohol was associated with unsafe sex, specific intervention strategies are required.

Resumo: Informação sobre uso de álcool entre mulheres transgêneros são escassas. Estimamos a prevalência do uso perigoso de álcool nos últimos 12 meses entre mulheres transgêneros chamadas travestis no Brasil, e identificados os fatores de risco associados. Trezentas travestis foram recrutadas utilizando Respondent Driving Sampling (RDS). Aplicamos o Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Controlamos a amostragem, com um peso aplicado a cada entrevistada. Três quartos (74,2%) das travestis eram bebedores regulares, metade (48,7%) obteve > 8 no AUDIT e 14,8% obtiveram > 20. Fatores de risco para o uso de risco de álcool foram: > 24 anos, baixa renda, raça negra, viver com a família, ter feito sexo por dinheiro, uso de drogas ilícitas nos últimos seis meses e sexo desprotegido. O uso perigoso de álcool é prevalente entre travestis. Tendo em vista que este grupo possui maior risco para a infecção e transmissão de HIV, e que o uso perigoso de álcool foi associado ao sexo inseguro, são necessárias estratégias de intervenção específicas.

Resumen: Existe falta de información sobre el consumo de alcohol por parte de mujeres transexuales. El estudio estimó la prevalencia de consumo excesivo de alcohol durante los últimos 12 meses por parte de mujeres transexuales, conocidas en Brasil como travestis, e identificó los factores de riesgo. Fueron reclutadas 300 travestis, utilizando la técnica de Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS). Aplicamos el Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). La muestra fue controlada, aplicando un peso a cada entrevistada. Tres cuartos (74,2%) de la muestra consumían alcohol regularmente, la mitad (48,7%) totalizó más de ocho puntos en el AUDIT y 14,8% sumaron más de 20 puntos. Los factores de riesgo para el consumo excesivo de alcohol fueron: edad por encima de 24 años, baja renta y sexo sin preservativo. El uso excesivo de alcohol es común entre las travestis. Debido a que el grupo presenta riesgo aumentado de transmisión del VIH, y que el uso excesivo de alcohol estuvo asociado al sexo inseguro, se necesitan estrategias específicas para mitigar los riesgos.

Proteinúria after kidney transplantation - prevalence and risk factors.

INTRODUCTION: Proteinuria after kidney transplantation (Tx) has variable incidence and is associated with cardiovascular risk and graft survival. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of proteinuria after kidney Tx and its associated factors. METHODS: The prevalence of PTN was evaluated according to definition ≥ 500 mg/24 hours. Patients were divided into 3 groups: group A, < 500 mg, B, 500-1000 mg and C, > 1000 mg. We tested the association between PTN and: age/gender of the donor and recipient, type of donor, delayed graft function, acute rejection, hypertension and creatinine. The variables with a p value < 0.20 in the bivariate analysis were included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: 173 recipients were evaluated, mean age 39 years, 57.2% male and 60.7% deceased donor. The prevalence of PTN after kidney Tx was 24.3%. The distribution of patients according to PTN was 75.7% for group A, 15.6% for group B and 8.7% for group C. The following factors were associated with higher risk of PTN: male recipients, living donor and hypertension. Creatinine at month 12 moths post-Tx was higher among patients with proteinuria. 60% of patients with PTN ≥ 500 mg/24 hours were treated with ACEI/ARB. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PTN after kidney Tx varied between 24.3%, according to the definition used. The male gender of the recipient, living donor and hypertension were associated with the occurrence of PTN after kidney Tx. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system must be prescribed to more patients.

Proteinúria pós-transplante renal - prevalência e fatores de risco / Proteinúria after kidney transplantation - prevalence and risk factors

Resumo Introdução: A proteinúria pós-transplante renal tem incidência variável, sendo um fator de risco cardiovascular e para a sobrevida do enxerto. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de PTN pós-Tx em receptores de um único centro e fatores associados. Métodos: A prevalência de PTN foi avaliada segundo a definição ≥ 500 mg/24 hs. Os pacientes foram divididos em 3 grupos: grupo A, < 500 mg, B, 500-1000 mg e C, > 1000 mg. Foi testada a associação entre PTN pós-Tx e: idade/gênero do doador e receptor, tipo de doador, função retardada do enxerto, rejeição aguda, HAS e creatinina. As variáveis com valor de p < 0,20 na analise bivariada foram incluídas em modelo de regressão logística multivariado. Resultados: Foram avaliados 173 receptores, idade média 39 anos, 57,2% sexo masculino e 60,7% doador falecido. A prevalência de PTN pós-Tx foi de 24,3%. A distribuição dos pacientes foi de 75,7% para o grupo A, 15,6% para o grupo B e 8,7% para o grupo C. Foram associados a uma maior chance de PTN ≥ 500 mg/24hs: o sexo masculino do receptor, o doador falecido e a HAS pós-Tx. A creatinina aos 12 meses foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com PTN. 62% dos pacientes com PTN ≥ 500 mg/24 hs receberam tratamento com IECA/BRA. Conclusão: A prevalência de PTN pós-Tx renal foi 24,3% segundo a definição utilizada. O sexo masculino do receptor, o doador vivo e a HAS estiveram associadas à maior chance de PTN pós-Tx. O bloqueio do sistema renina-angiotensina deve ser intensificado.

Abstract Introduction: Proteinuria after kidney transplantation (Tx) has variable incidence and is associated with cardiovascular risk and graft survival. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of proteinuria after kidney Tx and its associated factors. Methods: The prevalence of PTN was evaluated according to definition ≥ 500 mg/24 hours. Patients were divided into 3 groups: group A, < 500 mg, B, 500-1000 mg and C, > 1000 mg. We tested the association between PTN and: age/gender of the donor and recipient, type of donor, delayed graft function, acute rejection, hypertension and creatinine. The variables with a p value < 0.20 in the bivariate analysis were included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: 173 recipients were evaluated, mean age 39 years, 57.2% male and 60.7% deceased donor. The prevalence of PTN after kidney Tx was 24.3%. The distribution of patients according to PTN was 75.7% for group A, 15.6% for group B and 8.7% for group C. The following factors were associated with higher risk of PTN: male recipients, living donor and hypertension. Creatinine at month 12 moths post-Tx was higher among patients with proteinuria. 60% of patients with PTN ≥ 500 mg/24 hours were treated with ACEI/ARB. Conclusion: The prevalence of PTN after kidney Tx varied between 24.3%, according to the definition used. The male gender of the recipient, living donor and hypertension were associated with the occurrence of PTN after kidney Tx. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system must be prescribed to more patients.