Epidemiological analysis of the facial fractures pattern in relation to motorcycle helmet type: A retrospective study on 282 patients.

Most maxillofacial traumas are caused by road traffic collisions and, in particular, by motorcycle accidents. Helmets represent an efficient protective tool in these traumas but they do not provide complete protection. The aim of this study was to perform an epidemiological analysis of facial fractures pattern in relation to the helmet type worn during the accident. The study was a retrospective analysis of 282 patients with a diagnosis of maxillofacial fracture caused by a motorcycle accident. The patients were divided in three groups based on helmet type (Group A: full-face helmet; Group B: modular [half-face] helmet; Group C: open-face helmet). For each group, fractures type and trauma severity, using the Comprehensive Facial Injury (CFI) scale, were recorded. Results showed that isolated midface fractures were strongly related to full-face helmet wearing (p < 0.001), while mandibular fractures and panfacial trauma/combined fractures were negatively correlated (p < 0.001). Mandibular fractures (p < 0.001) and panfacial trauma/combined fractures (p < 0.001) were strongly related to open helmet. Moreover, severe trauma (CFI 8.16) was recorded for open-face helmet wearing. In conclusion, full-face helmet wearing reduced the risk of facial fracture, in particular panfacial trauma/combined fractures, while open-face helmet wearing increased the risk of these fractures.

The "canine first technique" in maxillary impacted canines: analysis of the treatment duration and success of therapy.

Objectives: The goal of the study was to analyze the eruption time of the maxillary impacted canines treated with the "canine first technique" and evaluate the success rate. Materials and methods: A total of 103 patients with 131 impacted canines were treated. Alpha angle, Erickson-Kurol sectors, and age were studied to assess the difficulty of canine eruption. All the canines were treated with the "canine first" approach. The median follow-up time was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier inverse procedure. The primary outcome (canine eruption time) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. The curve comparison between the different known risk factors was made using the log-rank test. The median eruption time (95% confidence interval) was calculated for each result. Results: The majority of the canines (66.4%) were placed palatally and positioned in sector 3 (30.16%). The median alpha angle was 38.7°. In 88.9% of cases, canines erupted and the median time of eruption was 4.2 months. A statistically significant difference in alpha angle >/<22° able to influence the eruption time was assessed. The variation of the alpha angle (>/<22°) has found to be statistically significative when compared to the eruption time variation. Conclusion: The canine first technique is effective for the eruption of impacted canines, and an alpha angle <22° can be considered a favorable prognostic factor.

Virtual surgical planning in tripod zygomatico-maxillary complex fractures: A prospective comparison between two different strategies.

Multifragmentary and displaced zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures are often a challenge for the maxillofacial surgeon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the improved performance in the management of patients with tripod fracture of the orbito-zygomaticomaxillary complex, using two different methods of virtual surgical planning - virtual reduction and mirroring - compared with traditional management. A cohort of 60 patients was selected and divided into three groups, each consisting of 20 individuals. Patients in the first group were managed using the virtual reduction method, those in the second group using the mirroring method, and those in the third group using a traditional surgical approach. Having achieved virtual fracture reduction, a stereolithographic model was printed, on which preplating of the plates was performed. The results showed that virtual reduction was the most accurate in absolute terms, with a mean discrepancy in juxtaposition of the preoperative and postoperative CT images of 0.175 mm (SD ± 0.147), compared with 0.403 (SD ± 0.166) for the mirror method (and traditional method (0.875, SD ± 0.112; p > 0.0001). The average surgical time for virtual reduction (89.5 min) was faster than for mirroring (94.25 min) and for the traditional approach (96.75 min). In conclusion, the use of virtual surgical planning allows greater intraoperative accuracy, reduced surgical time, and reduced postoperative complications compared with traditional surgery. Of the two methods, virtual reduction performed best for the outcomes decribed.

In house 3-D printed surgical guide for frontal sinus osteotomy in traumatology: A technical note.

Frontal sinus surgery and particularly frontal sinus osteotomy represent historically a procedure demanding precision and careful planning. Achieving optimal results while minimizing complications requires meticulous preoperative planning and execution. Cutting guides are crucial tools in surgical procedures, particularly in complex osteotomies like could be those involving the frontal sinus. The aim of the study is to show the worflow for the in-house custom made cutting guide for secure and accurated frontal sinus approach. Given the simplicity, efficacy, rapidity, and safety of the procedure, the workflow for programming the cutting guide can be considered valid for all surgical procedures that contemplate performing an osteotomy on the anterior wall of the frontal sinus, such as trauma pathology, inflammatory naso-sinus pathology, benign or malignant neoplastic pathology, and craniofacial malformation pathology.

Mandibular reconstruction after post-traumatic complex fracture: Comparison analysis between traditional and virtually planned surgery.

BACKGROUND: Jaw reconstruction after complex post-traumatic fracture is still a challenge for surgeons using traditional surgery. Virtual surgical planning has proven to be a valid tool for managing these fractures. The aim of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the VSP effectiveness compared to traditional surgery in the management of complex mandibular fractures. METHODS: 30 patients with diagnosis of complex mandibular fracture were enrolled and divided in two groups: Group A (virtually planned surgery), The plate was pre-modeled and employed during the surgery; Group B (traditional surgery), the plate was shaped directly during the surgery. Virtually planned and post-operative Computer Tomography were after compared for both the groups to highlight discrepancies in mm. RESULTS: Fracture surgical reduction was successful without intraoperative complications. In Group A, all the mean discrepancies' values were <1 mm while in Group B the values were included between 1.36 and 1.94 mm. The mean operative time was 69 min for Group A, while 106 min for Group B. CONCLUSIONS: Fracture virtual reduction and realization of pre-modeled plate are able to guarantee a more anatomically correct reduction and a decrease in operating times. These outcomes translate into a decrease in both short and long-term complications.

Effects of serial swabs on the nasopharyngeal mucosa: our experience in SARS-CoV2 screening.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of swabs on nasal mucosa. METHODOLOGY: Since May 2020, our department was responsible for screening coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among the employees of a company that continued its activity during the pandemic. The screening protocol consisted of two swabs per week. The samples were analyzed through objective endoscopic and subjective clinical evaluations with sino-nasal outcome test (SNOT Test) at three time points (T0, T1 - three months, T2 - six months). RESULTS: 23.76% of patients showed an increase in the SNOT score at T1, and the score decreased at T2. This could be due to the phenomenon of "adaptation" of the nasal mucosa. Endoscopic control showed that at T1, secretion, hyperemia, and edema are the most common signs. At T2, however, the crusts accounted for 52.94% of all damage. It is evident that at T1 the endoscopically detected signs of "acute" damage were more represented than at T2, while the signs of "chronic" damage increased as the number of swabs increased. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that mucosal damage and perceived symptoms were absolutely acceptable compared to the diagnostic advantage obtained with serial screening.

Full-arch rehabilitation of severely atrophic maxilla with additively manufactured custom-made subperiosteal implants: A multicenter retrospective study.

The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze a series of patients who underwent full-arch rehabilitation of the atrophic maxilla using additively manufactured subperiosteal implants, between August 2018 and January 2023, at the Universities of Sassari and Poznan. In total, 36 patients and 72 implants were included, with no implants lost during follow-up, and a success rate of 90.3%. Seven (9.7%) of the implants showed class 1 exposure. Bleeding on probing was detected in 10.4% of the abutments at 6 months, 7.9% at 1 year, 10% at 2 years, 7% at 3 years, and 11.4% at 4 years. No significant bone resorption under the abutments was detected during the whole observation period. Based on the findings from this study, additively manufactured subperiosteal implants could represent a safe and reliable technique for full-arch rehabilitation in patients with severe maxillary atrophy.

Fresh Frozen Homologous Rib Cartilage: A Narrative Review of a New Trend in Rhinoplasty.

Background: Revision rhinoplasty is a technically demanding surgical procedure that can put every surgeon in trouble. The main issue of these cases is often an altered osteocartilaginous framework following over-resection during the first intervention. Moreover, the available septal or auricular cartilage for grafting is usually not enough. This review aims to examine contemporary advances in applications of fresh frozen cartilage in rhinoplasty. Methods: A structured review of the current literature (up to December 2023) was performed on four bibliographic databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane and Medline. The search terms were combinations of "Rhinoplasty" and "Cartilage Graft", "Allograft" or "Fresh Frozen Cartilage". The citations of selected studies and review articles were also evaluated if present. Results: The research resulted in 152 articles, and only ten met the inclusion criteria: nine clinical articles and one in vitro study. One of the ten eligible articles was excluded. Conclusions: Fresh frozen rib cartilage proved to be a viable alternative to autologous rib grafts and irradiated homologous rib graft. Despite the higher costs, FFRG can provide a sufficient amount of tissue for grafting avoiding donor site complications and reducing the operative time and proved to have more chondrocytes and to be less prone to resorption compared to irradiated rib.

Epidemiological analysis of patients with isolated blowout fractures of orbital floor: Correlation between demographic characteristics and fracture area.

Isolated orbital floor fractures are more frequent due to low bone thickness (2 mm). The aim of this study was to conduct a retrospective epidemiological analysis on these fractures, investigating demographic variables and fractures' features and their statistical correlation. A total of 120 patients with isolated orbital floor fracture, admitted at the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit of University of Naples Federico II, from 2010 to 2022 were enrolled in the study. Patients were evaluated for age, sex, smoke, comorbidities, post-traumatic clinical manifestation,s and defect side and size. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Pearson regression coefficient (r). The fractures were more frequent in men (male:female 2.2:1) because of road accidents (30% of cases). The average age was 48 years. Enophthalmos, diplopia and ocular motility anomalies were observed in 31%, 23% and 21% of cases, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that age was related to fracture area; in particular, older patients showed larger fractures (p < 0.001). Interpersonal violence and traffic accidents were related to younger age (p < 0.001). Data analysis revealed that isolated orbital floor fractures are more frequent in young men (<40 years) because of road accidents or interpersonal violence. There is a statistical correlation between fracture area and patient age; in particular, older age corresponds to larger defects.

Surgical management of Warthin tumor: long-term follow-up of 224 patients from 2002 to 2018.

PURPOSE: Warthin tumors (WT) are the second most common benign parotid gland neoplasms. They can occur as synchronous or metachronous lesions in 6-10% of cases. This study aims to compare the complication rate in 224 patients who underwent extracapsular dissection (ECD) or superficial parotidectomy (SP) for the treatment of a WT. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery at the University of Naples "Federico II" from February 2002 to December 2018 on a group of patients who underwent surgical treatment for WT. The type of surgical technique was chosen based on Quer's classification. The complications evaluated were facial nerve palsy, hematoma, Frey's syndrome, and bleeding. RESULTS: A total of 224 patients treated from 2002 to 2018 for Warthin tumor were included in the study. Two hundred elven had solitary tumors (94.1%) and 13 had multicentric lesions (5.8%), of which 9 cases presented synchronous lesions and 4 cases presented metachronous lesions. Extracapsular dissection (ECD) was performed in 130 patients (58.3% of cases) and superficial parotidectomy (SP) in the other 94 (41.7% of cases). CONCLUSIONS: We consider both surgical techniques as valid. In our opinion, it is essential to study each case based on Quer's Classification to obtain the best surgical outcome. Based on a lower observed rate of complications such as facial nerve palsy, Frey's syndrome, and bleeding, ECD seems to be the best option for the surgical treatment of Quer Class I lesions.

Efficacy of auriculotherapy in the control of pain, edema, and trismus following surgical extraction of the lower third molars: a split-mouth, randomized, placebo-controlled, and triple-blind study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this split-mouth, randomized, placebo-controlled, and triple-blind study was to evaluate whether auriculotherapy had any effect on the post-operative course after the extraction of third molars in terms of the control of pain, edema, and trismus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 42 patients (84 teeth) who had undergone a surgical extraction of the lower third molars. In each patient, the two extractions were randomly assigned to two study groups. In the therapy group, the patients underwent auriculotherapy with vaccaria seeds applied with patches in 6 ear points. In the control group, the patches were applied, without seeds, to the same ear points. After the extraction, the patients were asked to stimulate the ear points three times a day and whenever they felt pain. The patients were asked to keep a diary in which they assessed their pain by means of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for 8 days. Edema and trismus were assessed 1, 2, 3, and 8 days after surgery. RESULTS: The differences between the two groups were statistically significant at the 12-h control (auriculotherapy group (AG) VAS 5.5 [IQR 4.25-6.75], placebo group (PG) VAS 6 [IQR 5-8], p = 0.040), after 24 h (AG VAS 5 [IQR 4-6], PG VAS 6 [IQR 4.25-7], p = 0.024), after 2 days (AG VAS 4 [IQR 3-5], PG VAS 4.5 [IQR 4-6], p = 0.044), and after 3 days (AG VAS 3 [IQR 0-5], PG VAS 4 [IQR 3-5], p = 0.024). Throughout the observation period, the AG took a significantly lower number of painkillers than the PG (AG 6 [IQR 4.25-7]; PG 8 [IQR 8-9], p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the levels of edema and trismus between the two groups throughout the observation period. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the results of the present study, auriculotherapy can be considered as a cost-effective adjuvant pain reliever treatment in patients undergoing an extraction of the lower third molars.

Submental intubation in complex maxillofacial trauma: Pilot balloon protection.

AIMS: This study aims to describe our refined technique of submental intubation to avoid the recorded intraoperative complications related to tube passage and pilot balloon rupture. CASE SERIES: This is a retrospective case series of 21 patients with complex maxillofacial trauma who underwent submental intubation from January 2019 to January 2023. All the patients underwent to the same procedure with a new technique of pilot balloon protection: the pilot balloon was not deflated because, once the connector was removed, only the tube was curved and passed through the incision extraorally while the cuff remained inflated. The wire of the pilot balloon was passed behind the last tooth so as not to interfere with the maxillary-mandibular fixation, remaining extraorally under the anesthetist's view. DISCUSSION: Only 2 patients (9.5%) reported complications related to submental intubation: in particular a patient (4.8%) reported oral floor infection, and in another patient (4.8%) an unesthetic skin scar was observed. No patients reported intraoperative complications related to the procedure. CONCLUSION: The technique of pilot balloon protection that we have proposed seems to be effective in reducing the intraoperative complications related to the passage of the pilot balloon, such as rupture, damage or early extubation.

Minimally Invasive Harvesting Technique for Costal Cartilage Graft: Donor Site, Morbidity and Aesthetic Outcomes.

Cartilage grafts are well-known as being reliable in reconstructive surgery for craniofacial pathologies. The aim of this study is to describe a new technique which requires an incision smaller than 1.5 cm but is still effective for harvesting cartilage graft. Thirty-six patients who underwent costal cartilage harvesting for septorhinoplasty have been included in this study, admitted from January 2018 to December 2021. Out of 36 patients, 34 have not reported any major complications, and two cases were followed up for pneumothorax. There were no infections and no chest wall deformities. All patients reported minimal pain at the donor site. The Vancouver Scar Scale was used to evaluate the entity of the postoperative scarring phenomena. This scale total ranges from 0 (representing normal skin) to a maximum score of 13 (representing worst scar imaginable). The results were 1.53 SD ± 0.64 (on average) 1 week after the surgical procedure and 1.28 SD ± 0.45 (on average) at the 6 months follow-up. This minimally invasive method provided a valid and effective surgical technique for cartilage graft. Despite the limitations of the case series, it seems that this procedure might be comparable to other and well-established traditional procedures and could be even preferred when the minimal invasiveness is mandatory.

Support Tools in the Differential Diagnosis of Salivary Gland Tumors through Inflammatory Biomarkers and Radiomics Metrics: A Preliminary Study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate how the systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and radiomic metrics (quantitative descriptors of image content) extracted from MRI sequences by machine learning increase the efficacy of proper presurgical differentiation between benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. METHODS: A retrospective study of 117 patients with salivary gland tumors was conducted between January 2015 and November 2022. Univariate analyses with nonparametric tests and multivariate analyses with machine learning approaches were used. RESULTS: Inflammatory biomarkers showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the Kruskal-Wallis test based on median values in discriminating Warthin tumors from pleomorphic adenoma and malignancies. The accuracy of NLR, PLR, SII, and SIRI was 0.88, 0.74, 0.76, and 0.83, respectively. Analysis of radiomic metrics to discriminate Warthin tumors from pleomorphic adenoma and malignancies showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in nine radiomic features. The best multivariate analysis result was obtained from an SVM model with 86% accuracy, 68% sensitivity, and 91% specificity for six features. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory biomarkers and radiomic features can comparably support a pre-surgical differential diagnosis.

Facial soft tissue thickness measurement method and relationship with BMI, age and sex.

INTRODUCTION: Facial aesthetics results from the harmony of various components of the craniofacial region, a structure whose physiognomy and topography are determined by a set of hard and soft tissues. Few works in the literature have investigated the relationship between the variables of sex, age, BMI and soft tissue thickness and have considered how these variables may influence operative outcomes. The purpose of this study is to increase the pre-operative knowledge of the thickness of the soft tissues of the face through an analysis of their measurement conducted on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to investigate the impact that the variables of gender, age and BMI have on their determination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this study 82 patients were recruited between January 2020 and January 2021 in the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of the University of Naples "Federico II". A descriptive analysis of the sample was carried out on the selected sample, calculating averages and standard deviations for the individual variables analyzed. RESULTS: BMI has a predominant role on some craniometric points while age and sex have a more marginal role. Our analysis shows that some points are affected by only one variable, BMI (G' N' PR' ID' SM' GN' PG' MIO' ACP' GO' ZY' SC' IC' ECMS' and MMB'); some points are affected by both BMI and gender (MP' and MR'); while only two (RHI' and MSO') are influenced by all the three variables. CONCLUSION: A priori knowledge through CBCT of the thickness of the soft tissues of the face and a comparison with the data we propose could provide the surgeon with advance notice of the characteristics of the tissues which she/he will encounter.

Incidence of Orbital Side Effects in Zygomaticomaxillary Complex and Isolated Orbital Walls Fractures: A Retrospective Study in South Italy and a Brief Review of the Literature.

Zygomaticomaxillary complex and isolated orbital walls fractures are one of the most common fractures of the midface, often presenting orbital symptoms and complications. Our study was born with the aim of understanding the trend in the incidence of orbital presurgical symptoms, specifically diplopia, enophthalmos and exophthalmos, in the Campania Region in southern Italy. We conducted a retrospective, monocentric observational study at the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit of the Federico II University Hospital of Naples, enrolling 402 patients who reported a fracture of the zygomaticomaxillary complex and orbital floor region from 15 June 2021 to 15 June 2022. Patients were evaluated by age, gender, etiology, type of fracture, preoperative orbital side effects and symptoms. Pre-surgical side effects were studied, and 16% of patients (n = 66) developed diplopia. Diplopia was most common in patients previously operated on for orbital wall fractures (100%), and least common in patients who reported trauma after interpersonal violence (15%) and road traffic accidents (11%). Exophthalmos appeared only in 1% (six cases); whereas it did not appear in 99% (396 cases). Enophthalmos was present in 4% (sixteen cases), most commonly in interpersonal violence cases (two cases). The frequency of orbital complications in patients with zygomaticomaxillary complex and isolated orbital walls fractures suggests how diplopia remains the most common pre-surgical orbital side effect.

Facial Soft Tissue Ptosis: A Quantitative Analysis using 3d Facial Scan App For iPhone.

Although the modifications of the aging face have been widely described, to our knowledge, there are no studies that quantitatively analyze the degree of soft tissues facial ptosis. Using a specific iPhone application, the faces of a heterogeneous group of volunteers were scanned and studied with the aim to virtually measure the entity of facial ptosis.Two facial scans, upright and supine, were performed by using the Bellus3D Face app for iPhone in a sample of 60 volunteers. We virtually superimposed the two scans, and then, we calculated the discrepancy between them through the Geomagic Design X 3D software. A multivariate regression statistical model was used to analyze the correlation between the mean discrepancy values compared to three main variables: age, BMI and gender. Mean ptosis increases with age (coeff. = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.01-0.02, p < 0.001), BMI (coeff. = 0.03; 95% CI = 0.01-0.05; p < 0.001) and has been found higher in females (female versus male: coeff. = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.13-0.31; p < 0.001). The method we used allowed us to measure the degree of ptosis, and to make a complete morphological study of the effect of gravity on the facial surface in a very accurate, low cost and easily reproducible way.

Titanium Internal Fixator Removal in Maxillofacial Surgery: Is It Necessary? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Titanium plates and screws are essential devices in maxillofacial surgery since late 1980s, but despite their wide use there is no consensus in titanium internal fixators removal after bone healing. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis were conducted on seventeen retrospective studies. Effect size and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for plate removal (per plate and per patient) and for removal causes (infection, pain, screws complications, exposition, palpability). Odds ratio, 95% confidence intervals, and χ 2 test were measured for sex, smoking, and implant site. Heterogeneity was evaluated with Cochran and Inconstancy test. Obtained data were used to design Forest and Funnel plots. The aim of the study is to identify and clarify reasons and risk factors for plates and screws removal. Infection is the most frequent reason; the habit of tobacco usage and implant site (mandibula) are the main risk factors. The administration of antibiotic prophylaxis is essential, and patients must quit smoking before and after surgery. In conclusion there is no scientific evidence supporting the removal of internal devices as mandatory step of the postoperative procedure.

Electrocautery, Harmonic, and Thunderbeat Instruments in Parotid Surgery: A Retrospective Comparative Study.

The aim of this retrospective study has been to compare the surgical outcomes of patients undergoing superficial parotidectomy with three different instruments: bipolar electrocautery, ultrasound, and mixed energy instruments. The clinical records of 102 patients who had undergone superficial parotidectomy for benign tumors between January 2016 and April 2022 were considered. Based on the tool used during the surgery, the patients were divided into three study groups: classic electrocautery hemostasis group (CH group), ultrasonic instrument group (HA group), and combined energy instrument group (TB group). The duration of surgery, the total post-operative drainage volume, and the intra-operative blood loss were significantly higher in the CH group compared to the HA and the TB group, while the differences were not significant between the latter two groups. Facial nerve weakness was detected in 45.9% of the CH group, 12.5% of the HA group, and 21.2% of the TB group. The rate of facial nerve dysfunction in the CH group was significantly higher than in the HA group (0.011). In the patients who experienced post-operative facial nerve dysfunction, the recovery time was significantly shorter in the HA group compared to the CH and the TB group. The HA and TB groups have demonstrated comparable and significantly better surgical outcomes than bipolar electrocautery. Ultrasound instruments have been shown to cause, in comparison with the other techniques, a lower rate of temporary facial nerve dysfunction and, if this is present, lead to a faster spontaneous recovery time.

Management of Orbital Floor Fractures: Our Experience in 10 Years.

Purpose: Orbital floor Fractures are the most common fractures involving the facial skeleton and usually occurs after traumatic events. The reconstruction of the orbital floor can be performed with different biocompatible materials. The aim of our retrospective study is to analyze the short- and long-term outcomes of surgically treated patients based on the material used to repair the orbital floor. Methods: We enrolled 146 patients hospitalized for orbital floor fractures in the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit of the Federico II University of Naples from 1 to 2010 to July 2020. All the fractured orbital floors were reconstructed with non-resorbable (Titanium Mesh, SynPor, SuPor and MedPor implants) or resorbable (collagen membrane, bovinum pericardium membrane, autologous bone graft) materials. Results: We utilized non-resorbable materials in 56% (82 cases) and resorbable implants in 44% (64 cases). An improvement of the preoperative symptomatology and an aesthetical good outcome was achieved in most cases. Conclusions: Data obtained supports that both resorbable and non-resorbable materials for orbital floor reconstruction are a safe and effective alternatives and offer satisfactory results in functional and aesthetic evaluations.