[The connotation of universal health management and its implementation in the context of Healthy China Strategy].

In the context of the implementation of Healthy China Strategy, universal health management is an effective approach to promote the construction of the chain of social health governance system of"prevention, treatment, and management". This paper composes the connotations and main characteristics of universal health management from five aspects: coverage, resource input, service content, management mode, and expected results, with a view to providing reference for the clarification of the connotation of universal health management and related practices.

Quantitative evaluation of ruminal methane and carbon dioxide formation from formate through C-13 stable isotope analysis in a batch culture system.

Methane produced from formate is one of the important methanogensis pathways in the rumen. However, quantitative information of CH4 production from formate has been rarely reported. The aim of this study was to characterize the conversion rate (CR) of formic acid into CH4 and CO2 by rumen microorganisms. Ground lucerne hay was incubated with buffered ruminal fluid for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Before the incubation, 13C-labeled H13COOH was also supplied into the incubation bottle at a dose of 0, 1.5, 2.2 or 2.9 mg/g of DM substrate. There were no interactions (P>0.05) between dose and incubation time for all variables evaluated. When expressed as an absolute amount (ml in gas sample) or a relative CR (%), both 13CH4 and 13CO2 production quadratically increased (P<0.01) with the addition of H13COOH. The total 13C (13CH4 and 13CO2) CR was also quadratically increased (P<0.01) when H13COOH was added. Moreover, formate addition linearly decreased (P<0.031) the concentrations of NH3-N, total and individual volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate), and quadratically decreased (P<0.014) the populations of protozoa, total methanogens, Methanosphaera stadtmanae, Methanobrevibacter ruminantium M1, Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanosarcina barkeri. In summary, formate affects ruminal fermentation and methanogenesis, as well as the rumen microbiome, in particular microorganisms which are directly or indirectly involved in ruminal methanogenesis. This study provides quantitative verification for the rapid dissimilation of formate into CH4 and CO2 by rumen microorganisms.

Determination of Endosulfan Concentrations in Biological Samples by GC-MS/MS.

OBJECTIVES: To establish an analytical method of the endosulfan concentrations （α-endosulfan and ß-endosulfan） in biological samples by GC-MS/MS. To observe the distribution of endosulfan in aquatic animals and provide experimental evidence for forensic identification of relevant cases. METHODS: Acetonitrile was added to the blood and muscle samples for precipitating the protein. The endosulfan concentrations were determined by GC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Qualitative analysis was performed according to the retention time and ion rate, and quantitative analysis was performed by external standard working curve method. RESULTS: In blood samples, the calibration curves of α-endosulfan and ß-endosulfan ranging from 0.062 5 to 10 µg/mL had good linear relationship, the correlation coefficients （r） of which were >0.99. The limits of detection （LOD） were 1 ng/mL and 2 ng/mL and the limits of quantification （LOQ） were 4 ng/mL and 8 ng/mL, respectively. In muscle samples, the calibration curves of α-endosulfan and ß-endosulfan ranging from 0.062 5 to 10 µg/g, the r of which were >0.98. The LOD were 1 ng/g and 4 ng/g and the LOQ were 4 ng/g and 16 ng/g, respectively. The accuracy of α-endosulfan and ß-endosulfan was 90.76%-108.91% both in blood and muscle samples, the interday and intraday precision were 2.35%-8.71% and 5.44%-10.29%, respectively. In poisoning cases, endosulfan were detected in all parts of fish and crab and the content difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The endosulfan detection method based on GC-MS/MS established in the present study is rapid, sensitive and accurate, which can be applied to the endosulfan detection in traces biological samples. The distribution of endosulfan in fish and crab was different, which can provide evidence to the sample collection and analysis for toxicological analysis in relevant forensic identification.

Dietary supplementation with Clostridium butyricum helps to improve the intestinal barrier function of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88.

AIMS: The objective of this study was twofold: (i) to examine the effect of Clostridium butyricum on intestinal barrier function and (ii) to elucidate the mechanisms involved in enhanced intestinal barrier function. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-eight weaned piglets were assigned randomly to either a basal diet or a C. butyricum-supplemented diet. On day 15, all pigs were orally challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 or saline. Clostridium butyricum decreased serum diamine oxidase activity and d-lactic acid concentration, as well as increased intestinal tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-3 and occludin) expression in ETEC K88-infected pigs. Moreover, C. butyricum decreased IL-1ß and IL-18 levels in serum and gut, whereas it increased IL-10 levels. Furthermore, C. butyricum downregulated NLRP3 and caspase-1 expression in ETEC K88-challenged pig gut, but did not affect apoptosis-associated speck-like protein expression. CONCLUSIONS: Clostridium butyricum enhanced intestinal barrier function and inhibited apoptosis-associated speck-like protein-independent NLRP3 inflammasome signalling pathway in weaned piglets after ETEC K88 challenge. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The novelty of this study lies in the beneficial effects of C. butyricum on intestinal health, likely by improving intestinal barrier function and alleviating inflammatory reactions.

MiR-26a protects type II alveolar epithelial cells against mitochondrial apoptosis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the miR-26a effects on H2O2-induced apoptosis of Type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC-II) and the potential mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: AEC-II cells were treated with 0.5 mmol/L H2O2 to mimic cellular model of acute lung injury. Transmitting electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to observe the change of morphological structures. After infecting with miR-26a mimics, flow cytometry was performed to detect cell apoptosis. Western blot was also done to explore mitochondrial apoptosis-related markers: Caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bax. AEC-II cells treated with 0.5 mmol/L H2O2 exhibited significant cell apoptosis. Overexpression using miR-26a mimics partially reversed the effects of H2O2-induced apoptosis in AEC-II cells, evidenced by flow cytometry results. RESULTS: Further Western blot results revealed increased levels of Caspase-3 and Bax, and the decreased Bcl-2 level after infecting with miR-26a mimics, indicating miR-26a has protective effects against mitochondrial apoptosis in AEC-II cells. CONCLUSIONS: MiR-26a protected AEC-II cells against apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway. Thus, miR-26a promises to be a potential therapy in treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).

Significance of TNF-α and IL-6 expression in invasive pituitary adenomas.

The aim of this study was to investigate expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in invasive pituitary adenomas (IPAs). The streptavidin peroxidase immunohistochemical method was employed to detect their expression in 40 cases of IPA and 40 of non-invasive pituitary adenoma (NIPA). TNF-α and IL-6 were found to be upregulated in IPA tissue compared with that of NIPA (P < 0.05). These proteins may therefore play important roles in the occurrence and progression of IPA.

Protein or energy restriction during late gestation alters fetal growth and visceral organ mass: an evidence of intrauterine programming in goats.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of maternal protein or energy restriction during late gestation on postnatal fetal growth and visceral organ mass of goats. Eighty pregnant goats with similar age (2.0 ± 0.3 yr) and body weight (BW, 20.0 ± 1.0 kg before pregnancy) were assigned to 3 dietary treatments during late gestation: control (CON), 40% protein restricted (PR) and 40% energy restricted (ER) diets until parturition, after which offspring received normal diets for nutritional recovery. Kids were killed and visceral tissues were harvested at birth and week 6. Maternal protein or energy restriction decreased (P < 0.05) birth weight, and the weights of thymus, heart, abomasums, small intestine. The length of fetus from PR and ER were all decreased (P < 0.05) compared with that from control. When expressed relative to BW, thymus and small intestine for PR and ER still remained less (P < 0.05) than that for control. After 6 weeks of nutritional recovery, there was no difference (P = 0.91) in BW among groups; the kids from nutritional restriction groups showed a greater (P < 0.05) growth rate compared with kids from CON. Moreover, liver (only in ER, P < 0.10) and kidney (only in ER, P < 0.05) were proportionally increased to BW at week 6. The results indicate that maternal protein or energy restriction programs the fetal growth in goats, particularly the proportional responses of fetal organs relative to BW, including thymus, small intestine, kidney and liver.

Morphology and reproductive mode of Blastocystis hominis in diarrhea and in vitro.

The in vitro culture of Blastocystis hominis in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1,640 medium containing 20% calf serum is described. The morphological and reproductive mode studies of B. hominis in symptomatic patients' faeces and in further RPMI 1,640 medium-cultured samples were undertaken by light microscopy using iodine staining and hematoxylin staining. Three distinct morphological forms, vacuolar, granular and amoeboid, were distinguished in faeces and in vitro cultures. The cystic form was detected in long-term cultures. Five modes of reproduction, namely, binary fission, endodyogeny, plasmotomy, budding and schizogeny were observed.