Non-invasive cardiac output evaluation in postoperative cardiac surgery patients, using a new prolonged expiration-based technique.

The gold standard methods to measure cardiac output (CO) are invasive and expose the patient to high risks of various complications. The aim of this study is to assess an innovative non-invasive method for CO monitoring in mechanically ventilated patients after cardiac surgery and its agreement with values obtained by thermodilution technique. Continuous monitoring of respiratory gas concentrations and airflow allows the estimation of CO through a newly developed algorithm derived from a modified version of the Fick equation. It consists of two phases: the first involves measurements during steady breathing state, and the second starts when a sudden perturbation into the carbon dioxide elimination process is introduced by a prolonged expiration. This prospective clinical study involved thirty-five adult patients, undergone cardiac surgery. The measurements were performed in curarized and haemodynamically stable patients, during the post-surgery recovery in intensive care unit. The study protocol, which lasted 1 h for each patient, consisted of 20 measurements obtained by prolonged expiration-based method and 10 by thermodilution. The estimation of CO using the proposed method (COK) agreed with the thermodilution (COT) as demonstrated by: a low mean bias between COK and COT considering all patients (i.e., -0.11 L min(-1)); a best fitting line having slope = 0.98, r = 0.81, p < 0.0001; the lower and upper limits of agreement were -0.77 and +0.54 L min(-1), respectively. COK shows a mean percentage error of 34 %. In stable mechanically ventilated patients, undergone cardiac surgery, the proposed method is reliable if compared to the thermodilution. Considering the non-invasivity of the technique, further evaluations of its performances are encouraged.

The mystery of the occluded port that allowed blood withdrawal: is it safe to use standard needles to access ports? A case report and literature review.

A frequent complication of totally implantable central venous access devices (TIVADs) is withdrawal occlusion. We describe a case of rare dysfunction of TIVADs: blood withdrawal was possible, whereas infusion was not. A further investigation demonstrated that during infusion, a silicone core, probably produced by hypodermic needle puncture, occluded the reservoir outlet hole. The silicone septum puncture by standard needles instead of non-coring ones may reduce the device effectiveness and expose patients to serious complications.