Recombinant Human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation with Assisted Reproductive Technology in China: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

Background: To compare the cost-effectiveness of originator (reference) recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone alfa (rhFSH-α) (follitropin alfa, GONAL-f) and its biosimilar (rhFSH, JinSaiHeng) in assisted reproductive technology (ART) from a Chinese patient perspective. Methods: A decision tree model was developed to simulate the treatment pathway of infertile women undergoing ART using GONAL-f or JinSaiHeng. Published clinical and cost data were used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the rhFSH-α. The cumulative live birth rate (CLBR), direct medical costs and costs per cumulative live birth were estimated via an analytic decision-tree model. Results: CLBR of GONAL-f was higher than JinSaiHeng preparation (88.3% vs 84.4%), while the cost per cumulative live birth was lower (51,475 vs 52,095 CNY). Conclusion: The originator rhFSH-α was associated with higher CLBR and lower cost per cumulative live birth, with incremental cost per additional live birth of 38,096 CNY (Chinese Yuan).

Organic phosphorescent nanoscintillator for low-dose X-ray-induced photodynamic therapy.

X-ray-induced photodynamic therapy utilizes penetrating X-rays to activate reactive oxygen species in deep tissues for cancer treatment, which combines the advantages of photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy. Conventional therapy usually requires heavy-metal-containing inorganic scintillators and organic photosensitizers to generate singlet oxygen. Here, we report a more convenient strategy for X-ray-induced photodynamic therapy based on a class of organic phosphorescence nanoscintillators, that act in a dual capacity as scintillators and photosensitizers. The resulting low dose of 0.4 Gy and negligible adverse effects demonstrate the great potential for the treatment of deep tumours. These findings provide an optional route that leverages the optical properties of purely organic scintillators for deep-tissue photodynamic therapy. Furthermore, these organic nanoscintillators offer an opportunity to expand applications in the fields of biomaterials and nanobiotechnology.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of vonoprazan versus proton pump inhibitors in the treatment of reflux esophagitis in China.

Background: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been recommended as standard of care for reflux esophagitis (RE). Vonoprazan (VPZ), a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker (P-CAB), has been approved in China after demonstrating clinical benefit in RE. However, there are not any published literature reported the cost-effectiveness of VPZ compared with PPI in Chinese healthcare setting. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of VPZ compared with PPIs for the treatment of RE patients in China and take advantage of this result to inform healthcare decision-making. Methods: A Markov model was developed to predict the effectiveness and costs of VPZ for 4 weeks and PPI group for 8 weeks in RE treatment over a 5-year time horizon from a healthcare system perspective. Four health states within healing and maintenance phases were defined in the model: mucosa healed, mucosa unhealed, relapse, and death. Transition probabilities including healing rate and relapse rate were derived from a single-arm meta-analysis and mortality were obtained from Chinese life table. Drug costs and other medical expenses were retrieved from China tendering prices and local clinical expert estimation. Utility parameters were derived from published literature. Both health outcomes and costs were discounted at a rate of 5% annually. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), direct medical costs and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were evaluated. Uncertainty was assessed by one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA). Results: The healing rate for VPZ and PPI were 90% (95% CI: 82-97%) and 74% (95% CI: 71-76%) at week 4 respectively and were 94% (95% CI: 88-99%) and 87% (95% CI: 85-88%) at week 8 respectively. Treatment with VPZ resulted in 4.35 QALYs at a total cost of USD 1,354 over 5 years. Compared with the PPI group, treating RE with VPZ was associated with 0.02 QALYs gained and a cost saving of USD 943. Thus, VPZ should be considered as the dominant treatment option. The model results were deemed robust in sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: VPZ generates incremental QALYs at a lower cost compared with PPI, thus could be considered as an optional choice in the treatment of patients with RE.

Indirect comparison of sintilimab and other PD-L1 inhibitors for first-line treatment of non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer.

Objective: To evaluate sintilimab compared with other PD-L1 inhibitors in combination with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy as the first-line treatment of non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer. Methods: A frequentist meta-analysis was used to compare outcomes, including progression-free survival, overall survival, objective response rate, time to response and safety profile. Results: The sintilimab combination arm had progression-free survival comparable to that of the pembrolizumab combination arm (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.71, 1.41), the atezolizumab combination arm (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.59, 1.10), the tislelizumab combination arm (HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.48, 1.16), the camrelizumab combination arm (HR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.54, 1.20) and the nivolumab combination arm (HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.51, 1.02). Any grade or grade ≥3 adverse event was comparable between PD-L1 inhibitors. Conclusion: Sintilimab showed a comparable efficacy and safety profile when compared with other PD-L1 inhibitors combined with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy as the first-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer.

Lung cancer is the most diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in China. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of all lung cancers, of which non-squamous NSCLC (nsqNSCLC) is the most frequent histologically, comprising 70% of NSCLC. Six different PD-L1 inhibitors (sintilimab, pembrolizumab, camrelizumab, atezolizumab, tislelizumab and nivolumab) in combination with chemotherapy have been approved as the first-line treatment of advanced/metastatic nsqNSCLC patients in China. Since there is no direct evidence of comparable efficacy and safety due to a lack of head-to-head trials among the PD-L1 inhibitors, an indirect comparison was conducted to evaluate sintilimab compared with other PD-L1 inhibitors in combination with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy. The results showed that sintilimab combined with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy showed progression-free survival, overall survival, objective response rate, time to response and safety profile comparable to other PD-L1 inhibitors in combination with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy as the first-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic nsqNSCLC patients.

Prostate Cancer Screening Using Prostate-Specific Antigen Tests in a High-Risk Population in China: A Cost-Utility Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Both National Comprehensive Cancer Network and Chinese guidelines recommend beginning prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for men aged 50 years or 45 years with a family history because they were at a higher risk of developing prostate cancer. Several model-based economic evaluations of PSA screening studies have been conducted, but with little evidence from China. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to conduct an economic evaluation of the cost-utility of PSA-based prostate cancer screening in Chinese men. METHODS: We developed a decision-tree and Markov model in Excel (Microsoft Corp, Redmond, Washington) to compare 2 strategies that can be used to detect prostate cancer: PSA-based screening followed by a biopsy, and non-PSA screening. We assumed that the patients would repeat screening in subsequent years if their first-year PSA value was higher than 4.0 ng/mL. The model adopted health care system perspective and lifetime horizon. Screening efficacy, cost, utility, and long-term survival of prostate cancer were retrieved from published literature and physician surveys. Both quality-adjusted life year and costs were discounted at an annual rate of 3.5%. Uncertainty was assessed by 1-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Our model also calculated the risk-to-benefit ratio as the ratio of overdiagnosis (biopsy without diagnosed) to prostate cancer-related deaths prevented in different age groups. RESULTS: The results suggested that PSA-based screening was cost-effective compared with no PSA screening, with an incremental cost-utility ratio of ¥11,381 ($1821/€1480) per quality-adjusted life year. This value was less than the threshold of 1-time gross domestic product per capita in China (ie, ¥70,892 [$11,343/€9216]). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results. The risk-to-benefit ratios of the 50 to 65 years and the 65 to 80 years age groups were 1.3 and 2.8, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PSA-based prostate cancer screening appears to be cost-effective in some high-risk Chinese men. PSA screening (PSA testing followed by magnetic resonance imaging and biopsy if positive) can be recommended for Chinese men aged 50 to 65 years because this approach had the lowest risk-to-benefit ratio. The approach should be further adapted based on future updated data. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2022; 83:XXX-XXX)© 2022 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc.

Cost-Effectiveness of Flash Glucose Monitoring for the Management of Patients with Type 1 and Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in China.

INTRODUCTION: To compare the cost-effectiveness of flash glucose monitoring versus self-monitoring of blood glucose/point of care testing (SMBG/POCT) in both patients with type 1 and patients with type 2 diabetes (T1D/T2D) receiving insulin therapy. METHODS: The IQVIA CORE Diabetes Model (version 9.5) was used to project the lifetime costs and health outcomes of flash glucose monitoring and SMBG/POCT from a Chinese societal perspective. We considered both hospital and individual version flash glucose monitoring to reflect the clinical practice in China. The clinical inputs leveraged the outcomes from both clinical trials and real-world studies. Cohort characteristics, intervention costs, treatment-related disutility and mortality were extracted from the literature. We also conducted scenario analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of results. RESULTS: Compared with SMBG/POCT using efficacy results from clinical trial, flash glucose monitoring brought the incremental costs of Chinese yuan (CNY) 58,021 and CNY 90,997 and additional quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of 1.22 and 0.65 for patients with T1D and patients with T2D, respectively. According to the "WHO-CHOICE threshold" of three times the gross domestic product per capita in China (CNY 217,341 in 2020) as cost-effectiveness threshold, flash glucose monitoring was cost-effective for both patients with T1D and patients with T2D with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) of CNY 47,636 and CNY 140,297 per QALY gained, respectively. According to the real-world effectiveness data, flash glucose monitoring was dominant for patients with T1D (lower costs and better effectiveness) and cost-effective for patients with T2D with an ICER of CNY 124,169 per QALY gained compared with SMBG/POCT. Scenario analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results. CONCLUSION: Flash glucose monitoring is likely to be considered as a cost-effective strategy compared to SMBG/POCT for Chinese patients with T1D and patients with T2D receiving insulin therapy.

Influence of Isomerism on Radioluminescence of Purely Organic Phosphorescence Scintillators.

There are few reports about purely organic phosphorescence scintillators, and the relationship between molecular structures and radioluminescence in organic scintillators is still unclear. Here, we presented isomerism strategy to study the effect of molecular structures on radioluminescence. The isomers can achieve phosphorescence efficiency of up to 22.8 % by ultraviolet irradiation. Under X-ray irradiation, both m-BA and p-BA show excellent radioluminescence, while o-BA has almost no radioluminescence. Through experimental and theoretical investigation, we found that radioluminescence was not only affected by non-radiation in emissive process, but also highly depended on the material conductivity caused by the different molecular packing. This study not only allows us to clearly understand the relationship between the molecular structures and radioluminescence, but also provides a guidance to rationally design new organic scintillators.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of COPD screening programs in primary care for high-risk patients in China.

We built a decision-analytic model to compare the cost-effectiveness of using portable spirometer and questionnaire to screen chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) with no screening (i.e. usual care) among chronic bronchitis patient in China. A lifetime horizon and a payer perspective were adopted. Cost data of health services including spirometry screening and treatment costs covered both maintenance and exacerbation. The result indicated that portable spirometer screening was cost-saving compared with questionnaire screening and no screening, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of -5026 and -1766 per QALY, respectively. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results. In summary, portable spirometer screening is likely the optimal option for COPD screening among chronic bronchitis patients China.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine versus folfirinox in the treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer in china.

OBJECTIVES: Nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane®) plus gemcitabine (AG) and Fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan, oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) have shown significant clinical benefit and been widely used as 1st-line treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer (mPC) in China. This study aims to compare the cost-effectiveness of AG versus FOLFIRINOX regimen for the treatment of mPC patients in China. METHODS: Markov model was developed with a lifetime survival projection in Microsoft Excel® to simulate the progression of the mPC over time. The quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), resource consumption in the health care sector and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were reported. Uncertainty was assessed by one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: AG regimen provided an effectiveness of 1.35 QALY at an average cost of USD 22,300 whereas FOLFIRINOX regimen brought 0.82 QALY at a cost of USD 22,980 in lifetime horizon. Therefore, AG regimen was dominant with an ICER of USD -1300 compared with FOLFIRINOX regimen. AG arm generated less drug cost, medical cost, hospitalization cost, and end-of-life cost than FOLFIRINOX arm did. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of base case findings. CONCLUSIONS: AG is likely a cost-effective option for the 1st-line mPC treatment compared with FOLFIRINOX in China from the perspective of healthcare system.

Lixisenatide for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Inadequately Controlled on Oral Antidiabetic Drugs: A Mixed-Treatment Comparison Meta-analysis and Cost-Utility Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy, safety and cost-utility (from the Chinese health insurance perspective) of lixisenatide and insulin regimens in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled on oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). METHODS: A comprehensive literature search of English (PubMed and Cochrane Library) and Chinese (CNKI and WanFang) language databases was performed, and head-to-head relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were retrieved and analyzed by performing a mixed-treatment comparison (MTC) meta-analysis for efficacy and safety endpoints. A cost-utility analysis was then conducted using the IQVIA CORE Diabetes Model to compare the lifetime pharmacoeconomic profiles among the treatment groups. RESULTS: Eleven RCTs were included in this MTC meta-analysis. Regarding glycated hemoglobin targets, lixisenatide was similar to both basal insulin (mean difference [MD] 0.27%; 95% credible interval [CrI] 0.02%, 0.57%) and premixed insulin (MD 0.32%; 95% CrI - 0.01%, 0.66%), respectively. Statistically significant differences were found for changes in body weight in favor of lixisenatide compared with basal insulin (MD - 3.22 kg; 95% CrI - 5.51 kg, - 0.94 kg) and premixed insulin (MD - 2.68 kg; 95% CrI - 5.16 kg, - 0.20 kg). The relative risk (RR) of symptomatic hypoglycemia associated with lixisenatide was also significantly lower than that associated with basal insulin (RR 0.22; 95% CrI 0.09, 0.52) and premixed insulin (RR 0.17; 95% CrI 0.07, 0.41). The cost-utility analysis yielded results of ¥61,072 ($8565, vs. basal insulin) and ¥127,169 ($17,836, vs. premixed insulin) per quality-adjusted life year gained, with both values falling within the willingness-to-pay threshold in China. CONCLUSIONS: For T2DM patients inadequately controlled on OADs, lixisenatide was shown to be comparable to basal insulin and premixed insulin in terms of HbA1c and better than both of the latter in terms of both body weight loss and hypoglycemia. Lixisenatide was also a cost-effective treatment option from the perspective of Chinese health insurance.

Comparative cost-effectiveness of amisulpride and olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenia in China.

BACKGROUND: Both amisulpride and olanzapine are leading treatments for schizophrenia in China. This study aimed to investigate the long-term cost-effectiveness of amisulpride and olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenia in China. METHODS: A decision-analytic Markov model was developed to simulate the lifetime clinical and economic outcomes of schizophrenia treatment from the healthcare payer perspective. The long-term costs and QALYs were estimated. Sensitivity analyses were performed to explore the impact of variance of parameters on the results. RESULTS: Treatment with amisulpride provided an effectiveness gain of 16.59 QALYs at an average cost of USD 25,884 whereas olanzapine resulted in 16.38 QALYs at a cost of USD 34,839 over a lifetime horizon. One-way sensitivity analysis suggested that the most sensitive variable was the unit cost of olanzapine. In a probabilistic sensitivity analysis based on a Monte Carlo simulation with a lifetime horizon, the probability of amisulpride being cost-effective was 99.8% at a willingness-to-pay threshold of USD 9,322, the GDP per capita in China 2018. A scenario analysis with updated olanzapine unit cost suggested an ICER of 7,857 USD/QALY. CONCLUSIONS: Amisulpride is likely to be a cost-effective option with increased effectiveness compared with olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenia patients in China.

A Caprini Risk Score-Based Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Enoxaparin for the Thromboprophylaxis of Patients After Nonorthopedic Surgery in a Chinese Healthcare Setting.

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is an important cause of post-surgery morbidity and mortality. However, it is unclear whether thromboprophylaxis with the low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) enoxaparin after non-orthopedic surgery could balance the cost and clinical outcomes or not. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of enoxaparin for the universal prophylaxis of VTE and associated long-term complications in patients after non-orthopedic surgery compared with no prevention in a Chinese healthcare setting. METHODS: A decision model, which included both acute VTE and long-term complications, was developed to assess the economic outcomes of the two strategies for patients after non-orthopedic surgery. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and direct medical costs were measured over a 5-year horizon. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated. RESULTS: Compared with no prevention, patients under enoxaparin treatment with Caprini risk scores of 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, and ≥ 9 increased by 0.012, 0.017, 0.034, and 0.102 in QALYs, respectively. The results were either that ICERs of thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin over no prevention were lower than the thresholds or that thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin was dominant. For patients with a Caprini risk score ≥ 9, thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin is dominant across the whole drug use duration range. The sensitivity analysis confirmed the results. CONCLUSIONS: As the first analysis evaluating the economic outcomes of enoxaparin in patients undergoing general non-orthopedic surgery, this study suggests that thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin is highly cost-effective compared with no prevention in patients with Caprini risk score ≥ 3.

Comparison of lixisenatide in combination with basal insulin vs other insulin regimens for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by basal insulin: Systematic review, network meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis.

AIMS: To evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of lixisenatide combined with basal insulin (BI) vs intensive premix insulin (premix), BI plus prandial insulin with the main meal (basal-plus) or progressively covering all meals (basal-bolus) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled by BI, and the long-term cost-effectiveness of lixisenatide from a Chinese healthcare system perspective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 1998 and 2018 were systematically searched. The clinical efficacy and safety of each treatment were compared by network meta-analysis (NMA). The IQVIA CORE Diabetes Model was used to estimate the lifetime quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and direct medical costs of patients treated with different strategies. RESULTS: Eight RCTs were finally included. Lixisenatide plus BI showed a similar reduction in HbA1c from baseline compared with premix, basal-plus and basal-bolus. There were significant differences in the change of body weight in favour of lixisenatide plus BI compared with the three insulin regimens. The risk of symptomatic hypoglycaemia of lixisenatide plus BI was significantly lower compared with premix and basal-bolus. Lixisenatide plus BI was cost-effective compared with premix, basal-plus and basal-bolus with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of Chinese yuan (CNY) 87 219, 48 173 and 48 670 per QALY gained, respectively, under the threshold of three times the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in China. CONCLUSIONS: Lixisenatide plus BI shows a similar HbA1c reduction compared with insulin regimens, accompanied by lower risk of hypoglycaemia and greater body weight reduction. It is a cost-effective treatment alternative for patients with T2DM inadequately controlled by BI in China.

Lixisenatide versus insulin glulisine on top of insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cost-per-responder analysis in China.

Objective: To compare the cost per responder of lixisenatide versus insulin glulisine once daily (basal-plus) and three times daily (basal-bolus) on top of basal insulin for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled by basal insulin in China.Methods: The cost per responder was estimated based on clinical data obtained from the GetGoal Duo-2 clinical trial and direct medical costs from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system over a 52-week time horizon. The response was assessed at week 26 in the clinical trial, which was extrapolated to 52 weeks to estimate the annual cost per responder. Responders were primarily defined using a composite endpoint that based on an HbA1c ≤ 7.0% threshold AND no weight gain With or Without no documented symptomatic hypoglycemia. Composite endpoints with varied HbA1c thresholds were defined in secondary analyses.Results: For the composite endpoint of HbA1c threshold ≤7.0% AND no weight gain, the annual cost per responder results were 96,722 CNY, 122,552 CNY and 135,926 CNY (14,616, 18,520 and 20,541 US dollars) for lixisenatide combined with basal insulin, basal-plus, and basal-bolus, respectively. For the composite endpoint of HbA1c threshold ≤7.0% AND no weight gain AND no documented symptomatic hypoglycemia, the annual cost per responder results were 136,290 CNY, 231,487 CNY and 222,424 CNY (20,596, 34,982 and 33,612 US dollars) for lixisenatide combined with basal insulin, basal-plus, and basal-bolus, respectively. The secondary analyses proved similar results.Conclusion: Lixisenatide combined with basal insulin is associated with a lower cost per responder compared with basal-plus and basal-bolus for T2DM patients inadequately controlled by basal insulin in China.

Abiraterone acetate and docetaxel with androgen deprivation therapy in high-volume metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer in China: an indirect treatment comparison and cost analysis.

BACKGROUND: To conduct an indirect treatment comparison of patients with high-volume mHSPC and a cost analysis between Abi-ADT and Doc-ADT therapies in China. METHODS: The Bucher technique for indirect treatment comparison was used. A cost analysis was conducted from both healthcare and patient perspectives. RESULTS: The indirect treatment comparison demonstrated no significant difference in PFS for Abi-ADT versus Doc-ADT (HR: 0.84, 95% CI 0.66-1.07). Doc-ADT therapy costs less than Abi-ADT, with potential savings of up to RMB 887,057 per patient from the healthcare perspective and RMB 226,210 per patient from the patient perspective. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in PFS between Doc-ADT and Abi-ADT therapy for patients with high-volume mHSPC. Doc-ADT therapy is a cost-saving alternative to Abi-ADT in China.

Comparison of Characteristics Between Chinese Patients Taking Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Insulin: A Cross-sectional Database Analysis.

PURPOSE: In China, although insulin has been prescribed for decades, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1-RAs) have been available as an injectable treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) since 2009. GLP-1 RAs are listed as second-line treatment in the 2017 Chinese Guideline for patients with T2DM in whom prior oral antidiabetic therapy has failed. This study compares the baseline characteristics of Chinese patients with T2DM taking different prescriptions of first injectable therapy (GLP-1-RA or insulin). METHODS: The IQVIA Patient Diary Study database, which captures data from a patient medical record-based physician online survey, was the data source used in this study. Cross-sectional patient data were collected from hospitals in 15 major Chinese cities from June 1, 2016, to June 30, 2018. Adults with T2DM commencing either GLP-1-RA or insulin use as their first injectable antidiabetic therapy were included. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between the GLP-1-RA and insulin treatment groups, using t tests and χ2 or Fisher exact tests. FINDINGS: Overall, 563 patients using GLP-1-RAs and 2387 using insulin were identified. In general, patients using GLP-1-RA were younger (mean [SD], 49.6 [10.8] years vs 59.3 [10.9] years), had lower mean (SD) glycosylated hemoglobin levels (8.5% [1.2%] vs 9.6 [1.7%]), had lower mean (SD) fasting plasma glucose levels (9.0 [1.9] mmol/L vs 10.8 [2.6] mmol/L), higher mean (SD) body mass indexes (29.4 [3.9] kg/m2 vs 24.6 [3.1] kg/m2), had higher comorbidity of obesity (75% vs 15%), had a higher occurrence of hyperlipidemia (63% vs 44%), and had lower occurrence of neuropathy (13% vs 34%) when compared with those using insulin (P < 0.0001 for all). The results of multivariate logistic regression model indicate that when controlling other variables in the multivariate logistic regression model, a higher fasting plasma glucose level and a longer diagnosis duration are associated with higher odds of insulin therapy commencement, but higher body mass index and some comorbidities, such as obesity and hyperlipidemia, are associated with higher odds of being a GLP-1-RA user. IMPLICATIONS: Significant differences were identified between selected baseline characteristics of patients initiating GLP-1-RA and insulin therapy, suggesting that these medicines are more likely to be prescribed to different types of patients with T2DM in China. These findings may help to inform Chinese physicians regarding the characteristics of those patients with T2DM who are initiating treatment with a GLP-1-RA or insulin. Because the Patient Diary Study data were collected from hospitals in 15 major cities in China, one noteworthy limitation is that the results may not represent the overall treatment pattern in rural areas of China.

Comparative clinical effects and cost-effectiveness of maximum androgen blockade, docetaxel with androgen deprivation therapy and ADT alone for the treatment of mHSPC in China.

Aim: To compare the clinical effects and cost-effectiveness of maximum androgen blockade (MAB), docetaxel to androgen deprivation therapy (Doc-ADT) and ADT alone for the treatment of patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer in China. Methods: A network meta-analysis and a Markov model were adopted for effectiveness and economic evaluation. Results: The hazard ratios of overall survival and progression-free survival were 0.782 and 0.628 for Doc-ADT versus ADT alone; 0.897 and 0.824 for MAB versus ADT alone. Doc-ADT was cost-effective compared with MAB and ADT alone, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of CNY 96,848 and CNY 67,758 per quality-adjusted life year, respectively. MAB was cost-effective compared with ADT alone, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of CNY 137,487 per quality-adjusted life year. Conclusion: Doc-ADT is likely the optimal option from the perspective of both clinical outcomes and economic considerations.

Assessing the Burden of Type 2 Diabetes in China Considering the Current Status-Quo Management and Implications of Improved Management Using a Modeling Approach.

BACKGROUND: Recent estimates from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas have quantified the total annual expenditure for diabetes in China to be between 354 and 611 billion Chinese yuan (¥) (2015). OBJECTIVES: To use a modeling approach to assess the current and possible future diabetes burden in China on the basis of the current standard of type 2 diabetes (T2D) management (status quo [SQ]) and a series of hypothetical improved management strategies. METHODS: The IQVIA CORE Diabetes Model was used to evaluate the economic burden of T2D in China on the basis of assumptions reflecting the current SQ of T2D management and a number of stepwise improvements. SQ was defined as a scenario in which T2D diagnosis is delayed by 4 years, treatment escalation to maintain glucose control occurs at a 9% glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) threshold, and there is an overall 60% adherence rate. Stepwise improvements considered immediate diagnosis, declining levels of HbA1c escalation thresholds to 7.0%, and improvements in adherence rate to 80% and 100%. The CORE Diabetes Model was applied on per-capita level to project lifetime costs and clinical outcomes of newly diseased T2D individuals in the Chinese setting. Model outcomes were subsequently annualized and extrapolated to Chinese national level considering the total number of diagnosed individuals with T2D in China. RESULTS: The total annual direct costs attributable to diagnosed T2D in China reflecting current SQ management were estimated at ¥621 billion. Scenarios exploring stepwise improvements from SQ estimated annual net savings of ¥35, ¥35, ¥60, ¥71, ¥75, and ¥106 billion for scenarios exploring immediate diagnosis, HbA1c threshold reductions to 8.0% and 7.0%, adherence rate increase to 80% and 100%, and cardiovascular risk factor control in concordance with clinical guidelines, respectively. Net savings resulted from reduced costs to treat diabetes complications (¥38, ¥67, ¥124, ¥141, ¥161, and ¥212 billion) and excess treatment costs alongside stepwise management improvements (¥4, ¥32, ¥65, ¥69, ¥86, and ¥107 billion). Per-capita life expectancy was increased by 0.26, 0.68, 1.33, 1.47, 1.69, and 3.21 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Improved T2D management strategies can help to decrease the financial burden of the disease and increase life expectancy of individuals with T2D.

Comparative efficacy and safety between amisulpride and olanzapine in schizophrenia treatment and a cost analysis in China: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and cost-minimization analysis.

BACKGROUND: Amisulpride was introduced into China in 2010 as a second-generation atypical antipsychotic, while olanzapine has been on the market since 1999 as one of the leading treatments for schizophrenia in China. Since more Chinese patients are gaining access to amisulpride, the study aims to compare the efficacy, safety, and costs between amisulpride and olanzapine for schizophrenia treatment in China. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and WanFang database were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to July 2018. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was utilized to assess the quality of included studies. A meta-analysis was performed to compare the efficacy and safety of amisulpride and olanzapine, followed by a cost-minimization analysis using local drug and medical costs reported in China. RESULTS: Twenty RCTs with 2000 patients were included in the systematic review. There were no significant differences between amisulpride and olanzapine on efficacy measures based on scores from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity or Improvement. For safety outcomes, amisulpride was associated with lower fasting blood glucose and less abnormal liver functions as well as significantly lower risks of weight gain, constipation, and somnolence; olanzapine was associated with significantly lower risks of insomnia and lactation/amenorrhea/sexual hormone disorder. No significant differences were found in risks of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), tremor, akathisia, abnormal corrected QT interval. Cost-minimization analysis showed that amisulpride was likely to be a cost-saving alternative in China, with potential savings of 1358 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per patient for a three-month schizophrenia treatment compared with olanzapine. CONCLUSION: As the first meta-analysis and cost-minimization analysis comparing the efficacy, safety and cost of amisulpride and olanzapine within a Chinese setting, the study suggests that amisulpride may be an effective, well-tolerated, and cost-saving antipsychotic drug alternative in China.

High School Completion Programs: A Community Guide Systematic Economic Review.

CONTEXT: On-time high school graduation rate is among the 26 leading health indicators for Healthy People 2020. High school completion (HSC) programs aim to increase the likelihood that students finish high school and receive a high school diploma or complete a GED (General Educational Development) program. This systematic review was conducted to determine the economic impact of HSC interventions, assess variability in cost-effectiveness of different types of programs, and compare the lifetime benefit of completing high school with the cost of intervention. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Forty-seven included studies were identified from 5303 articles published in English from January 1985 to December 2012. The economic evidence was summarized by type of HSC program. All monetary values were expressed in 2012 US dollars. The data were analyzed in 2013. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Thirty-seven studies provided estimates of incremental cost per additional high school graduate, with a median cost for HSC programs of $69 800 (interquartile interval = $35 900-$130 300). Cost-effectiveness ratios varied depending on intervention type, study settings, student populations, and costing methodologies. Ten studies estimated the lifetime difference of economic benefits between high school nongraduates and graduates; 4 used a governmental perspective and reported benefit per additional high school to range from $187 000 to $240 000; 6 used a societal perspective and reported a range of $347 000 to $718 000. Benefits exceeded costs in most studies from a governmental perspective and in all studies from a societal perspective. CONCLUSION: Interventions to increase HSC rates produce substantial economic benefits to government and society including averted health care costs. From a societal perspective, the benefits also exceed costs, implying a positive rate of return from investment in HSC programs.