Effect of dietary protein source and Saccharina latissima on nutritional and safety characteristics of milk.

BACKGROUND: Wheat distillers' grains (WDG) and seaweeds are recommended as alternative protein sources and enteric methane mitigators in dairy cow diets, respectively, but little is known about their impact on milk quality and safety. In the present study, 16 cows in four 4 × 4 Latin squares were fed isonitrogenous diets (50:50 forage:concentrate ratio), with rapeseed meal (RSM)-based or WDG-based concentrate (230 and 205 g kg-1 dry matter) and supplemented with or without Saccharina latissima. RESULTS: Replacement of RSM with WDG enhanced milk nutritional profile by decreasing milk atherogenicity (P = 0.002) and thrombogenicity (P = 0.019) indices and the concentrations of the nutritionally undesirable saturated fatty acids - specifically, lauric (P = 0.045), myristic (P = 0.022) and palmitic (P = 0.007) acids. It also increased milk concentrations of the nutritionally beneficial vaccenic (P < 0.001), oleic (P = 0.030), linoleic (P < 0.001), rumenic (P < 0.001) and α-linolenic (P = 0.012) acids, and total monounsaturated (P = 0.044), polyunsaturated (P < 0.001) and n-6 (P < 0.001) fatty acids. Feeding Saccharina latissima at 35.7 g per cow per day did not affect the nutritionally relevant milk fatty acids or pose any risk on milk safety, as bromoform concentrations in milk were negligible and unaffected by the dietary treatments. However, it slightly reduced milk concentrations of pantothenate. CONCLUSION: Feeding WDG to dairy cows improved milk fatty acid profiles, by increasing the concentrations of nutritionally beneficial fatty acids and reducing the concentration of nutritionally undesirable saturated fatty acids, while feeding seaweed slightly reduced pantothenate concentrations. However, when considering the current average milk intakes in the population, the milk compositional differences between treatments in this study appear relatively small to have an effect on human health. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

The Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier Features Different Permeability to Cyanidin-3-galactoside and Cyanidin-3-diglucoside-5-glucoside and Their Metabolites Circulating in Blood.

Previous studies have demonstrated the penetration of anthocyanins through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSF barrier) after intraruminal administration of chokeberry and red cabbage preparation to sheep. However, they have failed to explain which food anthocyanin forms are more capable of crossing the BCSF barrier. Thus, this study aim was to verify the ability of cyanidin 3-galactoside (Cy3gal, main chokeberry anthocyanin) and cyanidin 3-diglucoside-5-glucoside (Cy3diG5G, main red cabbage anthocyanin) to cross the BCSF barrier on the sheep model (n = 16) after intravenous administration (to exclude the influence of gastrointestinal processes) of preparations containing these compounds. The micro-HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that, after intravenous administration, anthocyanins penetrated the BCSF barrier and that the penetration potential of Cy3gal derivatives (6.73%) was higher than that of Cy3diG5G derivatives (6.10%), suggesting the observed differences to be largely due to the type and number of substituents as well as the size of the molecule.

Quantification of Classic, Prescription and Synthetic Opioids in Hair by LC-MS-MS.

The current use and misuse of synthetic and prescription opioids in the USA has reached epidemic status. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, every day more than 130 people in the USA die after overdosing on opioids, and 2.1 million had an opioid use disorder in 2018. Hair is becoming an alternative matrix of increasing interest in forensic toxicology to investigate drug use and abuse patterns due to its long window of detection. The focus of this project was to develop and validate a method that simultaneously detects and quantifies 27 classic, prescription and synthetic opioids in hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Hair samples were decontaminated and pulverized in a bead mill. Twenty-five milligrams of hair powder were incubated in a buffer overnight. Mixed mode cation exchange solid phase extraction was carried out before undergoing reversed-phase chromatographic separation, successfully resolving isobaric opioids. We used two multiple reaction monitoring transitions in positive mode to identify each analyte. The linearity range was 1-500 pg/mg for fentanyl and synthetic opioids and 10-500 pg/mg for prescription and classic opioids. Imprecision was <17.5% and bias ranged from -13.6 to 12.0%. Majority of compounds showed extraction efficiency >50%, and ion suppression from -89.2 to -26.6% (CV < 19%, n = 10). This method was applied to 64 authentic cases, identifying 13 compounds from our panel. A sensitive and specific method was developed for the identification and quantification of 27 classic, prescription and synthetic opioids in hair by LC-MS-MS.

Chokeberry anthocyanins and their metabolites ability to cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.

The aim of this study was to determine whether anthocyanins and their phase II metabolites permeate the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (B-CSF-B) of sheep and to profile these compounds in sheep biofluids after chokeberry intraruminal administration. Anthocyanins were analyzed using micro-HPLC-MS/MS. After chokeberry administration, anthocyanins were absorbed and occurred in body fluids mainly in the form of methylated, glucuronidated, and sulfated derivatives (in total, 21 derivatives were identified). The study showed that anthocyanins penetrated the B-CSF-B and their change in profile and concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) resulted from fluctuations in concentrations of these compounds in blood plasma, although the presence of various cyanidin derivatives in CSF also depended on their chemical structure. The biological fate of chokeberry anthocyanins, from absorption into blood to penetration into CSF, was tracked to facilitate the design of further experimental procedures to determine the biological properties of these compounds, including potentially neuroprotective activities.

The Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier Is Selective for Red Cabbage Anthocyanins and Their Metabolites.

The study aim was to determine whether strongly bioactive hydrophilic red cabbage anthocyanins possess the ability to cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (blood-CSF barrier) and whether there is a selectivity of this barrier toward these compounds. To fulfill objectives, red cabbage preparation, containing nonacylated and acylated anthocyanins, was administered to 16 sheep with implanted cannulas into the brain third ventricle, and next, within 10 h, blood, urine, and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected and analyzed with HPLC-MS/MS. Though, in blood plasma and urine after red cabbage intake, both, acylated and nonacylated anthocyanins and their metabolites occurred, but only nonacylated derivatives were present in the CSF, and their changes in the profile and concentration in the CSF resulted from the fluctuation of these pigments' concentration and profile in blood, their different abilities to permeate via the blood-CSF barrier, and their transformations in this barrier. Results indicate that the blood-CSF barrier is selective for red cabbage anthocyanins.

Phytochemical composition and biological activities of differently pigmented cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) varieties.

BACKGROUND: Brassica plants contain a wide spectrum of bioactive components that are responsible for their health-promoting potential such as vitamins, polyphenols and glucosinolates. This study attempted to relate the composition of bioactive phytochemicals and chosen biological activities (antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-genotoxic, and influence on enzymatic activities) for extracts from differently pigmented cabbage (white and red) and cauliflower (white and purple) varieties. The assumption was that tested varieties of the same plant would exhibit similar chemical composition differing mostly in anthocyanin content and that the latter will be reflected in biological activity. RESULTS: Profiles of antioxidants obtained using post-column derivatization with ABTS radical confirmed, that the content and composition of anthocyanins is strongly correlated with the antioxidant capacity of tested plant extracts measured by spectrophotometric methods (ABTS, FC, DPPH, FRAP), and Cellular Antioxidant Activity (CAA) test. The results of determinations of other biological activities showed that opposite to purified bioactive phytochemicals, in the case of actual plant foods, there was no simple relationship between anthocyanin content and chemopreventive potential. CONCLUSION: Obtained results suggest that there must be some kind of interaction between different phytochemicals, which decides on the final health promoting activity of edible plants as suggested by for example the food synergy concept. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

2-(2-Methyl-benzo-yl)benzoic acid: catemeric hydrogen bonding in a γ-keto acid.

The crystal structure of the title compound, C15H12O3, displays catemeric aggregation involving O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds progressing from the carboxyl group of one mol-ecule to the ketone O atom of another glide-related neighbor. The mol-ecule is twisted, with the toluene 80.61 (3)° out of plane with respect to the phenyl group of the benzoic acid. The acid group makes a dihedral angle of 13.79 (14)° with the attached phenyl ring. The mol-ecules are achiral, but the space group glide planes create alternating conformational chirality in the chain units. The four hydrogen-bonding chains progress along [001] in an A-A-B-B pattern (right-to-left versus left-to-right), and are related to each other by the center of symmetry at (0.5, 0.5, 0.5) in the chosen cell. There is one close contact (2.54 Å) between a phenyl H atom and the acid carbonyl from a symmetry-related mol-ecule.