Prospects of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in sustainable agriculture.

Phosphorus (P), an essential macronutrient for various plant processes, is generally a limiting soil component for crop growth and yields. Organic and inorganic types of P are copious in soils, but their phyto-availability is limited as it is present largely in insoluble forms. Although phosphate fertilizers are applied in P-deficit soils, their undue use negatively impacts soil quality and the environment. Moreover, many P fertilizers are lost because of adsorption and fixation mechanisms, further reducing fertilizer efficiencies. The application of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) is an environmentally friendly, low-budget, and biologically efficient method for sustainable agriculture without causing environmental hazards. These beneficial microorganisms are widely distributed in the rhizosphere and can hydrolyze inorganic and organic insoluble P substances to soluble P forms which are directly assimilated by plants. The present review summarizes and discusses our existing understanding related to various forms and sources of P in soils, the importance and P utilization by plants and microbes,, the diversification of PSMs along with mixed consortia of diverse PSMs including endophytic PSMs, the mechanism of P solubilization, and lastly constraints being faced in terms of production and adoption of PSMs on large scale have also been discussed.

Nanomedicines: A Focus on Nanomaterials as Drug Delivery System with Current Trends and Future Advancement.

The rapid advancement of nanomedicine presents novel alternatives that have the potential to transform health care. Targeted drug delivery as well as the synthesis of nanocarriers is a growing discipline that has been intensively researched to reduce the complexity of present medicines in a variety of diseases and to develop new treatment and diagnostic techniques. There are several designed nanomaterials used as a delivery system such as liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, polymers, carbon-based materials, and many other substances, which deliver the drug moiety directly into its targeted body area reducing toxic effect of conventional drug delivery, thus reducing the amount of drug required for therapeutic efficacy and offering many more advantages. Currently, these are used in many applications, including cancer treatment, imaging contrast agents, and biomarker detection and so on. This review provides a comprehensive update in the field of targeted nano-based drug delivery systems, by conducting a thorough examination of the drug synthesis, types, targets, and application of nanomedicines in improving the therapeutic efficiency.