The anti-infective effect of ß-glucans in children.

Background: ß-glucans are bioactive ß-D-glucose polysaccharides of natural origin, presenting antimicrobial and immunomodulation properties, with a low risk of toxicity. Objectives: This scoping review aims to present the current knowledge on the anti-infective properties of ß-glucans in the pediatric population. Methods: We used the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews Checklist to prepare this review. Studies were identified by electronic searches of Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to May 2021. Results: The primary search allowed us to find 6232 studies, twelve of which were finally included in the analysis. Eight studies were designed as randomized, placebo-controlled trials, while in four studies the intervention outcome was compared with the pre-intervention period in the same group. The type of preparation and doses varied between studies: in five trials pleuran was administered (in dose 10 mg/5 kg of body weight/day), and in one study baker's yeast ß-glucan was used (in two doses: 35 mg/day and 75 mg/day). In six other studies, the analyzed preparation comprised ß-glucan and other substances. The shortest study lasted seven days, while the most prolonged intervention lasted six months, followed by six months of follow-up. Ten out of twelve trials demonstrated the effectiveness of ß-glucans in reducing respiratory tract infection incidence or alleviation of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms. Ten out of twelve studies have reported a good tolerance and safety profile. Conclusions: Good tolerance of ß-glucans shows a favorable benefit-risk ratio of this type of intervention. Nevertheless, further monitoring of their efficacy and safety in high-quality research is necessary.

Streptococcus intermedius Acute Meningitis in an Immunocompetent Child.

Streptococcus intermedius is a commensal bacterium increasingly associated with brain abscesses. It can infect the brain through a direct extension of an inflammatory process or a hematogenous route. Meningitis due to this pathogen is sporadic and has not been described in children before. We report a case of an immunocompetent 6-year-old boy who developed bacterial meningitis due to S. intermedius .

Pituitary abscess in an eight-year-old girl - diagnostic difficulties.

Not required for Clinical Vignette.

Protocol of the study: the effectiveness of pleuran in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children-a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial (EPTAGE).

INTRODUCTION: Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common causes of children's morbidity and mortality globally. Oral or intravenous rehydration was proven effective in reducing the mortality rates in acute gastroenteritis, although it does not affect the course of the disease. Attempts to identify new therapeutic methods effective in reducing the symptoms of diarrhoea are of interest. Pleuran's potential immunomodulatory effect in acute gastrointestinal infection relies on the stimulation of innate immunity. The effectiveness of pleuran (ß-(1,3/1,6)-d-glucan) administration to treat acute infectious diarrhoea remains unknown. This study evaluates the efficacy of pleuran in reducing diarrhoea duration and the severity of acute gastroenteritis symptoms in children. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Our study is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled superiority trial with two parallel groups and a 1:1 allocation ratio. A total of 120 children aged 2-10 years hospitalised or requiring a visit to the emergency department because of acute gastroenteritis will be randomly assigned to receive either pleuran oral suspension in the experimental group or matching placebo in the control group. The primary outcome measure will be the duration of diarrhoea. We will analyse the results in both intention-to-treat and per-protocol approaches. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Bioethics Committee of The Medical University of Warsaw approved the study protocol (approval number: KB/45/2018). Written informed consent of the patients' caregivers participating in the study will be obligatory. The results of this study will be published in a medical journal, regardless of whether they confirm or deny the research hypothesis. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03988257; Pre-results.

Gluten-Free Diet in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Randomized, Controlled, Single-Blinded Trial.

To determine whether a gluten-free diet (GFD) compared with a gluten-containing diet (GD) influences functioning of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), we performed a randomized, controlled, single-blinded trial. Sixty-six children (36-69 months) with ASD, within the normal IQ (> 70) range, who had been on a GFD for at least 8 weeks before enrollment were eligible for inclusion. After an 8-week run-in period on a GFD, the GFD group continued this diet and the GD group consumed at least one normal meal containing gluten per day for 6 months. There were no differences between groups in autistic symptoms, maladaptive behaviors, or intellectual abilities after the intervention. A GFD compared with a GD did not affect functioning of children with ASD.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02280746.

Gluten- and casein-free diet and autism spectrum disorders in children: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Effective treatments for core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are lacking. We systematically updated evidence on the effectiveness of a gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diet as a treatment for ASD in children. METHODS: The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases were searched up until August 2016, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs); additional references were obtained from reviewed articles. RESULTS: Six RCTs (214 participants) were included. With few exceptions, there were no statistically significant differences in autism spectrum disorder core symptoms between groups, as measured by standardized scales. One trial found that compared with the control group, in the GFCF diet group there were significant improvements in the scores for the 'communication' subdomain of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and for the 'social interaction' subdomain of the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale. Another trial found significant differences between groups in the post-intervention scores for the 'autistic traits', 'communication', and 'social contact' subdomains of a standardized Danish scheme. The remaining differences, if present, referred to parent-based assessment tools or other developmental/ASD-related features. No adverse events associated with a GFCF diet were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, there is little evidence that a GFCF diet is beneficial for the symptoms of ASD in children.

Effects of infant formula supplemented with prebiotics compared with synbiotics on growth up to the age of 12 mo: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Growth is an essential outcome measure for evaluating the safety of infant formulas (IF). We investigated the effects of consumption of IF supplemented with prebiotics (fructooligosaccharides, FOS, and galactooligosaccharides, GOS) compared with synbiotics (FOS/GOS and Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei strain F19) on the growth of healthy infants. METHODS: 182 full-term infants who were weaned completely from breast milk to IF at 28 d of age were randomly assigned to receive prebiotic- or synbiotic-supplemented, otherwise identical, IF until 6 mo of age (intervention period). RESULTS: A total of 146 (80%) infants were included in the intention-to-treat analysis at 6 mo. Anthropometric parameters were similar in the two groups during the intervention and follow-up period until 12 mo of age. Compared with the prebiotic group, a significant reduction in the cumulative incidence of lower respiratory tract infections was found in the synbiotic group; however, the confidence interval of the estimate was wide, resulting in uncertainty. CONCLUSION: The lack of a significant difference between the formula-fed groups in growth, or the occurrence of serious adverse events, supports the safety of using IF supplemented with synbiotics. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of such formula on lower-respiratory tract infections.

The role of genetic factors and pre- and perinatal influences in the etiology of autism spectrum disorders - indications for genetic referral. / Znaczenie czynników genetycznych oraz przed- i okoloporodowych w etiologii zaburzen ze spektrum autyzmu - wskazania do konsultacji genetycznej.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are caused by disruptions in early stages of central nervous system development and are usually diagnosed in first years of life. Despite common features such as impairment of socio-communicative development and stereotypical behaviours, ASD are characterised by heterogeneous course and clinical picture. The most important aetiological factors comprise genetic and environmental influences acting at prenatal, perinatal and neonatal period. The role of rare variants with large effect i.e. copy number variants in genes regulating synapse formation and intrasynaptic connections is emphasised. Common variants with small effect may also be involved, i.e. polymorphisms in genes encoding prosocial peptides system - oxytocin and vasopressin. The environmental factors may include harmful effects acting during pregnancy and labour, however their specificity until now is not confirmed, and in some of them a primary genetic origin cannot be excluded. In several instances, especially with comorbid disorders - intellectual disability, epilepsy and dysmorphias - a detailed molecular diagnostics is warranted, which currently may elucidate the genetic background of disorder in about 20% of cases.

Disease associated malnutrition correlates with length of hospital stay in children.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Previous studies reported a wide range of estimated malnutrition prevalence (6-30%) in paediatric inpatients based on various anthropometric criteria. We performed anthropometry in hospitalised children and assessed the relationship between malnutrition and length of hospital stay (LOS) and complication rates. METHODS: In a prospective multi-centre European study, 2567 patients aged 1 month to 18 years were assessed in 14 centres in 12 countries by standardised anthropometry within the first 24 h after admission. Body mass index (BMI) and height/length <-2 standard deviation scores (SDS, WHO reference) were related to LOS (primary outcome), frequency of gastrointestinal (diarrhoea and vomiting) and infectious complications (antibiotic use), weight change during stay (secondary outcomes) and quality of life. RESULTS: A BMI <-2 SDS was present in 7.0% of the patients at hospital admission (range 4.0-9.3% across countries) with a higher prevalence in infants (10.8%) and toddlers aged 1-2 years (8.3%). A BMI <-2 to ≥-3 SDS (moderate malnutrition) and a BMI <-3 SDS (severe malnutrition) was associated with a 1.3 (CI95: 1.01, 1.55) and 1.6 (CI95: 1.27, 2.10) days longer LOS, respectively (p = 0.04 and p < 0.001). Reduced BMI <-2 SDS was also associated to lower quality of life, and more frequent occurrence of diarrhoea (22% vs 12%, p < 0.001) and vomiting (26% vs 14%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Disease associated malnutrition in hospitalised children in Europe is common and is associated with significantly prolonged LOS and increased complications, with possible major cost implications, and reduced quality of life. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01132742.

[Autism spectrum disorders - epidemiology, symptoms, comorbidity and diagnosis]. / Zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu - epidemiologia, objawy, wspólzachorowalnosc i rozpoznawanie.

In the new classification of American Psychiatric Association - DSM-5 - a category of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) was introduced, which replaced autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. ASD are defined by two basic psychopathological dimensions: communication disturbances and stereotyped behaviors, and the diagnosis is complemented with the assessment of language development and intellectual level. In successive epidemiological studies conducted in 21 century the prevalence of ASD has been rising, and currently is estimated at 1% in general population. The lifetime psychiatric comorbidity is observed in majority of patients. The most common coexisting diagnoses comprise disorders ofanxiety-affective spectrum, and in about 1/3 of patients attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorders could be diagnosed. Prodromal symptoms of ASD may emerge before 12 months of life, however reliability of diagnosis at such an early age is poor. Several screening instruments, based on the parental and/or healthcare professional assessments may be helpful in ASD detection. However, structured interviews and observation schedules remain the gold standard of diagnosis.

Lacrimal caruncle nevus associated with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.

We present a 28-year-old man with diagnosed Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS), known as "Broad thumb-Hallux syndrome" with co-existing lacrimal caruncle tumor. Because of the documented enlargement of the lacrimal caruncle mass and known increased risk to develop malignancies in RSTS patients we decided to perform excisional biopsy, which revealed caruncle nevus. To our knowledge this is the first description of such an association.

[Diode laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity--outcomes in one-year observation]. / Zastosowanie lasera diodowego w leczeniu retinopatii wczesniaków--wyniki rocznej obserwacji.

PURPOSE: To evaluate structural and functional outcomes in one-year old patients, treated for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) with transpupillary diode laser photocoagulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 58 children (116 eyes) 12 months old, after treatment for ROP with diode laser photocoagulation, were examined. Both, functional outcome (visual acuity--basing on the examination with Teller Acuity Card Procedure), and structural outcome were evaluated. The cycloplegic refraction was examined in all cases. RESULTS: We have found good functional outcome in 81.9%, and good structural outcomes in 96.5% of examined eyes. 64.6% of eyes had hyperopic refractive error, and 31% were myopic. CONCLUSIONS: Diode laser photocoagulation is an effective method of treatment for ROP.

[Results of 10 years observation of organ of sight in prematurity]. / Wyniki dziesiecioletniej obserwacji narzadu wzroku u wczesniaków.

PURPOSE: (1) To compare the incidence of refractive errors and the orthoptic condition in ten-year-old children, born prematurely and treated with cryotherapy versus children, whom did not apply such a procedure. (2) To estimate condition of the extraocular muscles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A group of 60 prematurely born children was divided into 2 subgroups: I--30 children treated with cryotherapy, II--30 no treatment was applied. All the children had anterior segment, fundus and visual acuity examined. Refraction following cycloplegia was evaluated. Visual acuity and orthoptic status was assessed. RESULTS: In the group of prematurely born children who had retinopathy in the infantile age and were treated with cryotherapy, refractive errors were frequently observed. In over half of those children squint or impaired eye movement were found. In the group of children who required no cryotherapy the percentage of those with refractive errors was similar. CONCLUSIONS: In prematurely born children with retinopathy refractive errors and squint occur quite often. Prematurely born children should be subject to ophthalmologic follow-up throughout their childhood.

[Results of combined chemoreduction and local treatment for intraocular retinoblastoma]. / Wyniki leczenia siatkówczaka--chemioterapia skojarzona z leczeniem miejscowym.

PURPOSE: Of this study was to evaluate the results of combined treatment for intraocular retinoblastoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 23 children (32 eyes), 14 with unilateral and 9 with bilateral disease. 53% of eyes had the stage V of the disease, according to Reese-Ellsworth. RESULTS: In I-III group according to R-E, it was possible to save more than 90% of eyes. In group IV-V we saved 20% of eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Chemoreduction combined with local treatment is an optimal method of treatment for retinoblastoma, especially in I-III group.