Cystoscopic bladder biopsies: a histopathological study.

Urothelial carcinoma is the most common tumor of the bladder and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Cystitis constitutes an important source of clinical signs and symptoms. In this study 31 cystoscopic biopsies subjected for histopathological examination were taken. The study was conducted in the department of Pathology of Nepal Medial College Teaching Hospital over a period of two years (October 2012 to September 2014). The mean age of the patient undergoing cystoscopic biopsy was 61.3 years, most of the patients being elderly male. 51.6% cases were clinically malignant. The most common histopathological diagnoses were cystitis (29%) and non invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, low grade (29%). 58% are neoplastic lesions. 51.6% of the case was malignant lesions on histopathology. Among the malignant lesion of urinary bladder 93.7% were urothelial tumor and 6.3% were glandular neoplasm (adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell). There was no detrusor muscle in 33.3% cases of urothelial tumor to assess the muscle invasion. 26.7% cases of urothelial tumor shows muscle invasion. Histopathological study of cystoscopic biopsy helps in early detection of tumor and its management.

A histopathological study of ophthalmic lesions.

Ophthalmic lesions include a wide spectrum of conditions ranging from benign lesions to precancerous lesions and malignant lesions. The diagnosis of these lesions is based on the clinical as well as histopathological features. This was a prospective study of ophthalmic lesions conducted in the department of pathology of Nepal Medial College teaching hospital over a period of one year (September 2012 - August 2013). In this study period, we received total 11 ophthalmic biopsies. Out of these, 54.5% cases were conjunctival lesions and 45.5% cases were eye lid lesions. The age range was from 8 years to 40 years with the mean age of 25.5 years. All the cases were benign lesions, papilloma being the most common clinical and histopathological diagnosis. Other lesions like inclusion cyst, dermoid cyst, seborrheic keratosis, pilomatrixoma, nevus and molluscum contagiosum are also included in our study.

A study of ovarian cyst in a tertiary hospital of Kathmandu valley.

Ovarian cysts are an extremely common gynecological problem. Majority of ovarian cysts are benign with few cases being malignant. This is a retrospective study of all the cases of ovarian cysts operated in a tertiary hospital (Kathmandu Medical College, KMC) from January 2006 to December 2008. In this 3 years duration, 102 cases (2.0%) were of ovarian cyst out of the total histopathological specimen processed in pathology department. The mean age of presentation was 38years. Ovarian cysts (27.5%) were more commonly seen in the age group 21- 30 years. Bilateral ovaries were involved in 19 cases (18.6%). Among these ovarian cysts, 89 cases (87.3%) were benign and 13 cases (12.7%) were malignant. The most common type of ovarian cyst was serous cystadenoma (40.2%) followed by mature cystic teratoma (15.7%). Metastasis to ovary was seen in 6.9% (7 cases). The most common metastasis was adeno carcinoma from gastro intestinal tract (4 cases). Other metastases to ovary were 2 cases from endometrioid adeno carcinoma of endometrium and 1 case from Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma of small intestine.

Study of fine needle aspiration cytology of breast lumps and its histopathological correlation in Pokhara Valley.

Breast carcinoma is the leading cause of cancer death in women. Most of the time breast carcinoma presents as breast lump. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a convenient and rapid preoperative diagnostic procedure. This is a prospective and correlative study done in department of Pathology of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara from December 2003 to December 2005. FNAC was performed in patients presenting with breast lump and its findings were correlated with histopathological findings. Out of total 343 cases of breast FNAC, 73 cases had histopathology correlation. Age group of the patient ranged from 17 to 84 years. Breast lumps were most commonly seen in age group 21 to 30 years which comprises of benign lesions. Maximum number of malignancy (26%) was seen in age group 41 to 50 years. Out of 73 cases, malignancy was seen in 15 cases (20.5%). The most common carcinoma was Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) with 46.7% cases. With correlation of FNAC and histopathology, the sensitivity and specificity of both benign and malignant lesions were high. In malignant lesions, the sensitivity and specificity were 93.3% and 100% respectively. FNAC is a safe diagnostic procedure in the preoperative diagnosis of breast lumps in our setting. It gives the accurate result with proper technique and interpretation.

Inguinal vasal obstruction following polypropylene mesh repair.

Inguinal vasal obstruction following hernia repair is related to either direct injury to vas or ischemic injury leading to delay stricture. Not much has been described regarding the long term impact of synthetic mesh as far as integrity of the cord structure is concerned. Here, we report a case that underwent mesh explantation for posthernioplasty inguinodynia as well as recurrence and found to have total occlusion of the lumen of vas segment adherent to the explanted mesh on microscopic examination.

Population policy in Nepal: a multi sectoral approach.

PIP: An introduction to population policy in Nepal is presented. The author first describes the country's population dynamics and how they led to the need for a population policy. The development of such policies over time is then described, with an emphasis on the multi-sectoral approach developed since 1983.^ieng