Clinical and cytokine responses to house dust mite sublingual immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Cytokine responses accompanying sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) responder phenotypes have not previously been reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate clinical and cytokine responses of house dust mite (HDM) sensitive patients with allergic rhinitis receiving HDM SLIT or placebo for 2 years. METHODS: Sixty adults were randomized to receive SLIT or placebo. Clinical symptoms were measured using the Total 5 Symptom Score (TSS5) and Juniper Rhinitis Quality of Life Questionnaire. HDM specific IgE, IgG, skin prick tests, and HDM-stimulated release of interleukin (IL) 5 and interferon γ (IFN-γ) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was studied at 0, 6, 12, and 24 months and IL-13, IL-4, and IL-10 at 0 and 24 months. RESULTS: A total of 32 of 39 SLIT and 16 of 21 placebo patients completed the study. There was significant clinical improvement in both the SLIT and placebo groups. Median T5SS decreased from 14.75 to 5.25 in the SLIT group (P < .001) and 12.7 to 6.0 in the placebo group (P = .003). The median quality-of-life score also decreased in the SLIT group (P < .001) and the placebo group (P < .001). A subgroup analysis of patients found a 60% or greater improvement (on the T5SS and the Juniper Rhinitis Quality of Life Questionnaire) in the good responders group and a 30% to 59% improvement or no improvement in the intermediate responders group. This subgroup analysis also found more good responders in the SLIT group (47%) compared with the placebo group (25%; P = .07). Significant decreases in the IL-5/IFN-γ (P < .001), IL-13/IFN-γ (P < .001), and IL-4/IFN-γ (P = .03) ratios were found in the combined good clinical improvement group at 24 months. CONCLUSION: A good clinical response (≥60% improvement in both TSS5 and quality of life) is associated with significant decreases in IL-5, IL-13, and IL-4 relative to IFN-γ during 2 years of SLIT therapy for HDMs.

A complement C5 gene mutation, c.754G>A:p.A252T, is common in the Western Cape, South Africa and found to be homozygous in seven percent of Black African meningococcal disease cases.

Patients with genetically determined deficiency of complement component 5 are usually diagnosed because of recurrent invasive Neisseria meningitidis infections. Approximately 40 individual cases have been diagnosed worldwide. Nevertheless, reports of the responsible genetic defects have been sporadic, and we know of no previous reports of C5 deficiency being associated with a number of independent meningococcal disease cases in particular communities. Here we describe C5 deficiency in seven unrelated Western Cape, South African families. Three different C5 mutations c.55C>T:p.Q19X, c.754G>A:p.A252T and c.4426C>T:p.R1476X were diagnosed in index cases from two families who had both presented with recurrent meningococcal disease. p.Q19X and p.R1476X have already been described in North American Black families and more recently p.Q19X in a Saudi family. However, p.A252T was only reported in SNP databases and was not associated with disease until the present study was undertaken in the Western Cape, South Africa. We tested for p.A252T in 140 patients presenting with meningococcal disease in the Cape Town area, and found seven individuals in five families who were homozygous for the mutation p.A252T. Very low serum C5 protein levels (0.1-4%) and correspondingly low in vitro functional activity were found in all homozygous individuals. Allele frequencies of p.A252T in the Black African and Cape Coloured communities were 3% and 0.66% and estimated homozygosities are 1/1100 and 1/22,500 respectively. In 2012 we reported association between p.A252T and meningococcal disease. Molecular modelling of p.A252T has indicated an area of molecular stress in the C5 molecule which may provide a mechanism for the very low level in the circulation. This report includes seven affected families indicating that C5D is not rare in South Africa.

Food allergy in South African children with atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of food allergy in South Africa is unknown, but previously thought to be rare in black South Africans. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, IgE-mediated food allergy in South African children with atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODOLOGY: This was a prospective, observational study in a paediatric university hospital in Cape Town. Children with AD, aged 6 months to 10 yrs, were randomly recruited from the dermatology clinic. They were assessed for sensitization and allergy by questionnaire, skin prick tests, Immuno Solid Phase Allergen Chip (ISAC) test and incremental food challenges. RESULTS: 100 participants (59 black Africans and 41 of mixed race) were enrolled, median age 42 months. There were high overall rates of food sensitization (66%) and food allergy (40%). Egg (25%) and peanut (24%) were the most common allergies. Black participants had comparable sensitization (69% vs. 61%) but lower allergy rates (34% vs. 46%) than mixed race participants. This was especially evident for peanut allergy (15% Blacks vs. 37% mixed race allergic to peanut, p = 0.01). Early-onset AD (<6 months), severe eczema, and young age <2 yrs were significant risk factors for food allergy. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of food allergy is unexpectedly high in South African children with AD, and comparable with food allergy rates in patients with AD in developed countries. There are ethnic differences, with significantly lower peanut allergy rates in Blacks compared to mixed race patients. These results are not generalizable to an unselected South African population, which requires further study.

Chronic rhinitis in South Africa: update 2013.

The term rhinitis implies inflammation of the lining of the nose. Characteristic symptoms are a blocked nose, anterior and posterior rhinorrhea, sneezing and itching. Not all cases of chronic rhinitis have an allergic basis. Chronic non-allergic rhinitis is defined as a condition where ongoing rhinitic symptoms are present for many months (as for persistent allergic rhinitis) but there is no IgE basis. Many common conditions may present as chronic rhinitis, which will need to be investigated and managed on their own merits. Not all cases of chronic rhinitis respond to allergic rhinitis therapy: continued attempts to manage chronic rhinitis as allergic rhinitis may be hampered by pathophysiological conditions where other specific therapy may be required. Chronic rhinitis impacts on patient quality of life, and therefore therapy is important. Managing patients with chronic rhinitis requires attention to patient education in order to achieve the maximal therapeutic benefit of medication. This update is intended to provide clinicians with a sound basis for management of a common condition.

Socio-epidemiological Aspects of Respiratory Allergic Diseases in Southern Africa.

The prevalence of respiratory allergic diseases has been increasing in Southern Africa both in urban and in rural environments. Various factors may contribute toward this situation, namely, exposure to aeroallergens, such as grass pollens and house dust mites. However, other irritant environmental triggers, such as exposure to tobacco smoke and certain indoor and outdoor fumes, may also play a relevant part. Furthermore, certain parasitic and mycobacterial infections may act as allergic disease risk modifiers, although such an influence should be confirmed. Finally, certain cultural and socioeconomic factors may also influence accessibility to healthcare and adherence to treatment of these diseases.

Indications, efficacy, and safety of intranasal corticosteriods in rhinosinusitis.

Rhinosinusitis is a significant health problem, causing significant morbidity and resulting in considerable financial cost. Some patients suffer persistent or recurrent symptoms despite receiving optimal medical and surgical treatment. Rhinosinusitis can be acute or chronic, acute often due to viral or bacterial infections and chronic which is classified into chronic with nasal polyposids or chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyposis. The disease affects the quality of life significantly and presents a significant burden on health costs globally. The anatomical linkage of the nose with the paranasal sinuses facilitates a common pathology in both organs. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has heterogeneous origins, including viruses, bacteria, fungal infections, anatomical abnormalities, polyposis, and aspirin sensitivity. Other conditions such as human immunodeficiency virus acquired immunodeficiency and cystic fibrosis may also be predisposing factors. Nasal polyposis is often associated with increased numbers of Th2 lymphocytes, fibroblasts, goblet cells, mast cells, and eosinophils, with upregulation of IL-13 and the release of specific IgE to staphylococcal enterotoxins. There is recent evidence that antibiotic treatment may not be as effective as higher doses of intranasal steroids in acute uncomplicated rhinosinusitis, especially in those with allergic disease. The broad inflammatory basis of the pathology of CRS also reveals a cellular infiltrate theoretically suppressed by intranasal corticosteroids. This has been confirmed in recent clinical studies of CRS with or without polyps. A treatment approach based on such studies reported in the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis guidelines and a guideline summary are presented. The current review represents the proceedings of a session (3 talks) by the authors at the first Middle East-Asia Allergy, Asthma, Immunology Congress in 2009.

Indications, efficacy, and safety of intranasal corticosteriods in rhinosinusitis.

Rhinosinusitis is a significant health problem, causing significant morbidity and resulting in considerable financial cost. Some patients suffer persistent or recurrent symptoms despite receiving optimal medical and surgical treatment. Rhinosinusitis can be acute or chronic, acute often due to viral or bacterial infections and chronic which is classified into chronic with nasal polyposids or chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyposis. The disease affects the quality of life significantly and presents a significant burden on health costs globally. The anatomical linkage of the nose with the paranasal sinuses facilitates a common pathology in both organs. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has heterogeneous origins, including viruses, bacteria, fungal infections, anatomical abnormalities, polyposis, and aspirin sensitivity. Other conditions such as human immunodeficiency virus acquired immunodeficiency and cystic fibrosis may also be predisposing factors. Nasal polyposis is often associated with increased numbers of Th2 lymphocytes, fibroblasts, goblet cells, mast cells, and eosinophils, with upregulation of IL-13 and the release of specific IgE to staphylococcal enterotoxins. There is recent evidence that antibiotic treatment may not be as effective as higher doses of intranasal steroids in acute uncomplicated rhinosinusitis, especially in those with allergic disease. The broad inflammatory basis of the pathology of CRS also reveals a cellular infiltrate theoretically suppressed by intranasal corticosteroids. This has been confirmed in recent clinical studies of CRS with or without polyps. A treatment approach based on such studies reported in the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis guidelines and a guideline summary are presented. The current review represents the proceedings of a session (3 talks) by the authors at the first Middle East-Asia Allergy, Asthma, Immunology Congress in 2009.

Randomized placebo-controlled trial of the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist icatibant for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema: the FAST-3 trial.

BACKGROUND: The For Angioedema Subcutaneous Treatment (FAST)-3 study was a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of icatibant (bradykinin B(2) receptor antagonist) in subjects with hereditary angioedema (HAE) resulting from C1-INH deficiency or dysfunction (type I/II). OBJECTIVE: To investigate icatibant efficacy and safety in subjects with acute HAE attacks. METHODS: Subjects with moderate to very severe cutaneous or abdominal symptoms received icatibant (n = 43) or placebo (n = 45). Five subjects with laryngeal (mild-to-moderate) first attacks received icatibant (n = 3) or placebo (n = 2), and 5 subjects with severe laryngeal first attacks received open-label icatibant. RESULTS: Cutaneous or abdominal attacks: icatibant significantly reduced median times (vs placebo) to 50% or more reduction in symptom severity (2.0 vs 19.8 hours; P < .001, primary endpoint), onset of primary symptom relief (1.5 vs 18.5 hours; P < .001, key secondary endpoint), or almost complete symptom relief (8.0 vs 36.0 hours; P = .012) and provided a shorter time to initial symptom relief (0.8 vs 3.5 hours; P < .001). For laryngeal attacks, median time to 50% or more reduction in symptom severity was 2.5 hours (icatibant) and 3.2 hours (placebo). No icatibant-treated subject required rescue medication before symptom relief occurred. The incidence of adverse events (AEs) was similar in icatibant- and placebo-treated subjects (41% and 52%, respectively). All icatibant-treated subjects experienced injection site reactions, but none reported clinically relevant changes in safety parameters or serious AEs. CONCLUSIONS: FAST-3 demonstrated that icatibant was effective and generally well tolerated in subjects with acute HAE attacks. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00912093.

Addition of pimecrolimus cream 1% to a topical corticosteroid treatment regimen in paediatric patients with severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind trial.

BACKGROUND: Pimecrolimus and topical corticosteroids (TCS) combination therapy may provide an alternative treatment for patients with severe atopic dermatitis (AD), with faster clearance of disease flares, consequently reducing the duration of TCS treatment. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety profile of pimecrolimus cream 1% combined with fluticasone versus fluticasone alone in paediatric patients with severe AD. METHODS: Patients (n = 376) were randomized to a combination of pimecrolimus cream 1% with fluticasone or vehicle plus fluticasone for 4 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the frequency of clinically relevant pre-defined adverse events (AEs) associated with the topical use of corticosteroids in patients with severe AD. RESULTS: Erythematous rash was the only AE, occurring more frequently in the combination group, while there were no noticeable differences in the frequency of other AEs of clinical interest between treatment groups. Efficacy variables were comparable between the two groups. A trend for greater time to relapse was observed for the combination of pimecrolimus cream 1% with fluticasone in patients who were clear at the end of treatment, with a marked improvement in facial AD. CONCLUSION: In paediatric patients with severe AD the overall safety profile of pimecrolimus cream 1% combined with fluticasone was similar to that of fluticasone alone.

Current guidelines for the management of asthma in young children.

The diagnosis and management of asthma in young children is difficult, since there are many different wheezy phenotypes with varying underlying aetiologies and outcomes. This review discusses the different approaches to managing young children with wheezy illnesses presented in recently published global guidelines. Four major guidelines published since 2007 are considered. Helpful approaches are presented to assist the clinician to decide whether a clinical diagnosis of asthma can, or should be made in a young child with a recurrent wheezy illness and which treatments would be appropriate, dependent on risk factors, age of presentation, response to initial treatment and safety considerations. Each of the guidelines provide useful information for clinicians assessing young children with recurrent wheezy illnesses. There are differences in classification of the disease and treatment protocols. Although a firm diagnosis of asthma may only be made retrospectively in some cases and there are several effective guidelines to initiating treatment. Consistent review of the need for ongoing treatment with a particular pharmacological modality is essential, since many children with recurrent wheezing in infancy go into spontaneous remission. It is probable that newer biomarkers of airway inflammation will assist the clinician as to when to initiate and when to continue pharmacological treatment in the future.

Recommendations for competency in allergy training for undergraduates qualifying as medical practitioners: a position paper of the world allergy organization.

The Council acknowledges specific comments from: The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) (Amal H Assa'ad); The American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) (Mark Dykewicz, D. Betty Lew, Bryan L. Martin); The Argentine Association of Allergy and Immunology (Ledit RF Ardusso); The Argentine Society of Allergy and Immunopathology (Estrella Asayag); The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA) (Jill Smith); The British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (Stephen Durham); The Brazilian Society of Allergy and Immunopathology (Nelson Rosario); The Bulgarian Society of Allergology (Vasil Dimitrov); The Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (CSACI) (Richard Warrington); The Chilean Society of Allergy and Immunology (Jessica Salinas); The Chinese Society of Allergology (Zhang Hongyu, Yin Jia); The Czech Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (Jiri Litzman); The Danish Society of Allergology (Lone Winther, Peter Plaschke); The Egyptian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (Kamal Maurice Hanna); The Egyptian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (Yehia El-Gamal); The German Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (Thilo Jakob, Claus Bachert, Bernhard Przybilla); The Hungarian Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (Kristof Nekam); The Icelandic Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (Björn R. Lúdvíksson); The Italian Association of Territorial and Hospital Allergists (Riccardo Asero); The Italian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (Luigi Fontana); The Japanese Society of Allergology (Sankei Nishima); The Korean Academy of Asthma Allergy and Clinical Immunology (Joon Sung Lee, Hae-Sim Park); The Latvian Association of Allergists (Ieva Cirule); The Lebanese Society of Allergy & Immunology (Fares Zaitoun); The Mongolian Society of Allergology (S. Munkhbayarlakh); The Allergy and Clinical Immunology Society (Singapore) (Chng Hiok Hee); The Allergy Society of South Africa (Sharon Kling); The Spanish Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (Tomás Chivato); The Swiss Society for Allergology and Immunology (SSAI-SGAI) (Beat A. Imhof, Andreas Bircher); The Allergy and Immunology Society of Thailand (Pakit Vichyanond); The Turkish National Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (Omer Kalayci); and The Venezuelan Society of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (Luis F Sarmiento).

Prevalence of mutations leading to complete C6 deficiency (C6Q0) in the Western Cape, South Africa and detection of novel mutations leading to C6Q0 in an Irish family.

Complement component C6 is one of five terminal complement components incorporated into the membrane attack complex. Complete deficiency of C6 (C6Q0) leads to an increased susceptibility to Neisseria meningitidis infections, and affected individuals typically present with recurrent meningococcal disease. There is a relatively high prevalence of C6Q0 in the Western Cape, South Africa and three frameshift mutations have previously been described to be responsible for C6Q0 in this area-879delG, 1195delC, and 1936delG (current nomenclature). We have now genotyped a further nine genetically independent individuals with C6Q0, confirming previous reports that the most common defect in the Western Cape is 879delG. Moreover, we report the first identification of the 878delA mutation within the Western Cape, which has previously only been reported in individuals of African descent living in the United States or Europe. We also investigated the genotype of an Irish C6Q0 individual and her sibling, and report two previously undescribed mutations. One mutation alters a tyrosine codon to a stop codon within exon 10. The second mutation is within the 5' donor splice site of intron 3, and would, in all probability, disrupt splicing. These two mutations were shown to segregate independently. We also discuss the nomenclature for reporting C6 and C7 gene mutations, as the current nomenclature does not follow the recognised guidelines.

Update on sublingual immunotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain a current understanding of the mechanisms, clinical indications, efficacy, and safety of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) for the treatment of children and adults with allergic rhinitis, asthma, and allergic conjunctivitis. METHODS: A MEDLINE and Index Medicus search for peer-reviewed articles on SLIT was performed. RESULTS: Since the approval of SLIT by the World Health Organization in 1988, the efficacy and safety of SLIT have been confirmed in several new double-blind, placebo-controlled studies for monosensitized patients who are allergic to house dust mites, grass pollens, ragweed, and birch pollen. Documented immunologic responses to SLIT have included a decrease in serum eosinophilic cationic protein and interleukin 13 (IL-13) levels, an elevation in IL-12 levels, a reduction in late-phase responses, and increases in IgG4/IgE ratios. A Cochrane review of 22 studies confirmed the efficacy and safety of SLIT for patients with allergic rhinitis. A long-term asthma study showed sustained efficacy 5 years after discontinuing the vaccine. The safety of SLIT has been confirmed in postmarketing studies, and severe systemic adverse effects have never been reported. In view of its safety profile, SLIT is taken by the patient at home (away from specialized centers), and no specialized resuscitation facilities are required. CONCLUSION: SLIT is a safe and effective therapeutic option for patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma. Because of its efficacy, safety, and ease of administration, it has been accepted in Europe, Southern Africa, Australasia, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East as a promising therapeutic option that can significantly alter the natural history of allergic disease without the risks of injection immunotherapy.