Proposed DRLs for mammography in Switzerland.

The aim of this study is to propose diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) values for mammography in Switzerland. For the data collection, a survey was conducted among a sufficient number of centres, including five University hospitals, several cantonal hospitals, and large private clinics, covering all linguistic regions of Switzerland to be representative of the clinical practice. The data gathered contained the mean glandular dose (MGD), the compressed breast thickness (CBT), the mammography model and the examination parameters for each acquisition. The data collected was sorted into the following categories: 2D or digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) examination, craniocaudal (CC) or mediolateral oblique (MLO) projection, and eight categories of CBT ranging from 20 mm to 100 mm in 10 mm intervals. A total of 24 762 acquisitions were gathered in 31 centres on 36 mammography units from six manufacturers. The analysis showed that the data reflects the practice in Switzerland. The results revealed that the MGD is larger for DBT than for 2D acquisitions for the same CBT. From 20-30 mm to 90-100 mm of CBT, the 75th percentile of the MGD values obtained increased from 0.81 mGy to 2.55 mGy for 2D CC acquisitions, from 0.83 mGy to 2.96 mGy for 2D MLO acquisitions, from 1.22 mGy to 3.66 mGy for DBT CC acquisitions and from 1.33 mGy to 4.04 mGy for DBT MLO acquisitions. The results of the survey allow us to propose Swiss DRLs for mammography according to the examination type (2D/DBT), projection (CC/MLO) and CBT. The proposed values are very satisfactory in comparison with other studies.

Body CT examinations in oncologic patients: the impact of subspecialty radiology on radiation exposure in the clinical practice. A quality care study.

PURPOSES: The primary objective of this retrospective study was to assess whether the CT dose delivered to oncologic patients was different in a subspecialty radiology department, compared to a general radiology department. The secondary explorative objective was to assess whether the objective image quality of CT examinations was different in the two settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chest and abdomen CT scans performed for oncologic indications were selected from a general radiology department and a subspecialty radiology department. By using a radiation dose management platform, we extracted and compared CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) both for each phase and for the entire CT exams. For objective image quality evaluation, we calculated the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) at the level of the liver and of the aorta. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 7098 CT examinations were included. CTDIvol was evaluated in 12,804 phases; DLP in 10,713 phases and in 6714 examinations. The CTDIvol and DLP overall were significantly lower in the subspecialty radiology department compared to the general radiology department CTDI median (IQR) 5.19 (3.91-7.00) and 5.51 (4.17-7.72), DLP median and IQR of 490.0 (342.4-710.6) and 503.4 (359.9-728.8), p < 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively. The objective image quality showed no significant difference in the general and subspecialty radiology departments, with median and IQR of 4.03 (2.82-5.51) and 3.84 (3.09-4.94) for SNRLiv (p = 0.58); 4.81 (2.70-7.62) and 4.34 (3.05-6.25) for SNRAo (p = 0.30); 0.83 (0.20-1.89) and 1.00 (0.35-1.57) for CNRLiv (p = 0.99); 2.23 (0.09-3.83) and 1.01 (0.15-2.84) for CNRAo (p = 0.24) with SNRLiv (p = 0.58), SNRAo (p = 0.30), CNRLiv (p = 0.99) and CNRAo (p = 0.24). CONCLUSION: In a subspecialty radiology department, CT protocols are optimized compared to a general radiology department leading to lower doses to oncologic patients without significant objective image quality degradation.

Image quality and radiation dose in spinal surgery: a comparison of three imaging systems in phantom.

Purpose: Using optimal settings for x-ray scans is crucial for obtaining three-dimensional images of high quality while keeping the patient dose low. Our work compares dose and image quality (IQ) of three intraoperative imaging systems [O-arm cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), ClarifEye C-arm CBCT, and Airo computed tomography] used for spinal surgery. Approach: Patients of 70, 90, and 110 kg were simulated with an anthropomorphic phantom by adding tissue-equivalent material. Titanium inserts were placed in the phantom spine for reproducing metal artifacts in the images. Organ dose was measured with thermo-luminescent dosimeters for effective dose (E) calculation. Subjective IQ was assessed by ranking the images acquired with the manufacturer-defined imaging protocols. Objective IQ was assessed with a customized Catphan phantom. Results: The ClarifEye protocols resulted in the lowest E ranging from 1.4 to 5.1 mSv according to phantom size and protocol. The highest E was measured for the high-definition protocol of O-arm (E 2.2 to 9 mSv) providing the best subjective IQ for imaging of the spine without titanium inserts. For the images with metal, the best IQ was obtained with ClarifEye. Airo (E 5.5 to 8.4 mSv) was ranked with the lowest IQ for images without metal while the rank improved for images with metal. Airo images had better uniformity, noise, and contrast sensitivity compared with CBCTs but worse high-contrast resolution. The values of these parameters were comparable between the CBCT systems. Conclusions: Both CBCT systems provided better IQ compared with Airo for navigation of lumbar spinal surgery for the original phantom. Metal artifacts particularly affect O-arm images decreasing the subjective IQ. The high spatial resolution of CBCT systems resulted in a relevant parameter for the visibility of anatomical features important for spine navigation. Low dose protocols were enough to obtain a clinically acceptable contrast-to-noise ratio in the bones.

Deep inspiration breath hold in post-operative radiotherapy for right breast cancer: a retrospective analysis.

Background: The aim of our study is to determine whether deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) is effective for reducing exposure of the heart, left coronary artery (LAD) and both lungs in right breast radiotherapy. Materials and methods: We have analyzed 10 consecutive patients with right-sided breast cancer (BC), simulated during free breathing (FB) and in DIBH modality. For all patients we contoured breast PTV and organs at risk (right and left lungs, heart, LAD) on both CT scans (FB and DIBH). Finally, 5 patients were treated with IMRT and 5 with VMAT techniques. Results: All patients were able to end the treatments in DIBH modalities regardless of the longer treatment time in comparison to FB. The maximum and mean dose to the heart are lower in the DIBH modality. The mean values of the heart mean dose were 1.76 Gy in DIBH and 2.19 Gy in FB. The mean heart maximum dose in DIBH and FB were, respectively, 9.3 Gy and 11 Gy. Likewise, the maximum dose to the LAD is lower in DIBH; 2.57 Gy versus 3.56 Gy in FB. Noteworthy, 3 patients with hepatomegaly treated with the DIBH technique showed a higher ipsilateral lung dose than FB, but a decrease of liver dose. Conclusion: We report that the use of DIBH for right-sided BC allows the dose to the heart, LAD and to the liver to be reduced in case of hepatomegaly. This technique is well tolerated by patients, when adequately trained, and could be considered effective even in right sided BC.

Percutaneous thoraco-lumbar-sacral pedicle screw placement accuracy results from a multi-center, prospective clinical study using a skin marker-based optical navigation system.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective multi-center study. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of pedicle screw placement using a skin marker-based optical surgical navigation system for minimal invasive thoraco-lumbar-sacral pedicle screw placement. METHODS: The study was performed in a hybrid Operating Room with a video camera-based navigation system integrated in the imaging hardware. The patient was tracked with non-invasive skin markers while the instrument tracking was via an on-shaft optical marker pattern. The screw placement accuracy assessment was performed by three independent reviewers, using the Gertzbein grading. The screw placement time as well as the staff and patient radiation doses was also measured. RESULTS: In total, 211 screws in 39 patients were analyzed for screw placement accuracy. Of these 32.7% were in the thoracic region, 59.7% were in the lumbar region, and 7.6% were in the sacral region. An overall accuracy of 98.1% was achieved. No screws were deemed severely misplaced (Gertzbein grading 3). The average time for screw placement was 6 min and 25 secs (± 3 min 33 secs). The average operator radiation dose per subject was 40.3 µSv. The mean patient effective dose (ED) was 11.94 mSv. CONCLUSION: Skin marker-based ON can be used to achieve very accurate thoracolumbarsacral pedicle screw placements.

Plan quality and consistency in spine radiosurgery treatment planning: comparison between automatic treatment planning with Elements Spine SRS and manual inverse planning with Varian Eclipse.

Spine radiosurgery treatment planning can be a challenging task since a high radiation dose is delivered to target volumes close to the spinal cord, therefore a steep dose gradient is required. Plan quality is greatly influenced by the planner skills, so automatic treatment planning has been proposed to overcome this issue and assure high-quality plans. The Brainlab Elements Spine SRS treatment planning system is specially designed for spine radiosurgery treatments. It is an automatic treatment planning system that works through predefined protocols, with minimal planner interaction required. In this work, we evaluated the plan quality and consistency among the planners within the same institution when using the Elements Spine SRS compared to manual inverse planning with the Varian Eclipse system. Six planners produced a plan for 3 sample target volumes representing different spine metastases in the thoracic region using both treatment planning systems. Dose prescription was 16 Gy in a single fraction, at more than 80% of the target volume. The most important organ at risk was the spinal canal. The dose constraint was V10 Gy < 0.35 cm3. High dose spillage outside the target volume, the homogeneity index, the Paddick conformity index and the number of monitor units were also evaluated. The mean dose to the target volumes in the Elements Spine SRS plans were consistently higher by 0.8 Gy to 1.5 Gy and the maximum dose to the target volumes were consistently higher by 1.8 Gy to 3.1 Gy. Spinal cord sparing was comparable to the Eclipse plans. However, the number of monitor units was greatly reduced, up to 2270 monitor units less. No difference was found in plan quality variability among the planners.

Diagnostic yield, safety, and advantages of ultra-low dose chest CT compared to chest radiography in early stage suspected SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: A retrospective observational study.

ABSTRACT: To determine the role of ultra-low dose chest computed tomography (uld CT) compared to chest radiographs in patients with laboratory-confirmed early stage SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.Chest radiographs and uld CT of 12 consecutive suspected SARS-CoV-2 patients performed up to 48 hours from hospital admission were reviewed by 2 radiologists. Dosimetry and descriptive statistics of both modalities were analyzed.On uld CT, parenchymal abnormalities compatible with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia were detected in 10/12 (83%) patients whereas on chest X-ray in, respectively, 8/12 (66%) and 5/12 (41%) patients for reader 1 and 2. The average increment of diagnostic performance of uld CT compared to chest X-ray was 29%. The average effective dose was, respectively, of 0.219 and 0.073 mSv.Uld CT detects substantially more lung injuries in symptomatic patients with suspected early stage SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia compared to chest radiographs, with a significantly better inter-reader agreement, at the cost of a slightly higher equivalent radiation dose.

Use of Intraoperative Computed Tomography Improves Outcome of Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To provide data about surgical workflow, accuracy, complications, radiation exposure, and learning curve effect in patients who underwent minimally invasive (MIS) transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with navigation coupled with mobile intraoperative computed tomography. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of data from consecutive patients who underwent single- or double-level MIS transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion at a single institution; mobile intraoperative computed tomography combined with a navigation system was used as the sole intraoperative imaging method to place pedicular screws; decompression and interbody fusion were performed through a 22-mm tubular retractor. Clinical data, perioperative complications, accuracy of pedicular screw placement, and radiation exposure were analyzed. A learning curve effect on surgical time and accuracy was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 408 screws in 100 patients were analyzed. In all cases, spinal navigation allowed for identification of pedicular trajectories and greatly facilitated nerve root decompression through the MIS approach. Overall accuracy according to Heary classification was 95.3%. Nineteen screws (4.7%) presented a minor lateral breach (<2 mm), not clinically significant. Surgical time, blood loss, and patient radiation exposure compared favorably with reported values from other series using three-dimensional navigation. A learning curve effect on surgical time, but not on screw accuracy, was identified. CONCLUSIONS: MIS transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion can now be performed without any radiation exposure to the surgeon and operating room staff, with almost absolute accuracy during screw positioning and tubular decompression. A learning curve effect on surgical time, but not on overall screw accuracy, may be expected.

Effective dose and image quality for intraoperative imaging with a cone-beam CT and a mobile multi-slice CT in spinal surgery: A phantom study.

PURPOSE: To compare the effective dose (ED) and image quality (IQ) of O-arm cone-beam CT (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and Airo multi-slice CT (Brainlab AG, Munich, Germany) for intraoperative-CT (i-CT) in spinal surgery. METHODS: The manufacturer-defined protocols available in the O-arm and Airo systems for three-dimensional lumbar spine imaging were compared. Organ dose was measured both with thermo-luminescent dosimeters and GafChromic films in the Alderson RadiationTherapy anthropomorphic phantom. A subjective analysis was performed by neurosurgeons to compare the clinical IQ of the anthropomorphic phantom images acquired with the different i-CT systems and imaging protocols. Image uniformity, noise, contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR), and spatial resolution were additionally assessed with the Catphan 504 phantom. RESULTS: O-arm i-CT caused 56% larger ED than Airo due to the high definition (HD) imaging protocol. The noise was larger for O-arm images leading to a lower CNR than that measured for Airo. Moreover, scattering and beam hardening effects were observed in the O-arm images. Better spatial resolution was measured for the O-arm system (9 lp/cm) than for Airo (4 lp/cm). For all the investigated protocols, O-arm was found to be better for identifying anatomical features important for accurate pedicle screw positioning. CONCLUSIONS: According to phantom measurements, the HD protocol of O-arm offered better clinical IQ than Airo but larger ED. The larger noise of O-arm images did not compromise the clinical IQ while the superior spatial resolution of this system allowed a better visibility of anatomical features important for pedicle screw positioning in the lumbar region.

Cone-beam computed tomography-based radiomics in prostate cancer: a mono-institutional study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the reported study was to investigate the value of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-based radiomics for risk stratification and prediction of biochemical relapse in prostate cancer. METHODS: The study population consisted of 31 prostate cancer patients. Radiomics features were extracted from weekly CBCT scans performed for verifying treatment position. From the data, logistic-regression models were learned for establishing tumor stage, Gleason score, level of prostate-specific antigen, and risk stratification, and for predicting biochemical recurrence. Performance of the learned models was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) or the area under the precision-recall curve (AUC-PRC). RESULTS: Results suggest that the histogram-based Energy and Kurtosis features and the shape-based feature representing the standard deviation of the maximum diameter of the prostate gland during treatment are predictive of biochemical relapse and indicative of patients at high risk. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest the usefulness of CBCT-based radiomics for treatment definition in prostate cancer.

Patient-based low dose cone beam CT acquisition settings for prostate image-guided radiotherapy treatments on a Varian TrueBeam linear accelerator.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of low dose cone beam CT (CBCT) acquisition protocols for image-guided radiotherapy of prostate cancer. METHODS: CBCT images of patients undergoing prostate cancer radiotherapy were acquired with the settings currently used in our department and two low dose settings at 50% and 63% lower exposure. Four experienced radiation oncologists and two radiation therapy technologists graded the images on five image quality characteristics. The scores were analysed through Visual Grading Regression, using the acquisition settings and the patient size as covariates. RESULTS: The low dose acquisition settings have no impact on the image quality for patients with body profile length at hip level below 100 cm. CONCLUSIONS: A reduction of about 60% of the dose is feasible for patients with size below 100 cm. The visibility of low contrast features can be compromised if using the low dose acquisition settings for patients with hip size above 100 cm. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Low dose CBCT acquisition protocols for the pelvis, based on subjective evaluation of patient images.

Baseline PET features to predict prognosis in primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma: a comparative analysis of different methods for measuring baseline metabolic tumour volume.

PURPOSE: This study assessed the performance of four different methods for the estimation of metabolic tumour volume (MTV) in primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBCL). METHOD: MTV was estimated using either a region growing automatic software program (RG) or a fixed threshold (FT) segmentation algorithm with the three most common cut-offs proposed in the literature (i.e., 25% and 41% of the SUVmax and SUV value ≥2.5). We compared these four methods using phantoms that simulated different set-ups of the main imaging characteristics of PMBCL (volume, shape, 18-FDG uptake and intra-lesion distribution) and assessed their performance in 103 PMBCL patients enrolled in the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group-26 (IELSG-26) study. RESULTS: There was good correlation between MTV values estimated in vitro and in vivo using the different methods. The 25% FT cut-off (FT25%) provided the most accurate MTV evaluation in the phantoms. The cut-off at SUV 2.5 (FT2.5) resulted in MTV overestimation that particularly increased with high SUV values. The 41% cut-off (FT41%) showed MTV underestimation that was more evident when there were high levels of heterogeneity in tracer distribution. Shape of the lesion did not affect MTV computation. The RG algorithm provided a systematic slight MTV underestimation without significant changes due to lesion characteristics. We observed analogous trends for the MTV estimation in patients, with very different derived thresholds for the four methods. Optimal cut-offs for predicting progression-free survival (PFS) ranged from 213 to 831 ml. All methods predicted PFS with similar negative predictive values (94-95%) but different positive predictive values (23-45%). CONCLUSIONS: The different methods result in significantly different MTV cut-off values. All allow risk stratification in PMBCL, but FT25% showed the best capacity to predict disease progression in the patient cohort and provided the best accuracy in the phantom model.

Operator radiation doses during CT-guided spine procedures.

OBJECTIVES: To perform a pilot study to quantify the radiation dose incident on operators during CT-guided interventional spine procedures, and provide a quick method to approximate it based on the total amount of radiation reported by the CT scanner. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data retrospectively obtained from 26 consecutive CT-guided spine procedures, encompassing a variety of interventions. Intermittent low-dose limited-coverage CT-scanning performed using a "step and shoot" mode to visualize needle advancement. The operator wore an electronic direct dosimeter to record the dose measured above the operator's lead apron [µGy] for each procedure. Total amount of radiation used for CT-guidance quantified by the Dose-Length Product (DLP) [mGy-cm] provided by the CT scanner. The relationship between the operator's dose and the DLP was assessed. RESULTS: Average and median operator's dose were 2.3 and 1.9 µGy, respectively, with half of these values ranging between 0.7 and 2.5 µGy. Average and median DLP values used to perform the CT-guided procedure were 58 and 54 mGy-cm respectively, and half of these values ranged between 38 and 68 mGy-cm. There was a statistically significant correlation between the operator's dose and the DLP used to perform CT-guidance (r = 0.61), with an operator's dose-DLP conversion factor of 0.04 µGy / 1 mGy-cm (range: 0.006-0.083 µGy / 1 mGy-cm). CONCLUSIONS: In our series, the average amount of radiation used during CT guided procedures was about 50 mGy-cm (DLP), and the corresponding average operator's dose was about 2 µGy. We showed how an approximate estimate of the operator's dose could be obtained right after each procedure, based on the CT-scanner DLP output.

Use of the Airo mobile intraoperative CT system versus the O-arm for transpedicular screw fixation in the thoracic and lumbar spine: a retrospective cohort study of 263 patients.

OBJECTIVE: Navigation-enabling technology such as 3D-platform (O-arm) or intraoperative mobile CT (iCT-Airo) systems for use in spinal surgery has considerably improved accuracy over that of traditional fluoroscopy-guided techniques during pedicular screw positioning. In this study, the authors compared 2 intraoperative imaging systems with navigation, available in their neurosurgical unit, in terms of the accuracy they provided for transpedicular screw fixation in the thoracic and lumbar spine. METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective analysis of clinical and surgical data of 263 consecutive patients who underwent thoracic and lumbar spine screw placement in the same center. Data on 97 patients who underwent surgery with iCT-Airo navigation (iCT-Airo group) and 166 with O-arm navigation (O-arm group) were analyzed. Most patients underwent surgery for a degenerative or traumatic condition that involved thoracic and lumbar pedicle screw fixation using an open or percutaneous technique. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with at least 1 screw not correctly positioned according to the last intraoperative image. Secondary endpoints were the proportion of screws that were repositioned during surgery, the proportion of patients with a postoperative complication related to screw malposition, surgical time, and radiation exposure. A blinded radiologist graded screw positions in the last intraoperative image according to the Heary classification (grade 1-3 screws were considered correctly placed). RESULTS: A total of 1361 screws placed in 97 patients in the iCT-Airo group (503 screws) and in 166 in the O-arm group (858 screws) were graded. Of those screws, 3 (0.6%) in the iCT-Airo group and 4 (0.5%) in the O-arm group were misplaced. No statistically significant difference in final accuracy between these 2 groups or in the subpopulation of patients who underwent percutaneous surgery was found. Three patients in the iCT-Airo group (3.1%, 95% CI 0%-6.9%) and 3 in the O-arm group (1.8%, 95% CI 0%-4.0%) had a misplaced screw (Heary grade 4 or 5). Seven (1.4%) screws in the iCT-Airo group and 37 (4.3%) in the O-arm group were repositioned intraoperatively (p = 0.003). One patient in the iCT-Airo group and 2 in the O-arm group experienced postoperative neurological deficits related to hardware malposition. The mean surgical times in both groups were similar (276 [iCT-Airo] and 279 [O-arm] minutes). The mean exposure to radiation in the iCT-Airo group was significantly lower than that in the O-arm group (15.82 vs 19.12 mSv, respectively; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Introduction of a mobile CT scanner reduced the rate of screw repositioning, which enhanced patient safety and diminished radiation exposure for patients, but it did not improve overall accuracy compared to that of a mobile 3D platform.

Radiological exposure of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation in contemporary practice.

BACKGROUND: Radiological exposure associated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is unknown and might impact on broadening indications to lower risk patients. Radiological exposure of TAVI patients and its predictors are herein reported. METHODS: Radiological exposure derived from exams/procedures performed within 30 days preceding/following TAVI were acquired and converted into effective-dose. Total effective-dose was defined as the sum of each single dose derived from diagnostic/therapeutic sources. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to recognize correlates of exposure. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients aged 82.6 ±â€Š6.0 years with a median Euroscore II 3.6 [IQR 1.93-6.65] were analysed. Median total effective-dose was 41.39 mSv [IQR 27.93-60.88], with TAVI accounting for 47% of it. Age (coefficient -0.031, 95% CI -0.060 to -0.002; P = 0.031) and previous history of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA; coefficient -0.545; 95% CI -1.039 to -0.010; P = 0.046) resulted as inversely correlated to total effective-dose (log-transformed), whereas left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than 50% (coefficient 0.430, 95% CI 0.031-0.828; P = 0.035) was directly associated. CONCLUSION: Multiple radiological sources are responsible for the observed exposure, with TAVI being the prominent source. Age is inversely related to the radiological exposure.

Radiation Dose Exposure for Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections and Facet Joint Blocks Under CT vs. Fluoroscopic Guidance.

BACKGROUND: Transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESIs) and facet joint blocks can be performed under fluoroscopy or computed tomography (CT) guidance. The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to compare patient radiation dose for lumbar TFESIs and facet joint blocks under CT guidance vs. fluoroscopic guidance. METHODS: The primary outcome of this retrospective cohort study was the difference between the estimated effective dose (ED) of CT guidance and fluoroscopic guidance for TFESIs and facet joint blocks. Patients who had undergone these procedures with both CT and fluoroscopic guidance were eligible for this study. Dose-length product for CT-guided procedures and dose-area product for fluoroscopic-guided procedures were retrospectively collected and converted to ED. Within- or between-group comparisons were performed with appropriate nonparametric tests, using a P value of < 0.05 to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS: The 42 patients included in this study underwent a total of 100 procedures. The median estimated ED differed significantly between CT-guided injections and fluoroscopic-guided injections (1.59 mSv (interquartile range [IQR] 0.78 to 3.09) vs. 0.19 mSv (IQR 0.11 to 0.30) (Wilcoxon signed rank test, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study results suggest that TFESIs and facet joint blocks performed with CT guidance are associated with more than 8 times higher patient radiation dose exposure compared to fluoroscopic guidance. There needs to be more vigilance with regards to CT guidance in interventional pain procedures.

Semiconductor real-time quality assurance dosimetry in brachytherapy.

With the increase in complexity of brachytherapy treatments, there has been a demand for the development of sophisticated devices for delivery verification. The Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University of Wollongong, has demonstrated the applicability of semiconductor devices to provide cost-effective real-time quality assurance for a wide range of brachytherapy treatment modalities. Semiconductor devices have shown great promise to the future of pretreatment and in vivo quality assurance in a wide range of brachytherapy treatments, from high-dose-rate (HDR) prostate procedures to eye plaque treatments. The aim of this article is to give an insight into several semiconductor-based dosimetry instruments developed by the CMRP. Applications of these instruments are provided for breast and rectal wall in vivo dosimetry in HDR brachytherapy, urethral in vivo dosimetry in prostate low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy, quality assurance of HDR brachytherapy afterloaders, HDR pretreatment plan verification, and real-time verification of LDR and HDR source dwell positions.

Radiation dose to the operator during fluoroscopically guided spine procedures.

PURPOSE: Fluoroscopy is widely used to guide diagnostic and therapeutic spine procedures. The purpose of this study was to quantify radiation incident on the operator (operator Air Kerma) during a wide range of fluoroscopy-guided spine procedures and its correlation with the amount of radiation incident on the patient (Kerma Area Product-KAP). METHODS: We retrospectively included 57 consecutive fluoroscopically guided spine procedures. KAP [Gy cm2] and total fluoroscopy time were recorded for each procedure. An electronic dosimeter recorded the operator Air Kerma [µGy] for each procedure. Operator Air Kerma for each procedure, correlation between KAP and operator Air Kerma, and between KAP and fluoroscopy time was obtained. RESULTS: Operator Air Kerma was widely variable across procedures, with median value of 6.4 µGy per procedure. Median fluoroscopy time and median KAP per procedure were 2.6 min and 4.7 Gy cm2, respectively. There was correlation between operator Air Kerma and KAP (r 2 = 0.60), with a slope of 1.6 µGy Air Kerma per unit Gy cm2 KAP incident on the patient and between fluoroscopy time and KAP (r 2 = 0.63). CONCLUSION: Operator Air Kerma during individual fluoroscopy-guided spine procedures can be approximated from the commonly and readily available information of the total amount of radiation incident on the patient, measured as KAP.

A simple method for low-contrast detectability, image quality and dose optimisation with CT iterative reconstruction algorithms and model observers.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to evaluate detection of low-contrast objects and image quality in computed tomography (CT) phantom images acquired at different tube loadings (i.e. mAs) and reconstructed with different algorithms, in order to find appropriate settings to reduce the dose to the patient without any image detriment. METHODS: Images of supraslice low-contrast objects of a CT phantom were acquired using different mAs values. Images were reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP), hybrid and iterative model-based methods. Image quality parameters were evaluated in terms of modulation transfer function; noise, and uniformity using two software resources. For the definition of low-contrast detectability, studies based on both human (i.e. four-alternative forced-choice test) and model observers were performed across the various images. RESULTS: Compared to FBP, image quality parameters were improved by using iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms. In particular, IR model-based methods provided a 60% noise reduction and a 70% dose reduction, preserving image quality and low-contrast detectability for human radiological evaluation. According to the model observer, the diameters of the minimum detectable detail were around 2 mm (up to 100 mAs). Below 100 mAs, the model observer was unable to provide a result. CONCLUSION: IR methods improve CT protocol quality, providing a potential dose reduction while maintaining a good image detectability. Model observer can in principle be useful to assist human performance in CT low-contrast detection tasks and in dose optimisation.