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BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggests that elective induction of labor at 39 weeks may lead to more favorable perinatal outcomes compared with the expectant management, however, how to weigh the pros and cons of elective labor induction at 39 weeks, the expectation of spontaneous delivery at 40 or 41 weeks, or delayed labor induction at 40 or 41 weeks on neonatal and maternal outcomes remains a practical challenge in clinical decision-making. OBJECTIVE: We compared neonatal and maternal outcomes between elective induction of labor at 39 weeks and expectant management in a real word setting. We also divided the expectantly managed group and compared outcomes between the spontaneous delivery group at 40 or 41 weeks, and the induced group at 40 or 41 weeks versus the elective induced group at 39 weeks. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study included 21282 participants between January 1, 2019, and June 30, 2022. Participants were initially categorized into three groups at 39 weeks: elective induction of labor, spontaneous delivery, and expectant management, for the primary analysis comparing elective induction with expectant management. Subsequently, the expectant management group at 39 weeks was similarly divided into three groups at 40 weeks, and participants who underwent expectant management at 40 weeks were then divided into two groups at 41 weeks: elective induction and spontaneous delivery. In total, six groups were compared in the secondary analysis, with elective induction at 39 weeks serving as the reference group. RESULTS: At 39 weeks' gestational age, participants who received elective induction of labor had a significantly lower risk of primary composite outcomes compared to participants who received expectant management (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55-0.95), and there was no significant difference in risk of cesarean delivery between the two groups. After further dividing the expectantly managed group, compared to participants with elective induction of labor at 39 weeks, those with spontaneous delivery at 40 weeks had significant lower risks of cesarean delivery (0.61, 0.52-0.71) and chorioamnionitis (0.78, 0.61-1.00), but a higher risk of fetal distress (1.39, 1.22-1.57); those with spontaneous delivery at 41 weeks had a significant higher risk of fetal distress (1.44, 1.16-1.79), postpartum hemorrhage (1.83, 1.26-2.66), and prolonged/arrested labor (1.61, 1.02-2.54). Moreover, compared to participants with elective induction of labor at 39 weeks, participants induced at later weeks had significantly higher risks of neonatal and maternal outcomes, especially at 40 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that elective induction of labor at 39 weeks was significantly associated with lower risks of short-term neonatal and maternal outcomes compared to expectant management. Moreover, our study highlights the nuanced trade-offs in risks and benefits between elective induction at 39 weeks versus waiting for spontaneous labor or delayed induction at 40/41 weeks, thus providing valuable insights for clinical decision-making in practice.
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OBJECTIVE: In vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) technologies (especially frozen ET) have been widely used, which might affect maternal and fetal health. Information regarding influence of IVF-ET on the vasoconstriction of human umbilical vein (HUV) is limited. This study determined effects of frozen ET on histamine-mediated vascular responses in HUV and related mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS: HUVs were collected from frozen ET conceived pregnancy and spontaneously conceived pregnancy (control). Histamine concentration in umbilical plasma was higher in frozen ET group than the control. Histamine-mediated contractile response curve was left-shifted in the frozen ET group when comparing with the control. In isolated HUV rings, H1R showed a critical role in regulating vascular constriction, while H2R played little roles in regulating vessel tone. Iberiotoxin and 4-aminopyridine didn't significantly change histamine-mediated constriction in HUVs. Histamine-induced vasoconstrictions were significantly decreased by nifedipine, KN93, or GF109203X, while the inhibitory effects were significantly greater in the frozen ET group in comparison to the control. The constrictions by Bay K8644, phenylephrine, or PDBu were stronger in frozen ET, respectively. There was a decrease in the protein expressions of H1R and H2R, an increase in protein expressions of BKCaα and PKCß. CONCLUSIONS: Histamine-induced constriction in HUV was mainly via H1R. The increased sensitivity to histamine in HUV following frozen ET cycles were linked to the enhanced PKCß protein expression and function. The new data and findings in this study provide important insight into influences of frozen ET on fetal vessel development and potential influence in long-term.
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Fertilização in vitro , Histamina , Feminino , Gravidez , Humanos , Histamina/farmacologia , Veias Umbilicais , Transferência Embrionária , 4-AminopiridinaRESUMO
AIMS: Prenatal hypoxia (PH) could affect peripheral vascular tone of the offspring, thus increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in adult. However, it's still unknown whether functions of coronary arteries (COA) in adult offspring would be influenced by PH. The present study aimed at effects of PH on vascular tone of COA and its related mechanisms. METHODS: Coronary arteries of adult offspring exposed to hypoxic or normoxic circumstances during gestational day 5 to 21 were collected. Wire myograph system, whole-cell patch clamp technique, IonOptix MyoCam system, PCR, and western blot were used to detect vascular function of adult offspring COA. KEY FINDINGS: PH significantly attenuated serotonin- and phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu)-induced constriction. Iberiotoxin potentiated PDBu-induced constriction and the effect was augmented by PH, however, no significant differences were found in whole-cell BKCa channel currents and its protein expression. Nifedipine inhibited PDBu-mediated constriction and the inhibitory effect was reduced in PH group, and whole-cell calcium channel current was decreased in offspring COA. Besides, PH reduced the capability of calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum in COA. The phosphorylated PKCß protein expression at Ser660 site, not Thr641 site, was significantly decreased in PH offspring. Chronic hypoxia during pregnancy attenuated PDBu-mediated constriction in offspring COA, presumably through decreased phosphorylated PKCß at serine660 sites and decreased intracellular calcium-related weaker PKC activation. SIGNIFICANCE: The findings provided new information on the influence of prenatal hypoxia on COA, and suggested potential use of PKCß-serine660 for early prevention of coronary heart diseases in developmental origins.
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Cálcio/metabolismo , Vasos Coronários/fisiopatologia , Hipóxia/complicações , Espaço Intracelular/metabolismo , Fosfosserina/metabolismo , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/fisiopatologia , Proteína Quinase C beta/metabolismo , Vasoconstrição , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Canais de Cálcio/metabolismo , Vasos Coronários/efeitos dos fármacos , Vasos Coronários/patologia , Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Feminino , Miocárdio/patologia , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Serotonina/metabolismo , Acetato de TetradecanoilforbolRESUMO
Human placental vessels (HPVs) play important roles in the exchange of metabolites and oxygen in maternal-fetal circulation. Endothelial-derived prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2, PGI2) is a critical endothelial vasodilator in the body. However, the physiological and pharmacological functions of endothelial PGI2 in the human placenta are still unclear. Human, sheep, and rat blood vessels were used in this study. Unlike non-placental vessels (non-PVs), the PGI2 synthesis inhibitor tranylcypromine (TCP) did not modify 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced vascular contraction, indicating that endothelial-derived PGI2 was weak in PVs. Vascular responses to exogenous PGI2 showed slight relaxation followed by a significant contraction at a higher concentration in HPV, which was inhibited by the thromboxane-prostanoid (TP) receptors antagonist SQ-29,548. Testing PVs and non-PVs from sheep also showed similar functional results. More TP receptors than PGI2 (IP) receptors were observed in HPVs. The whole-cell K+ current density of HPVs was significantly weaker than that of non-PVs. This study demonstrated the specific characteristics of the placental endogenous endothelial PGI2 system and the patterns of placental vascular physiological/pharmacological response to exogenous PGI2, showing that placental endothelial PGI2 does not markedly contribute to vascular dilation in the human placenta, in notable contrast to non-PVs. The results provide crucial information for understanding the endothelial roles of HPVs, which may be helpful for further investigations of potential targets in the treatment of diseases such as preeclampsia.
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Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Epoprostenol/farmacologia , Placenta/irrigação sanguínea , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacos , 6-Cetoprostaglandina F1 alfa/genética , 6-Cetoprostaglandina F1 alfa/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Fenômenos Eletrofisiológicos , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp , Fenilefrina/farmacologia , Canais de Potássio , Gravidez , Ratos , Serotonina/farmacologia , OvinosRESUMO
SCOPE: Although prenatal high-salt (HS) intake leads to physiological complications in the offspring, little is known regarding its effects on the offspring's glucose metabolism. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to determine the consequences of prenatal HS diet on the offspring's metabolism and to test a potential therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pregnant rats are fed either a normal-salt (1% NaCl) or high-salt (8% NaCl) diet during the whole pregnancy. Experiments are conducted in five-month-old male offspring. It is found that the prenatal HS diet reduced the glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity of the offspring. Additionally, there is down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (Ppargc1a/PPARGC1A) at the transcript and protein level, which leads to decreased mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative respiration in skeletal muscle. Moreover, the down-regulation of Ppargc1a is accompanied by decreases in the expression of glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4). With endurance exercise training, these changes are mitigated, which ultimately resulted in improved insulin resistance. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that prenatal HS intake induces metabolic disorders via the decreased expression of Ppargc1a in the skeletal muscle of adult offspring, providing novel information concerning the mechanisms and early prevention of metabolic diseases of fetal origins.
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Doenças Metabólicas/etiologia , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/metabolismo , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/etiologia , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Animais , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Treino Aeróbico , Feminino , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 4/genética , Resistência à Insulina , Masculino , Doenças Metabólicas/terapia , Mitocôndrias Musculares/metabolismo , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/genética , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Gravidez , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Cerebral circulation is important in fetal brain development, and angiotensin II (Ang II) plays vital roles in regulation of adult cerebral circulation. However, functions of Ang II in fetal cerebral vasculature and influences of in utero hypoxia on Ang II-mediated fetal cerebral vascular responses are largely unknown. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of in utero hypoxia on fetal middle cerebral arteries (MCA) via Ang II. Near-term ovine fetuses were exposed to in utero hypoxia, and fetal MCA responses to Ang II were tested for vascular tension, calcium transient, and molecular analysis. Ang II caused significant dose-dependent contraction in control fetal MCA. Ang II-induced MCA constriction was decreased significantly in hypoxic fetuses. Neither losartan (AT1R antagonist, 10-5 mol/L) nor PD123,319 (AT2R antagonist, 10-5 mol/L) altered Ang II-mediated contraction in fetal MCA. Phenylephrine-mediated constriction was also significantly weaker in hypoxic fetuses. Bay K8644 caused similar contractions between the two groups. Protein expression of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels was unchanged. There were no differences in caffeine-mediated vascular tension or calcium transients. Contraction induced by PDBu (PKC agonist) was obviously weaker in hypoxic MCA. Protein expression of PKCß was reduced in the hypoxic compared with the control, along with no differences in phosphorylation levels. The results showed that fetal MCA was functionally responsive to Ang II near term. Intrauterine hypoxia reduced the vascular agonist-mediated contraction in fetal MCA, probably via decreasing PKCß and its phosphorylation, which might play protective effects on fetal cerebral circulation against transient hypoxia.
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Angiotensina II/farmacologia , Feto/irrigação sanguínea , Hipóxia/embriologia , Proteína Quinase C beta/metabolismo , Contração Uterina/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Feminino , Artéria Cerebral Média/embriologia , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , OvinosRESUMO
Prenatal hypoxia can affect vascular functions in young offspring. However, there is limited knowledge regarding whether and how prenatal hypoxia influences vascular functions in aged offspring. This study compared the effects of prenatal hypoxia on the mesenteric arteries (MA) between a young adult and aged offspring and investigated the underlying mechanisms. Pregnant rats were randomly divided into the control and prenatal hypoxia groups. The vascular functions and molecular levels were assessed in 5-month-old (5 M) or 20-month-old (20 M) offspring. Prenatal hypoxia decreased acetylcholine-mediated vascular relaxations in 20-M but not 5-M offspring. Sodium nitroprusside-mediated relaxation curves were not altered by prenatal hypoxia in 5- and 20-M offspring. Prenatal hypoxia enhanced the contractile responses caused by phenylephrine, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, and 5-hydroxytryptamine only in 5-M offspring. The endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activities were decreased along with downregulated eNOS mRNA expression and phosphorylated eNOS/total eNOS protein expression in 20-M offspring with prenatal hypoxia. The NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor apocynin and superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic tempol restored the acetylcholine-mediated weaker relaxations in 20-M offspring with prenatal hypoxia. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent and dihydroethidium assay showed that prenatal hypoxia enhanced oxidative stress in 20-M offspring. Transmission electron microscopy showed that prenatal hypoxia damaged mitochondrial structures in the MA endothelial cells of 20-M offspring. Increased NOX2 protein expression and decreased SOD3 expression were found in 20-M offspring. The results demonstrated that endothelial dysfunction induced by intrauterine hypoxia occurred with aging via enhanced oxidative stress and decreased nitric oxide activities in aged offspring.
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Hipóxia/fisiopatologia , Artérias Mesentéricas/fisiopatologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Vasodilatação , Acetilcolina/farmacologia , Envelhecimento , Animais , Óxidos N-Cíclicos/farmacologia , Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Contração Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , NADPH Oxidases/antagonistas & inibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Marcadores de Spin , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Vasoconstritores/farmacologia , Vasodilatadores/farmacologiaRESUMO
AIMS: High-salt diet is linked to hypertension, and prenatal high-salt diet increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases in the offspring. The present study investigated whether and how prenatal high-salt diet influenced nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation in the offspring. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pregnant rats were fed either normal-salt (1% sodium chloride) or high-salt (8% sodium chloride) diet during gestation. Experiments were conducted in 5-month-old male offspring. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, nitric oxide donor)-induced hypotensive responses (in vivo) and vascular dilatation (in vitro) was significantly attenuated (Emax: 84â±â2 vs. 51â±â2, high-salt vs. control, Pâ<â0.001) in the high-salt offspring, indicating reduced vascular relaxations. Pretreatment with Tempol (reactive oxygen species scavenger) alleviated this attenuation. The high-salt offspring showed an increased level of oxidative stress markers in both mesenteric arteries and plasma samples. The antioxidant activity, serum superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly reduced, whereas malondialdehyde was increased in the high-salt offspring. O2 production, and protein expression of Nox2 and Nox4 in mesenteric arteries was significantly increased in the high-salt offspring whereas Nox1 showed no changes. The local renin-angiotensin system in mesenteric arteries was activated, associated with an increased NADPH oxidase. DNA methylation at the proximal promoter of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in the lung was significantly increased in the high-salt offspring (Pâ=â0.004). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that prenatal high-salt diet impairs nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation because of the increased oxidative stress-affected renin-angiotensin system in the high-salt offspring, providing new information for understanding, and early prevention of cardiovascular diseases in fetal origins.
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Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/fisiopatologia , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Vasodilatação , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Catalase/sangue , Óxidos N-Cíclicos/farmacologia , Metilação de DNA , Feminino , Hipotensão/induzido quimicamente , Hipotensão/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Malondialdeído/sangue , Artérias Mesentéricas/metabolismo , NADPH Oxidase 1/metabolismo , NADPH Oxidase 2/metabolismo , NADPH Oxidase 4/metabolismo , NADPH Oxidases/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Doadores de Óxido Nítrico/farmacologia , Nitroprussiato/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/genética , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Ratos , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Marcadores de Spin , Superóxido Dismutase/sangue , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has been used as a common therapy for preeclampsia and eclampsia for many years. MgSO4 decreases peripheral vascular resistance so as to reduce maternal blood pressure. Whether placental blood vessels react to MgSO4 in the same patterns as that in maternal vessels is largely unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study compared placental vessels (PV) versus nonplacental vessels (non-PV) in human and animal models. MgSO4-caused vascular dilation was significantly weaker in PV than that in non-PV. Prostaglandin I2 synthetase affected MgSO4-mediated vasodilatation in PV, not in umbilical vessels, while cyclooxygenase did not influence MgSO4-induced relaxation in both PV and non-PV. Mg2+-caused vasodilatation was mainly through calcium channels. In PV, calcium channel activities were significantly weaker in PV than that in non-PV. Relative mRNA expression of CACNA1D, CACNB2, and CACNB3 was significantly higher in PV than those in umbilical vessels, despite the fact that the expression of CACNA1F was less in PV. The contractile phenotype of smooth muscle cell marker (CALD1) was less and the synthetic phenotype (MYH10) was more in PV than that in UV. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that PV were characterized by much weaker responses to MgSO4 compared with nonplacental vessels. The difference was related to weaker calcium channel activity and minor contractile phenotype smooth muscle cells in PV, providing important information for further understanding treatments with MgSO4 in preeclampsia.