RESUMO
Multidimensional morphometrics is used to compare the proximal articular surface of the first metatarsal between Homo, Pan, Gorilla, Hylobates, and the hominin fossils A.L. 333-54 (A. afarensis), SKX 5017 (P. robustus), and OH 8 (H. habilis). Statistically significant differences in articular surface morphology exist between H. sapiens and the apes, and between ape groups. Ape groups are characterized by greater surface depth, an obliquely curved articular surface through the dorso-lateral and medio-plantar regions, and a wider medio-lateral surface relative to the dorso-plantar height. The OH 8 articular surface is indistinguishable from H. sapiens, while A.L. 333-54 and SKX 5017 more closely resemble the apes. P. robustus and A. afarensis exhibit ape-like oblique curvature of the articular surface.
Assuntos
Antropologia Física , Fósseis , Ossos do Metatarso/anatomia & histologia , Articulação Metatarsofalângica/anatomia & histologia , Articulação Metatarsofalângica/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , Gorilla gorilla/anatomia & histologia , Gorilla gorilla/fisiologia , Hallux/anatomia & histologia , Hallux/fisiologia , Humanos , Hylobates/anatomia & histologia , Hylobates/fisiologia , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imageamento Tridimensional , Masculino , Ossos do Metatarso/fisiologia , Pan troglodytes/anatomia & histologia , Pan troglodytes/fisiologiaRESUMO
We sought to determine the prevalence, trends, and correlates of recent HIV testing (within the past year) among young Asian and Pacific Islander men who have sex with men (API MSM) in two U.S. cities. We conducted serial, cross-sectional, interviewer-administered surveys of 908 API MSM aged 15-25 years, sampled from randomly selected MSM-identified venues annually from 1999 to 2002. The prevalence of recent testing increased from 63% to 71% between the first and fourth year. Recent testing was most significantly associated with ethnicity and with knowledge of testing sites to which respondents felt comfortable going. Other correlates of recent testing included gay identity, comfort with sexual and API identity, having a main partner, social support, and recent unprotected anal intercourse. API MSM who had ever traded sex for material goods or shelter were as likely to have tested recently. HIV prevention campaigns should increase the awareness and availability of culturally appropriate testing sites and urge more frequent testing by young API MSM.