"Take it or leave it": Analysis of pediatric heart offers for transplantation in Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: There is a shortage of donor hearts in Switzerland, especially for pediatric recipients. However, the rate and reason for refusals of pediatric donor hearts offered in Switzerland has not been systematically analyzed. METHODS: The national transplant database, Swiss Organ Allocation System, was searched for all hearts from Swiss and foreign donors younger than 16 years from 2015 to 2020. The numbers of accepted and refused hearts and early outcome were assessed, and the reasons for refusal were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 136 organs were offered to the three Swiss pediatric heart centers and foreign donor procurement organizations. Of these, 26/136 (19%) organs were accepted and transplanted: 18 hearts were transplanted in Switzerland, and 13 of these were foreign. Reasons for refusal were (1) no compatible recipient due to blood group or weight mismatch, 89.4%; (2) medical, meaning organ too marginal for transplantation, 7.4%; (3) logistic, 1.4%; and (4) other, 1.8%. Five organs were refused in Switzerland by one center but later accepted and successfully transplanted by another center. Hearts from outside Switzerland were transplanted significantly less than Swiss hearts (n = 16/120 vs. 10/16, p < .001). CONCLUSION: The most common reason for refusing a pediatric donor heart is lack of compatibility with the recipient. Few hearts are refused for medical reasons. A more generous acceptance seems to be justified in selected patients. Switzerland receives a high number of foreign offers, but their rate of acceptance is lower than that of Swiss donations.

Case Report: Transcatheter interventional procedure to innominate vein turn-down procedure for failing fontan circulation.

Fontan physiology creates a chronic state of decreased cardiac output and systemic venous congestion, leading to liver cirrhosis/malignancy, protein-losing enteropathy, chylothorax, or plastic bronchitis. Creating a fenestration improves cardiac output and relieves some venous congestion. The anatomic connection of the thoracic duct to the subclavian-jugular vein junction exposes the lymphatic system to systemic venous hypertension and could induce plastic bronchitis. To address this complication, two techniques have been developed. A surgical method that decompresses the thoracic duct by diverting the innominate vein to the atrium, and a percutaneous endovascular procedure that uses a covered stent to create an extravascular connection between the innominate vein and the left atrium. We report a novel variant transcatheter intervention of the innominate vein turn-down procedure without creating an extravascular connection in a 39-month-old patient with failing Fontan circulation complicated by plastic bronchitis and a 2-year post-intervention follow-up.

Topical skin adhesive PRINEO as the ideal wound closure system in cardiac surgery to limit surgical site infection.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a major source of morbidity after cardiac surgery, involving prolonged hospitalisation. Among the numerous techniques of skin closure and dressings available, the optimal method remains undetermined. The DERMABOND-PRINEO (PRINEO) (PRINEO, Ethicon, J&J) is the only skin closure system which combines a topical skin adhesive with a mesh. Other surgical disciplines have highlighted remarkable results with PRINEO. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of PRINEO, used as the final layer in sternotomy closure, in the incidence of postoperative SSIs. METHOD: This was a retrospective single-centre cohort study including adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery between January 2015 and December 2018. Patients who had undergone heart transplantation or ventricular assist surgery were excluded. Included patients were divided into two groups depending on the type of post-operative wound care technique used. Group 1 consisted of patients who had their sternotomy closed with a standard dressing and group 2 consisted of patients who were treated with PRINEO. The primary endpoint of our study was the occurrence of SSIs and secondary outcomes were the length of hospitalisation and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1603 patients were reviewed with the occurrence of 44 SSIs. Both groups were homogeneous in terms of risk factors. The incidence of SSIs was significantly lower in group 2 (PRINEO) than in group 1 (standard dressing) (n=29, 3.8% vs n=15, 1.8%, respectively; p=0.042). However, there was no significant difference in the duration of hospitalisation and mortality. CONCLUSION: In our practice, PRINEO has proven to be a safe wound closure system after sternotomy, with a reduced SSI rate compared to conventional wound care techniques.

Triple switch' aortic and pulmonary root inversion and modified Senning procedure for anatomically complex left transposition of the great arteries with inlet ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis.

Left transposition of the great arteries with inlet ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis is a relatively uncommon cardiac malformation. Two surgical treatments are available: double switch or physiological correction. The choice of surgical technique depends on the results of a discussion between the family and the surgeon. Choosing the appropriate technique is challenging because all options present various complications and benefits. We present a 'triple switch' aortic and pulmonary root inversion and modified Senning procedure for an anatomically complex left transposition of the great arteries with an inlet ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis.

Realignment of the ventricular septum in tetralogy of Fallot using (partial) direct closure of the ventricular septal defect: Long-term follow-up and comparison to conventional patch repair.

Objectives: Aortic dilatation and regurgitation after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is known, and beside other factors, mainly addressed to an intrinsic aortopathy. In 2011, we reported the influence of realingement of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) by (partial) direct closure of the ventricular septal defect (VSD) in TOF on aortic structures and function. We now evaluated the further follow-up of this cohort and compared the results to a matched group of TOF patients with classical VSD patch closure. Patients and Methods: Forty patients with TOF treated between 2003 and 2008 are included in the study, with 20 patients each in the VSD (a) (partial) direct closure and (b) patch closure group. Follow-up time after surgery was 12.3 years (11.3-13.0). Results: Patient characteristics, echocardiographic measurements, and surgical and intensive care unit parameters were not significantly different between both groups. After surgery and during long-term follow-up, realignement of the LVOT, shown by the angle between the interventricular septum and the anterior aortic annulus in long axis view in echocardiography, was lower in Group A (34 vs. 45°, P < 0.0001). No differences in LVOT or aortic annulus size, aortic regurgitation, or dilation of the ascending aorta and right ventricular outflow tract gradients were found. Transient rhythm disturbances were found in 3 patients in each group, with only one persistent complete atrioventricular block in Group B. Conclusion: (Partial) direct closure of the VSD in TOF leads to a better realignement of the LVOT and showed comparable short- and long-term results without higher risk for rhythm disturbances during follow-up.

Trifecta and Carpentier Edwards aortic bioprostheses: Comparison of six years follow-up outcomes.

BACKGROUND: To compare mid-term clinical outcomes and hemodynamic performance of the stented pericardial Trifecta bioprosthesis for surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) with a technically comparable commonly used surgical bioprosthesis. METHODS: Data from consecutive patients implanted with the TF or the Carpentier Edwards Magna Ease valve were retrospectively analyzed. Primary analysis was performed on a propensity score-matched cohort. Primary endpoints included the composite of death or reoperation and structural valve deterioration. The comparison also included echocardiographic assessments at one-week post-AVR and at the last documented follow-up. RESULTS: Two propensity score-matched groups of 170 patients each were identified from the overall population (n = 486). Incidence of postoperative mortality (2.9% vs. 7.1%, respectively, p = 0.08), and patient prosthesis mismatch (1.2% and 2.4%, p = 0.41) were similar. At mean follow-up of 5.84 (Trifecta) and 6.1 (Carpentier Edwards) years, the incidence of all-cause death/reoperation (15.3% vs. 15.9%, p = 0.88 for Trifecta and Carpentier Edwards, respectively) and structural valve disease (1.8% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.47) were similar. Overall, postoperative mean transvalvular pressure gradients were significantly lower in the Trifecta group than in the Carpentier Edwards group (7.7 ± 3.3 vs. 11.3 ± 3.6 mmHg, p < 0.01). Mean transvalvular gradient remained significantly lower through the last follow-up for small-sized Trifecta valves (19/21 mm; 10.5 ± 4.2 vs. 13.8 ± 5.9 mmHg, p = 0.039) but not for larger valves (10.3 ± 4.8 vs. 9.4 ± 3.5 mmHg, p = 0.31). CONCLUSION: The Trifecta valve is a valuable alternative to the Carpentier Edwards valve in terms of safety, hemodynamic performance, and mid-term durability. Smaller-sized valves provide additional clinical benefits, given their persistent hemodynamic advantages through mid-term follow-up.

Complete atrioventricular septal defect: Modified 2-patch technique.

Complete atrioventricular septal defect is a common congenital malformation. Various surgical corrections coexist. This video tutorial describes a correction that preserves the height of the leaflets by splitting both the anterior and the posterior bridging leaflets and using two patches to close the ventricular septal defect and the atrial septal defect separately.

Repair of a remote pericommissural anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery.

We demonstrate a classic trapdoor technique to correct a late-presenting remote pericommissural anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. The merits of the technique compared to alternative techniques are explained. The impact of late diagnosis on left ventricular function as well as on papillary muscle ischemia-induced mitral regurgitation is evident. The child's recovery without the need for a temporary ventricular assist device supports the efficacy of  the technique, despite the residual mitral regurgitation.

Has the profile of heart transplantation recipients changed within the last three decades?

BACKGROUND: Heart transplantation remains the most durable treatment for patients with end-stage heart failure refractory to medical treatment. Central elements of the listing criteria for heart transplantation have remained largely unchanged in the last three decades whereas treatment of heart failure has significantly increased survival and reduced disease-related symptoms. It remains unknown whether the improvement of heart failure therapy changed the profile of heart transplantation candidates or affected post-transplant survival. METHODS: The study investigated a total of 323 heart transplant recipients of the Lausanne University Hospital with 328 transplant operations between 1987 and 2018. Patients were separated into three groups on the basis of availability of heart failure therapy: period 1 (1987-1998; n = 115) when renin-angiotensin system blockade and diuretic treatment were available; period 2 (1999-2010; n = 106) marked by the addition of beta-blocker and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist treatment in severe heart failure, and the establishment of cardiac defibrillator and resynchronisation therapy; period 3 (2011-2018; n = 107) characterised by the increasing use of ventricular assist devices for bridge to transplantation. RESULTS: The patient characteristics age (all: 53.4 years), male sex (all: 79%) and body mass index (all: 24.5 kg/m2) did not differ between periods. History of arterial hypertension was less prevalent in period 2 (period 1 vs 2 vs 3: 44 vs 28 vs 43%, p = 0.04) whereas other cardiovascular risk factors were equally distributed. Left ventricular ejection fraction, VO2max, and pulmonary vascular resistance were not different between the three periods. The prevalence of ischaemic cardiomyopathy was higher in periods 1 and 3; dilated non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy was more frequent in period 2. Post-transplant 1-year survival was highest in period 3 (1 vs 2 vs 3: 87.2 ± 3.2% vs 70.8 ± 4.4% vs 93.0 ± 2.6%, p always ≤0.02), and the Kaplan-Meier estimates of survivors of the first year post-transplant were not different between the three periods. In descriptive analysis, early mortality was not associated with acknowledged pretransplant predictors of post-transplant mortality. CONCLUSION: Availability of different medical heart failure treatments did not result in greatly different pretransplant characteristics of heart transplantation recipients across the three periods. This suggests that the maintained central criteria of listing for heart transplantation still identify end-stage heart failure patients with a similar profile. This finding can explain the unchanged overall mortality on condition of 1-year survival across the three periods, since pretransplant characteristics are relevant for long-term survival after heart transplantation.

Usefulness of postoperative high-sensitive troponin T measurement and implications for defining type 5 infarction.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Guidelines indicate for type 5 myocardial infarction (MI) that postoperative troponin need not be exclusively ischemic but may also be caused by epicardial injury. Complexity arises from the introduction of high-sensitive troponin. This study attempts to contribute to the understanding of postoperative high-sensitive cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) increase. METHODS: The median enzyme increase of different cardiac operations was compared. Linear regression analyses were used to determine correlations between enzyme rise and independent parameters. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) served to evaluate the discriminatory power of enzyme rise in detecting ischemia and to determine possible thresholds. RESULTS: Among 400 patients, 2.8% had intervention-related ischemia analogous to type 5 MI definition. The median postoperative hs-cTnT/creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) increase varied according to types of surgery, with highest increase after mitral valve and lowest after off-pump coronary surgery. After ruling out patients with preoperatively elevated hs-cTnT, regression analysis confirmed Maze procedure (p < .001), intra-pericardial defibrillation (p = .002), emergency intervention (p = .01), blood transfusions (p = .02), and cardiopulmonary bypass time (p = .03) as significant factors associated with hs-cTnT increase. In addition, CK-MB increase was associated with mortality (p = .002). ROC confirmed good discriminatory power for hs-cTnT and CK-MB with ischemia-indicating thresholds of 1705.5 ng/L (hs-cTnT) and 113 U/L (CK-MB) considering different types of operations. CONCLUSIONS: The Influence of the type of surgery and intervention-related parameters on hs-cTnT increase was confirmed. Potential thresholds indicating perioperative ischemia appear to be significantly elevated for high sensitive markers.

Complex Multi-Stage Total Aortic and Subclavian Artery Replacement in a 9-year old boy with Loeys-Dietz-Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Loeys-Dietz Syndrome is a rare connective tissue disorder that is associated with arterial pathologies such as aortic dissections, tortuosity and aneurysms.We present a child with Loeys-Dietz Syndrome type 2 that received total aortic and bilateral subclavian artery replacement. CASE REPORT: A 9-year old boy with Loeys-Dietz Syndrome type 2 and acute type B aortic dissection received an urgent complete thoracic and thoraco-abdominal aortic repair within three days. First, the ascending aorta and aortic root were replaced in a Tirone David and Frozen Elephant Trunk procedure. Then, the descending and supramesenteric aorta was replaced by a Dacron interposition graft with direct implantation of the celiac trunk. During the 15 months follow-up, the patient required three more surgical interventions for rapid expanding aneurysms of both subclavian arteries and the infrarenal aorta. No major adverse event nor secondary interventions occurred. Ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance imaging follow-up is continued at 6-months intervals. CONCLUSION: Children with Loeys-Dietz Syndrome may require extensive aortic repair for aortic dissection and show rapidly expanding aneurysms. Referral to a center with pediatric vascular expertise and long-term follow-up examinations are crucial.

Reimplantation of the left coronary artery with aortic intramural course in an ALCAPA patient.

We present a case of an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery, with a proximal intramural course in the aortic wall. We describe the technique of its reimplantation at the site of the transverse aortotomy, using autologous pericardial patch enlargement of the newly created coronary ostium.

Double-root inversion for complex malposition of the great arteries with tricuspid valve straddling.

Dextro-transposition of the great vessels associated with pulmonary stenosis, double-outlet right ventricle, and straddling of the tricuspid valve is an uncommon condition. Several treatment options are available for this malformation, but most of them are not optimal. For patients with transposition of the great vessels, the gold standard procedure, which is an arterial switch procedure, would usually be performed, whereas for patients with pulmonary stenosis, a Rastelli operation or a Nikaidoh procedure would be proposed. Both of these methods have several advantages and disadvantages. Selected patients can qualify for the double-root rotation procedure, which is limited by the function of the pulmonary and aortic valves, the position of the coronary arteries, and the skill of the surgeon[1]. After a thorough analysis of all the preoperative test results, our patient qualified for a surgical correction of the malformation. Due to preexisting pulmonary regurgitation and severe dilation of the pulmonary root, the patient was not considered a good candidate for the arterial switch operation. Therefore, it was decided that the double-root inversion was the best option. Introduction The double-root inversion gives the patient the possibility of avoiding a reoperation. If the patient were to have the Nikaidoh or the Rastelli procedure, we know that the pulmonary graft would eventually have to be replaced. For this reason, we would like to share our experience with the double-root inversion method.

Melody valve to replace the mitral valve in small children: Lessons learned.

OBJECTIVE: Infants requiring mitral valve replacement have few viable options. Recently, stented bovine jugular vein graft (Melody) has been surgically implanted in such cases. Herein, we report our experience, elaborating on evolution of implantation technique, pitfalls, as well as long-term outcome (including late dilatability). METHODS: Seven Melody valves were implanted (2013-2019). The median patient age and weight were 6.7 (1.8-30.5) months and 5.8 (4.6-9.5) kg, respectively. The indications for implantation were mitral stenosis and/or regurgitation postatrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) repair (5), congenital mitral valve dysplasia (1), and Shone's complex (1). Operative technique involved shortening the valve and creating a neo-sewing ring at 2/3 (atrial)-1/3 (ventricular) junction. Implantation was followed by intraoperative balloon dilatation. RESULTS: Five out of seven patients survived the perioperative period (one death due to technical failure and the other due to acute respiratory distress syndrome postcardiopulmonary bypass). Two out of five medium-term survivors got transplanted (1) or died due to acute myeloid leukemia (1). No valves were replaced. The mean echo gradient at discharge was a median 4 (2-6) mmHg. None of the patients showed left ventricular outflow tract or pulmonary venous obstruction. Two Melody valves were dilated late (5 months and 3 years postoperatively), resulting in decreasing mean gradients from 6 to 1 and from 17 to 4 mmHg. At last follow-up, surviving Melody had a mean gradient of 4 (1-9) mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: Mitral valve replacement with a Melody valve is feasible in infants, is reproducible, shows good immediate results, and offers the possibility of later dilatation. This technique offers a better solution compared to the existing alternatives for infants requiring a prosthetic mitral valve.

Congenital atresia of the left main coronary artery: management of a 5-year-old child in extremis.

Atresia of the left main coronary artery is a rare coronary anomaly. We describe the case of a 5-year-old child presenting in emergency in extremis. Clinical findings of haemodynamic collapse, malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias and severe mitral regurgitation were indicative of a possible ischaemic aetiology. Surgical revascularization of the atretic left main coronary artery segment using an interposition autologous saphenous vein graft was successfully performed.

Serum lactate at 24 hours is associated with outcome in children requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pulmonary causes - a retrospective, observational study.

OBJECTIVES: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has become an essential life-saving tool. Being resource-intensive, judicious use and optimising the outcomes of this precious resource is important. This retrospective, explanatory, observational study aimed to quantify associations between factors and outcome after pulmonary ECMO in children. METHODS: This study included 39 consecutive ECMO runs in 38 children performed for pulmonary indications at our hospital from 2008 to 2018. Indications included acute respiratory distress syndrome, infection, drowning, meconium aspiration and pulmonary hypertension, among others. Depending on the need for haemodynamic support, 21 patients (53.8%) received veno-venous ECMO, while 18 (46.2%) received veno-arterial ECMO. We sought to compare the 11 non-survivors with the 27 survivors with respect to time-independent and time-dependent variables. Logistic regression models and Cox proportional hazards models were used. Threshold analysis was done using the “minimum p-value approach”. RESULTS: 27/39 (69%) ECMO runs could be weaned; 27/38 (71%) patients were discharged. 20/27 (74%) survivors had unremarkable neurological status, six (22%) had mild findings (convulsions, muscular hypotony, neuropathy) and one (4%) had a hemi-syndrome at discharge. Univariate analyses showed a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.48 for log(pH) (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.22 to 1.02, p = 0.055) and an HR of 4.48 for log(lactate) (95% CI 1.92 to 10.48, p = 0.0005). Multivariate models showed an HR of 0.99 for log(pH) (95% CI 0.43 to 2.26, p = 0.98) and an HR of 4.44 for log(lactate) (95% CI 1.65 to 11.95, p = 0.003). Threshold analysis showed lactate >4.1 to be associated with mortality, with an HR of 32.7 (95% CI 4.8 to 221.7, p = 0.0002). This threshold should, however, be interpreted very cautiously. Evidence of an association between serum lactate at 24 hours and mortality was found (difference between survivors and non-survivors: −2.78, 95% CI −5.36 to −0.20, p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: The results of ECMO for pulmonary indications are very good. Serum lactate may be an early prognostic indicator.

Cylinder mitral and tricuspid valve replacement in neonates and small children.

OBJECTIVES: Atrioventricular valve replacement in small children is associated with high morbidity and mortality. There are no prostheses available with a diameter ˂15 mm. This study reports our initial experience with a cylinder valve for mitral and tricuspid valve replacement in infants and small children. METHODS: Our cylinder valve was hand-made for patients requiring atrioventricuclar valve replacement with an annulus of <15 mm. A 12-mm Contegra valve was prepared and placed inside a 14-mm Gore-Tex tube graft and sutured on both extremities. RESULTS: Eight patients were included, with a median age of 6.9 months (range 1 day to 38 months). Four had mitral and 4 had tricuspid valve replacement. All implants were technically successful, with no significant regurgitation, no stenosis and no left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. There were 3 early deaths from low cardiac output, in patients with significant associated lesions (severe neonatal Ebstein's, pulmonary artery-intact ventricular septum, biventricular conversion from Norwood stage 1). Two patients required early reintervention: 1 for balloon dilatation for stenosis and 1 for reoperation for paravalvular leak. During follow-up, 2 patients had mitral valve replacement with a 16-mm mechanical valve at 9 and 20 months from the cylinder valve implantation. The remaining 2 patients are alive and well 2 years and 2 months after the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Cylinder valve replacement of atrioventricular valves was feasible without any technical issues. It was successful in getting out of a difficult situation and allows for somatic growth and implantation of a reasonably-sized mechanical prosthesis on the annulus.

Two-stage repair of interrupted aortic arch type A: Arch reconstruction and pulmonary artery banding without CPB through a left thoracotomy.

Treatment of interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is inherently challenging. Single-stage complete repair has become the norm in contemporary practice.  While palliation, in general, has fallen out of favor, a 2-stage approach to correcting selected type A IAA appears to be a productive, safe, and effective option, considering the neonatal age at repair. In this video tutorial, we demonstrate our preferred technique for neonatal aortic arch repair and pulmonary artery banding, which constitute the first stage of the 2-stage repair. Key steps of stage 1 repair are demonstrated and the arguments supporting our approach are presented. This approach significantly reduces morbidity and results in a well-palliated ventricular septal defect (VSD).  We also briefly discuss stage 2 of the repair, which is a straightforward VSD closure and pulmonary artery debanding procedure when the child is older and more resilient.

Anomalous origin of a single coronary artery from the pulmonary artery associated with patent ductus arteriosus.

We report an unusual case of a 12-month-old boy diagnosed with anomalous origin of a single coronary artery from the pulmonary artery associated with patent ductus arteriosus. The patient survival was attributed to left-to-right shunt (patent ductus arteriosus) allowing for appropriate myocardial perfusion. Successful surgical correction involved patent ductus arteriosus closure, mitral annuloplasty and reimplantation of the coronary artery into the aortic root.