[The structure of conditionally pathogenic microflora, isolated from the urogenital tract of women with pathological course of pregnancy.]

The structure of the microflora of the urogenital tract of a woman is variable and diverse, changing its qualitative and quantitative composition can affect various physiological processes in the body of a woman, including the course of pregnancy. In this study, the results of cultures of 1415 samples of urine and cervical canal discharge of pregnant women were analyzed. Species identification was carried out by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry using Microflex LT (Bruker) mass spectrometer. Gram-positive bacteria (69.5%) dominated the structure of the cervical canal microflora, among which Staphylococcus spp prevailed., Enterococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. Among gram-negative bacteria most often encountered microorganisms of the order Enterobacteriales, the predominant species among which was E. coli. Also, yeast-like fungi were isolated from the material of the cervical canal, their number was 11% of the total number of crops. Qualitative microbiological composition of urine was represented by gram-positive flora (68.7%), gram-negative flora (30.1%) and Candida fungi (1.2%). There is a significant predominance of coagulase-negative staphylococci (97.3%) over coagulase-positive (2.7%) in the structure of gram-positive microorganisms. The composition of gram-negative flora is mainly represented by bacteria of the order Enterobacteriales (71.4%). The study identified microorganisms that can cause postpartum complications and the development of inflammatory diseases of the newborn, which suggests the need for regular microbiological examination for pregnant women.

[Neurophysiological mechanisms of acquisition of fear-resistance habit controlled by biological feedback displayed by skin galvanic response]. / Neirofiziologicheskie mekhanizmy formirovaniia navyka soprotivleniia strakhu pod kontrolem biologicheskoi obratnoi sviazi po kozhno-gal'vanicheskoi reaktsii.

The aim of the study was to reveal a probable structural-functional basis of emotional self-regulation processes within the framework of cortex--basal ganglia interaction using on-line computer analysis of the EEG. The tested subjects were unable to overcome the emotional stress increasing in the process of decision making under conditions of high responsibility for the results of task solving. Striving to hold their social positions these subjects created a stable psychological set to keep their high responsibility and resist the relaxation tendency. Such a set facilitated the acceptance of the task for volitional effort to resist fear controlled by a biofeedback displayed in skin galvanic reaction.

Functional rearrangements in the human brain during emotional self-regulation with biological feedback.

The concept that functional psychopathology producing phobic syndromes is mediated by a specific deficiency in the integrative activity of the brain as a loss or partial limitation of the ability to recognize subjective experiences was used to develop a special method for mobilizing the selective attention of patients to the time course of subjective states. The fact of recognition of a state was demonstrated by the patient's ability to reproduce it by achieving specific parameters in a biological feedback test based on skin electrical responses. Success was positively reinforced by avoidance of an anxiously expected electrical stimulus. After successful training, patients could spontaneously adaptively correct their general daily behavior. Computer analysis of EEG traces revealed the specific structural-functional features of various states provoked during training.

[Functional transformations of the human brain during emotional self-regulation with biofeedback]. / Funktsional'nye preobrazovaniia mozga cheloveka pri émotsional'noi samoreguliatsii s bioobratnoi sviaz'iu.

By means of a special technique, mobilising of a subject's selective attention upon the dynamics of the subjective sphere states, was reached. An involved biofeedback was positively reinforced by avoidance of an expected electric stimulus. The subjects revealed occurrence of an adaptive correction of their general behaviour. The EEG computer analysis manifested a specifics of structural-functional maintenance of different states evoked in the training process.

[Systems mechanisms of internal inhibition]. / Sistemnye mekhanizmy vnutrennego tormozheniia.

The state of internal inhibition is analysed which is considered as a multifactor systemically organized process. On model of combined presentation of positive and inhibitory stimuli in experiments on white rats and dogs, a dependence is established of the efficiency of reinforcement cancellation factor on motivation intensity. Condition of negative emotion--frustration, "difficult state"-is a necessary link in the process of internal inhibition formation, since it is responsible for selection of non-reinforcement for storage in the long-term memory. Conclusion is made that active inhibition of goal-directed behaviour is mediated by actualization of memory trace, "engram of non-reinforcement" by negative conditioned stimulus.

Effect of early locomotor training on evoked potentials and structural organization of visual cortex dendrites of rats during ontogeny.

The effect of early locomotor training (running in a squirrel cage from an age of 1 month for 3-6 months) on evoked potentials of the rat visual cortex during ontogeny was investigated. It was established that intensified proprioceptive afferentation causes a statistically significant reduction of both the latent periods and the recovery cycles of excitability of primary responses of the visual cortex to paired light flashes, whereupon the increase in functional activity is more pronounced with respect to the indices of the excitability recovery cycle than with respect to the latent periods or primary responses. The indicated functional changes correlate with the quantitative increase in the density of dendritic spines on neurons of the visual cortex of both layer V, which are primarily the integrative-triggering apparatus of the cortex, and of the complex of layers II + III, which are primarily associative with respect to their functional significance.

[Prediction by a man of his readiness to deliberately inhibit fear in anticipation of probable presentation of stressful stimuli]. / Prognozirovanie chelovekom gotovnosti proizvol'no tormozit' strakh v ozhidanii veroiatnogo pred"iavleniia stressornykh stimulov.

Subjects with high tested anxiety which correlated with a rapid elaboration and stability of conditioned skin-galvanic reflex (SGR) to a signal of the hand electro-cutaneous stimulation, were trained to prognosticate their probable success in voluntarily suppressing the conditioned SGR with the purpose of avoiding stimulation. By taking a decision in assessing their current emotional state on the base of signals of visual feedback (SGR trace on the oscilloscope screen), they sanctioned the probability of presentation to them of the conditioned stimulus from a certain moment of the training session. The decision was preceded by extinction of SGR waves evoked by mental intention to be subjected to the test in a situation of risk.

[Inhibition of a conditioned reflex evoked emotional response as an "instrument" of avoidance]. / Tormozhenie uslovnoreflektornogo vyzvannoi émotsional'noi reaktsii kak "instrument" izbeganiia.

A method has been elaborated of training the human subjects to avoid electric shocks by overcoming the "fear" caused by a warning signal. A previously elaborated differentiated conditioned skin-galvanic response (SGR) to a sound stimulus served as a criterion of the emotional reaction. The SGR was projected on an oscilloscope screen. The electric shock was automatically delivered at the moment when the amplitude of the conditioned SGR exceeded the level marked on the screen. The subject was instructed, by overcoming the "fear", to retain the SGR amplitude below the level. If the subject succeeded in overcoming the conditioned SGR to the signal, the shock was not delivered. Since, the suppression of the conditioned SGR served as a "instrument" of avoidance and became consolidated as a habit based on a positive reinforcement. The subjects developed a stable attraction to repetition of training sessions in which they learned to suppress the "anxiety" caused by a signal of "threat".

[Reversibility of glycolysis in leaves of C4-plants]. / Issledovanie obratimosti glinkoliza v list' iakh C4-rastenii.

A conversion of the reaction of two cytoplasmic glycolysis enzymes, phosphoglycerate mutase and phosphopyruvate hydratase, is necessary for sucrose synthesis from pyruvate in leaves of C4-plants in the light, when phosphoenolpyruvate synthesis from pyruvate and phosphoglycerate reduction can be carried out by chloroplasts. Leaves of C4-plants differ from those of C3-plants in a higher activity of cytoplasmic glycolysis enzymes, which are distributed irregularly in two assimilatory tissues. The ratio of pyruvate kinase and enolase reaction activities is high in parenchyma linings of vascular fascicles (where mitochondria are concentrated), and it is low in mesophyl tissue, where phosphoglucerate in equilibrium phosphoenolpyruvate reaction is included into photosynthetic metabolism. The data obtained on isolated mesophyl protoplasts have shown that the reaction equilibrium is sharply shifted into the direction of phosphoenolpyruvate formation from phosphoglycerate. However, the incorporation of 14C into sugars is not completely inhibited in the atmosphere of N2-A possibility of incorporation of tri-carbon fragments into sugars in photosynthesizing leaves via conversion of enolase reaction and via alternative pathways is discussed.

[The effect of direct stimulation of the dog lateral hypothalamus on transformation of a passive-defensive situational reflex into an alimentary one]. / Effekt priamoi stimuliatsii lateral'nogo gipotalamusa u sobak pri preobrazovanii passivno-oboronitel'nogo situatsionnogo refleksa v pischevoi

The behavioral effect of electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus with a current of equal parameters in chronic experiments on dogs depended on the signal significance of the surroundings. Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus against the background of a defensive situational reflex in dogs which were in an experimental situation for the first time, far from evoking orientation to food and the act of feeding, enhanced the background fear reaction. After transformation of the defensive signal significance of the situation into an alimentary one, stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus began to activate the alimentary instrumental reflex and the act of feeding. However, at first the former was manifested irregularly. Combinations of stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and achievement of the alimentary instrumental reflex with subsequent reinforcement stabilized and enhanced the alimentary instrumental reflex to the stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus.

[Instrumental and classical reflexes with water reinforcement]. / Instrumental'nyi i klassicheskii refleksy na vodianom podkreplenii

Thirsty dogs were learned to regulate the supply of water by flexing the paw. The movement was effective only during an acoustic stimulation, either immediately at its beginning, or 10 to 20 sec. after its isolated action. The acoustic signal produced both flexion of the paw (instrumental reflex) and rhythmic swallowing movements which preceded the moment when water was fed into the mouth (classical conditioned reflex). The effect of prolongation of the isolated acoustic stimulation was manifested with extinction of the classical conditioned reflex and activation of the instrumental one.

Effect of use on the elective appearance of an instrumental reaction in dogs.

Dogs were used to elaborate two instrumental reactions – flexing the left or right forepaw respectively to pull a dish of food within reach of its mouth. If both paws were simultaneously fixed to levers, dog was faced with a choice between two reactions. In preliminary trials right paw preference was strong despite equal effectiveness of the left paw in obtaining the food. The aim of the experiment was to alter this right paw preference by forcing the use of the left paw. Each ten training trials were followed by a test with free choice of paws. According to the probabilities PL = 0.8 and PR = 0.2, a random table was used to determine the order of forced use of the right or left paw. In all, 1,000 training trials and 100 tests with free choice were carried out on each of three dogs. According to the training program in every 100 training trials the left paw was made to display the reaction a total 80 times, the right paw, 20 times. Absolute alteration in the preference occurred even though in all trials with free choice both forepaws were equally effective in obtaining food. Thus, use as well as condition of reinforcement is important in instrumental conditioning.