Ecological importance of lepidopteran defoliators on eucalyptus plantations based in faunistic and natural enemy analyses.

Areas planted with Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake variety platyphylla F. Muell. (Myrtaceae) expand annually in most regions of Brazil. Many lepidopteran species defoliate this plant, but with damage varying per species. The objective of this study was to identify the pest status of lepidopteran defoliators based in the faunistic analysis of these insects and of their natural enemies on E. urophylla variety platyphylla plantations in a representative producing region of Brazil. Adult moths of lepidopterans and of their natural enemies were captured using a light trap, installed every two weeks, from September 2016 to August 2018. A total of 183, 10, three and 139 lepidopteran species was captured and classified as primary, secondary, without defined importance to eucalypt plants and non-identified with 1,419, seven, 465 and 876 individuals, respectively. Two primary pest species were constants, two accessories and six accidentals and all secondary ones were accidentals. Six primary pest species were common and dominant and four non-dominants. Faunistic indices indicated the main lepidopteran species that should be monitored in pest management programs. Seven hymenopteran species (65 individuals), three dipterans (49 individuals) and two hemipterans (four individuals) were the natural enemies collected using light traps. The monitoring of lepidopteran pests with light traps can contribute to the management and to reduce damage and control costs for these species, besides identifying natural enemies for biological control programs in Eucalyptus plantations.

Tecnologias de aplicação de produtos fitossanitários no controle de percevejos pragas na cultura da soja / Effect of pesticide application technologies in the control of stink bugs in the soybean crop

Os percevejos fitófagos são importantes insetos-pragas na cultura da soja, causando danos desde a formação das vagens até o final do desenvolvimento dos grãos. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o controle desses insetos-pragas (complexo de percevejos) após o tratamento com inseticidas sob duas velocidades da assistência de ar junto à barra de pulverização combinadas a duas pontas de pulverização. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/UNESP ­ Campus de Botucatu, safra 2006/2007 na cultura da soja, var. Conquista, no delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com esquema fatorial 2 x 2 + 1 (dois níveis de ar, 0 e 100%; duas pontas de pulverização, JA-2 e AXI 11002, mais testemunha). No estádio de desenvolvimento R6 foi realizada uma pulverização com os inseticidas tiametoxam associado com lambda-cialotrina (experimento 1) na dosagem de 25,38 + 19,08 g i.a. ha-1 e endosulfan (experimento 2) na dosagem de 437,5 g.i.a. ha-1. A aplicação foi feita com um pulverizador Advanced Vortex 2000 conferindo um volume de calda de 200 L ha-1. As avaliações antes (prévia) e com 1, 3, 6, 10 e 14 dias após a aplicação foram realizadas pelo método do pano-de-batidas. O número médio de percevejos foi significativamente menor nas parcelas tratadas em relação àquelas não tratadas. De modo geral, não houve diferença estatística entre as tecnologias de aplicação em ambos os experimentos.

Stink bugs are an important pest in the soybean crop. The aim of this research was to evaluate the control of this pest with pesticides applied at two air speeds using an air assisted sleeve boom sprayer arranged with two nozzles. Two experiments were carried out at FCA/UNESP Botucatu, SP (Brazil), using soybean plants of the Conquista variety (season 2006/2007). The experimental design was randomized blocks with 5 treatments and 4 repetitions in a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme (two levels of air speed, 0 and 100%, two nozzles: flat fan nozzle AXI 11002 and hollow cone nozzle JA-2, plus nontreated plots). The insecticide tiametoxam associated with lambdacialotrina (experiment 1) at 25.38 + 19.08 g i.a. ha-1 and endosulfan (experiment 2) at 437.5 g.i.a. per hectare were applied in the growth stage V6 with support of the spray Advanced Vortex 2000 using a volume rates of 200 L ha-1 for both treatments and experiments. The evaluations before (0) and 1, 3, 6, 10 and 14 days after applications were made by the method of hits on the cloth. The average numbers of stink bugs were significantly lower in treated plots in relation to nontreated plots. In general, there was no statistical difference between the application technologies in both experiments.