Defining cage subsidence in anterior, oblique, and lateral lumbar spine fusion approaches: a systematic review of the literature.

One of the most common complications of lumbar fusions is cage subsidence, which leads to collapse of disc height and reappearance of the presenting symptomology. However, definitions of cage subsidence are inconsistent, leading to a variety of subsidence calculation methodologies and thresholds. To review previously published literature on cage subsidence in order to present the most common methods for calculating and defining subsidence in the anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF), and lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) approaches. A search was completed in PubMed and Embase with inclusion criteria focused on identifying any study that provided descriptions of the method, imaging modality, or subsidence threshold used to calculate the presence of cage subsidence. A total of 69 articles were included in the final analysis, of which 18 (26.1%) reported on the ALIF approach, 22 (31.9%) on the OLIF approach, and 31 (44.9%) on the LLIF approach, 2 of which reported on more than one approach. ALIF articles most commonly calculated the loss of disc height over time with a subsidence threshold of > 2 mm. Most OLIF articles calculated the total amount of cage migration into the vertebral bodies, with a threshold of > 2 mm. LLIF was the only approach in which most articles applied the same method for calculation, namely, a grading scale for classifying the loss of disc height over time. We recommend future articles adhere to the most common methodologies presented here to ensure accuracy and generalizability in reporting cage subsidence.

American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Surgical Risk Calculator as a Predictor of Postoperative Outcomes After Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In recent years, there has been an outpouring of scoring systems that were built to predict outcomes after various surgical procedures; however, research validating these studies in spinal surgery is quite limited. In this study, we evaluated the predictability of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Surgical Risk Calculator (ACS NSQIP SRC) for various postoperative outcomes after spinal deformity surgery. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted to identify patients who underwent spinal deformity surgery at our hospital between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2022. Demographic and clinical data necessary to use the ACS NSQIP SRC and postoperative outcomes were collected for these patients. Predictability was analyzed using the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curves and Brier scores. RESULTS: Among the 159 study patients, the mean age was 64.5 ± 9.5 years, mean body mass index was 31.9 ± 6.6, and 95 (59.7%) patients were women. The outcome most accurately predicted by the ACS NSQIP SRC was postoperative pneumonia (observed = 5.0% vs predicted = 3.2%, AUC = 0.75, Brier score = 0.05), but its predictability still fell below the acceptable threshold. Other outcomes that were underpredicted by the ACS NSQIP SRC were readmission within 30 days (observed = 13.8% vs predicted = 9.0%, AUC = 0.63, Brier score = 0.12), rate of discharge to nursing home or rehabilitation facilities (observed = 56.0% vs predicted = 46.6%, AUC = 0.59, Brier = 0.26), reoperation (observed 11.9% vs predicted 5.4%, AUC = 0.60, Brier = 0.11), surgical site infection (observed 9.4% vs predicted 3.5%, AUC = 0.61, Brier = 0.05), and any complication (observed 33.3% vs 19%, AUC = 0.65, Brier = 0.23). Predicted and observed length of stay were not significantly associated (ß = 0.132, P = .47). CONCLUSION: The ACS NSQIP SRC is a poor predictor of outcomes after spinal deformity surgery.

Comparative analysis of patient demographics, perioperative outcomes, and adverse events after lumbar spinal fusion between urban and rural hospitals: an analysis of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database.

OBJECTIVE: Rural location of a patient's primary residence has been associated with worse clinical and surgical outcomes due to limited resource availability in these parts of the US. However, there is a paucity of literature investigating the effect that a rural hospital location may have on these outcomes specific to lumbar spine fusions. METHODS: Using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, we identified all patients who underwent primary lumbar spinal fusion in the years between 2009 and 2020. Patients were separated according to whether the operative hospital was considered rural or urban. Univariable and multivariable regression models were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Of 2,863,816 patients identified, 120,298 (4.2 %) had their operation at a rural hospital, with the remaining in an urban hospital. Patients in the urban cohort were younger (P < .001), more likely to have private insurance (39.81 % vs 31.95 %, P < .001), and fewer of them were in the first (22.52 % vs 43.00 %, P < .001) and second (25.96 % vs 38.90 %, P < .001) quartiles of median household income compared to the rural cohort. The urban cohort had significantly increased rates of respiratory (4.49 % vs 3.37 %), urinary (5.25 % vs 4.15 %), infectious (0.49 % vs 0.32 %), venous thrombotic (0.57 % vs 0.24 %, P < .001), and neurological (0.79 % vs 0.36 %) (all P < .001) perioperative complications. On multivariable analysis, the urban cohort had significantly increased odds of the same perioperative complications: respiratory (odds ratio[OR] = 1.48; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.26-1.74), urinary (OR = 1.34; 95 %CI, 1.20-1.50), infection (OR = 1.63; 95 %CI, 1.23-2.17), venous thrombotic (OR = 1.79; 95 %CI, 1.32-2.41), neurological injury (OR = 1.92; 95 %CI, 1.46-2.53), and localized infection (OR = 1.65; 95 %CI, 1.25-2.17) (all P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing lumbar fusions experience significantly different outcomes based on the rural or urban location of the operative hospital.

Is young adult idiopathic scoliosis a distinct clinical entity from adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis comparing pre-operative characteristics and operative outcomes.

PURPOSE: This study aims to conduct a systematic review of the literature comparing pre-operative, intraoperative, and post-operative characteristics between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and young adult idiopathic scoliosis (YAdIS) patients. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a search of the PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central databases to identify full-text articles in the English-language literature. Our inclusion criteria were studies that compared preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative characteristics between AIS and YAdIS patients. We performed a meta-analysis reporting mean difference (MD) for continuous variables and Odds ratios (ORs) to assess differences in postoperative complications. RESULTS: Seven studies consisting of 1562 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The AIS group exhibited less intraoperative bleeding and shorter surgical procedures, with a mean difference between groups of 122.3 ml (95% CI 46.2-198.4, p = 0.002) and 28.7 min (95% CI 6.5-50.8, p = 0.01), respectively. Although the preoperative Cobb angle did not differ between groups (p = 0.65), patients with AIS achieved superior postoperative deformity correction, with a mean difference of 7.3% between groups, MD - 7.3 (95% CI - 9.7, - 4.8, p < 0.00001), and lower postoperative Cobb angles of the major curve, MD 4.2 (95% CI 3.1, 5.3, p < 0.00001). YAdIS patients were fused, on average, 0.2 more vertebral levels than AIS patients, MD 0.2 (95% CI 0.01, 0.5, p = 0.04). AIS patients experienced a significantly shorter length of stay after the surgical procedure, with an MD of 0.8 days (95% CI 0.1, 1.6, p = 0.02). No significant difference was found between groups in terms of complications (p = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS: YAdIS should be regarded as a distinct surgical entity, characterized by increased bleeding, longer surgical duration, greater deformity correction challenges, and the need for fusion of additional vertebral levels compared to AIS. Surgeons should be mindful of these differences and discuss them with patients and their families, especially in cases where the correction of the AIS deformity is delayed and there is a high risk of progression after skeletal maturity. Further research is needed to explore alternative surgical techniques and enhance outcomes for YAdIS patients.

Pack Years of Tobacco Cigarette Smoking as a Predictor of Bony Fusion after Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion.

OBJECTIVE: Smoking tobacco cigarettes negatively impacts bone healing after spinal fusion. Smoking history is often assessed based on current smoker and nonsmoker status. However, in current research, smoking history has not been quantified in terms of pack years to estimate lifetime exposure and assess its effects. Our goal was to investigate the influence of smoking history, quantified in pack years, on bony fusion after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). METHODS: A retrospective chart review of consecutive patients who underwent ACDF for cervical disc degeneration between September 21, 2017 and October 17, 2018 was conducted. Patient demographics, procedural variables, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictive factors for bony fusion following ACDF. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the optimal discrimination threshold for smoking history pack years in association with nonfusion. RESULTS: Among 97 patients identified, 90 (93%) demonstrated bony fusion on postoperative imaging. Mean number of smoking history pack years was 6.1 ± 13 for the fusion group and 16 ± 21 for the nonfusion group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that increased pack years of tobacco cigarette smoking was a significant predictor of nonfusion (95% confidence interval, [1.0,1.1], P = 0.045). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that 6.1 pack years best stratified the risk for nonfusion (area under the curve, 0.8). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a history of tobacco cigarette smoking ≥6.1 pack years may have an increased risk of nonfusion after ACDF.

Clinical Outcomes and Complication Profile of Spine Surgery in Septuagenarians and Octogenarians: Case Series.

OBJECTIVE: The aging global population presents an increasing challenge for spine surgeons. Advancements in spine surgery, including minimally invasive techniques, have broadened treatment options, potentially benefiting older patients. This study aims to explore the clinical outcomes of spine surgery in septuagenarians and octogenarians. METHODS: This retrospective analysis, conducted at a US tertiary center, included patients aged 70 and older who underwent elective spine surgery for degenerative conditions. Data included the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), ASA classification, surgical procedures, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and reoperation rates. The objective of this study was to describe the outcomes of our cohort of older patients and discern whether differences existed between septuagenarians and octogenarians. RESULTS: Among the 120 patients meeting the inclusion criteria, there were no significant differences in preoperative factors between the age groups (P > 0.05). Notably, the septuagenarian group had a higher average number of fused levels (2.36 vs. 0.38, P = 0.001), while the octogenarian group underwent a higher proportion of minimally invasive procedures (P = 0.012), resulting in lower overall bleeding in the oldest group(P < 0.001). Mobility outcomes were more favorable in septuagenarians, whereas octogenarians tended to maintain or experience a decline in mobility(P = 0.012). A total of 6 (5%) intraoperative complications and 12 (10%) postoperative complications were documented, with no statistically significant differences observed between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This case series demonstrates that septuagenarians and octogenarians can achieve favorable clinical outcomes with elective spine surgery. Spine surgeons should be well-versed in the clinical and surgical care of older adults, providing optimal management that considers their increased comorbidity burden and heightened fragility.

Supraclavicular Artery Island Flap for Treatment of Cervical Wound Defects and Persistent Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks: A Technical Note and Systematic Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Soft tissue defects and persistent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks can create complications after cervical spinal surgery. The supraclavicular artery island (SAI) flap is useful in closing tissue defects, particularly in these complex surgeries and multiple reinterventions. However, technical reports in this context are scarce. We describe application of the SAI flap technique to control persistent CSF leak in the first documented instance (to our knowledge) of a low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) in the cervical epidural space. Additionally, we conducted a comprehensive review of PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar from their earliest records through December 17, 2023 using combined terms, "supraclavicular artery island flap AND spine" and "supraclavicular AND flap AND spine". TECHNICAL NOTE: A 56-year-old woman with arm pain and weakness presented with a cervical epidural mass extending from C4-C6 and associated spinal cord compression. She underwent a 3-level corpectomy and tumor resection. Primary dural closure was impossible due to the dural invasion, and reintervention with an SAI flap and definitive lumboperitoneal shunting were required to control and seal the CSF leak. SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW: Seven case reports describing SAI flap for spinal surgery complications were identified. The indications in those cases were correcting esophageal and hypopharyngeal perforations after cervical fusion and discectomy and persistent soft tissue coverage after cervical instrumentation. CONCLUSIONS: The SAI flap technique provided wound defect coverage in this case and is suitable for addressing issues such as persistent CSF leaks or soft tissue coverage after cervical spine surgery.

The Effect of Diabetes on Complications after Spinal Fusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Spinal fusion procedures are used to treat a wide variety of spinal pathologies. Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been shown to be a significant risk factor for several complications following these procedures in previous studies. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis elucidating the relationship between DM and complications occurring after spinal fusion procedures. METHODS: Systematic literature searches of PubMed and EMBASE were performed from their inception to October 1, 2022, to identify studies that directly compared postfusion complications in patients with and without DM. Studies met the prespecified inclusion criteria if they reported the following data for patients with and without DM: (1) demographics; (2) postspinal fusion complication rates; and (3) postoperative clinical outcomes. The included studies were then pooled and analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-eight studies, with a cumulative total of 18,853 patients (2695 diabetic patients), were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Analysis showed that diabetic patients had significantly higher rates of total number of postoperative complications (odds ratio [OR] = 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12-1.58; P = 0.001), postoperative pulmonary complications (OR=2.01; 95%CI=1.31-3.08; P = 0.001), postoperative renal complications (OR=2.20; 95%CI=1.27-3.80; P = 0.005), surgical site infection (OR=2.65; 95%CI=2.19-3.20; P < 0.001), and prolonged hospital stay (OR=1.67; 95%CI=1.47-1.90; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with DM had a significantly higher risk of developing complications after spinal fusion, particularly pulmonary and renal complications, in addition to surgical site infections and had a longer length of stay. These findings are important for informed discussions of surgical risks with patients and families before surgery.

Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusions Using a Titanium Cage with a Biomimetic Surface.

BACKGROUND: We analyzed clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients undergoing anterior lumbar interbody fusions (ALIFs) using a new biomimetic titanium fusion cage (Titan nanoLOCK interbody, Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States). This specialized cage employs precise nanotechnology to stimulate inherent biochemical and cellular osteogenic reactions to the implant, aiming to amplify the rate of fusion. To our knowledge, this is the only study to assess early clinical and radiographic results in ALIFs. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of data for patients who underwent single or multilevel ALIF using this implant between October 2016 and April 2021. Indications for treatment were spondylolisthesis, postlaminectomy syndrome, or spinal deformity. Clinical and radiographic outcome data for these patients were collected and assessed. RESULTS: A total of 84 patients were included. The mean clinical follow-up was 36.6 ± 14 months. At 6 months, solid fusion was seen in 97.6% of patients. At 12 months, solid fusion was seen in 98.8% of patients. Significant improvements were seen in patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs; visual analog scale and Oswestry Disability Index) at 6 and 12 months compared with the preoperative scores (p < 0.001). One patient required reoperation for broken pedicle screws 2 days after the ALIF. None of the patients required readmission within 90 days of surgery. No patients experienced an infection. CONCLUSIONS: ALIF using a new titanium interbody fusion implant with a biomimetic surface technology demonstrated high fusion rates (97.6%) as early as 6 months. There was significant improvement in PROMs at 6 and 12 months.

Vertebral Bone Quality Score as a Predictor of Adjacent Segment Disease After Lumbar Interbody Fusion.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: With lumbar spine fusion being one of the most commonly performed spinal surgeries, investigating common complications such as adjacent segment disease (ASD) is a high priority. To the authors' knowledge, there are no previous studies investigating the utility of the preoperative magnetic resonance imaging-based vertebral bone quality (VBQ) score in predicting radiographic and surgical ASD after lumbar spine fusion. We aimed to investigate the predictive factors for radiographic and surgical ASD, focusing on the predictive potential of the VBQ score. METHODS: A single-center retrospective analysis was conducted of all patients who underwent 1-3 level lumbar or lumbosacral interbody fusion for lumbar spine degenerative disease between 2014 and 2021 with a minimum 12 months of clinical and radiographic follow-up. Demographic data were collected, along with patient medical, and surgical data. Preoperative MRI was assessed in the included patients using the VBQ scoring system to identify whether radiographic ASD or surgical ASD could be predicted. RESULTS: A total of 417 patients were identified (mean age, 59.8 ± 12.4 years; women, 54.0%). Eighty-two (19.7%) patients developed radiographic ASD, and 58 (13.9%) developed surgical ASD. A higher VBQ score was a significant predictor of radiographic ASD in univariate analysis (2.4 ± 0.5 vs 3.3 ± 0.4; P < .001) and multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 1.601; 95% CI, 1.453-1.763; P < .001). For surgical ASD, a significantly higher VBQ score was seen in univariate analysis (2.3 ± 0.5 vs 3.3 ± 0.4; P < .001) and served as an independent risk factor in multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 1.509; 95% CI, 1.324-1.720; P < .001). We also identified preoperative disk bulge and preoperative existence of adjacent segment disk degeneration to be significant predictors of both radiographic and surgical ASD. Furthermore, 3-level fusion was also a significant predictor for surgical ASD. CONCLUSION: The VBQ scoring system might be a useful adjunct for predicting radiographic and surgical ASD.

Subfascial drains are safe and effective in preventing postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks after intradural spine tumor surgery.

Background: Delayed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are a known complication following intradural spinal tumor surgery. The placement of subfascial drains in these patients undergoing requisite intradural surgery is controversial. Here, we demonstrated that placing a subfascial drain on partial suction for 48 h, with early ambulation, proved to be safe and effective in preventing early/delayed recurrent CSF fistulas. Methods: Medical records of 17 patients undergoing surgery for intradural spinal tumors over a 30-month were reviewed. All patients underwent intradural tumor resection followed by primary dural closure, placement of Gelfoam in a non-compressive fashion, application of fibrin sealant, and utilization of a subfascial drain placed on partial suction for 48 h postoperatively. Patients are mobilized the morning following surgery. We tracked the incidence of postoperative recurrent CSF leaks, over drainage, infection, wound dehiscence, pseudo meningocele formation, and the reoperation rate. Results: For the 17 patients, our programmed average utilization of subfascial drains was 48 h. Moreover, the average drain output was 165 mL. Over the 1-year follow-up period, no patient developed a recurrent early/ delayed CSF leak, there were no wound complications, nor need for revision surgery. Conclusion: Utilizing subfascial drains on partial suction following the resection of intradural spinal tumors with primary dural closure proved to be safe and effective.

Resection of an Intradural Intramedullary C7-T1 Tumor: Technical Nuances and Complication Management.

Primary spinal cord tumors are relatively rare, comprising approximately 4%-16% of all tumors originating from the central nervous system. These tumors are anatomically separable into 2 broad categories: intradural intramedullary and intradural extramedullary. Intramedullary tumors are composed predominantly of gliomas (infiltrative astrocytoma) and ependymomas.1-4 The primary treatment approach for these tumors is surgical resection, aiming to preserve neurologic function.5-9 In Video 1, the authors showcase a step-by-step approach for microsurgical resection of a primary spinal ependymoma, with emphasis on microsurgical technique and utility of adjunct equipment, such as intraoperative ultrasound and neuromonitoring.10,11 The patient consented to the procedure.

C2 versus C3 or C4 as the upper instrumented vertebra for long-segment cervical fusions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Selecting C2 versus C3 or C4 (i.e., C3/C4) as the rostral anchoring level in long-segment cervical fusions is a common clinical conundrum. The data regarding proximal failure in long constructs of the cervical spine is scarce. The objective of this study was to systematically review the published literature and perform a meta-analysis of the incidence for proximal adjacent-segment disease (ASD) in the context of long cervical fusions and cervicothoracic fusions ending in C2 versus those ending in the subaxial spine (C3 or C4). METHODS: Using the PRISMA guidelines, the authors performed a search of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase/Ovid, and Cochrane Central databases to identify all full-text articles in the English-language literature with the following inclusion criteria: 1) studies including patients with the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) at C2 versus C3/C4; 2) patients undergoing ≥ 3-level posterior cervical fusion; and 3) indication for surgery of degenerative disc disease, cervical spondylotic myelopathy, or cervical deformity. Studies that were not published in the English language, case reports, review articles, letters to the editor, and meeting abstracts were excluded. A meta-analysis was conducted using a fixed-effects model when I2 values were below 70%. Conversely, when I2 values were equal to or greater than 70%, a random-effects model was used. A funnel plot was used to assess the presence of publication bias. RESULTS: Seven studies consisting of 1215 patients were included in the meta-analysis. There were 403 (32.8%) patients in the C2 UIV group and 812 (67.2%) patients in the C3/C4 UIV group. When the 7 studies were analyzed, the overall rate of reoperation was comparable between the C2 (9.2%) and C3/C4 (9.4%) UIV groups (p = 0.93) but the rate of surgical ASD due to proximal pathology was 1.2% and 3%, respectively (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15-0.86; p = 0.02). When comparing between groups, no statistical difference was found regarding the rate of reoperation due to distal pathology or surgical infection. CONCLUSIONS: Long-segment cervical or cervicothoracic constructs that anchor into C2 may have similar complication rates but lower revision rates for proximal ASD than constructs that anchor into the subaxial spine.

Tension Parameters of Junctional Tethers in Proximal Junction Kyphosis: A Cadaveric Biomechanical Study.

OBJECTIVE: Proximal junctional failure following surgical correction for adult spinal deformity significantly impacts quality of life and increases the economic burden of treating underlying spinal deformity. The objective of this cadaver study was to determine optimal tension parameters in junctional tethers for proximal junctional kyphosis prevention. METHODS: Cadaveric specimens were used to establish the optimal tension range in polyethylene tethering devices, such as the VersaTie (NuVasive) used in this study. Three specimens were instrumented to test tether tensions of 0, 75, and 150 Newtons (N) at L1-L2, T9-T10, and T3-T4. An optical tracking system was used to measure when specimens reached proximal junctional kyphosis, experienced instrumentation or tissue failure, or reached a cap of 2500 cycles. Radiographs were obtained before and after testing. RESULTS: At all levels, use of a tether at tension forces of 75 N and 150 N elicited a protective effect. The only level in which a higher tension on the tether resulted in more protection was at T3-T4. When averaged, the use of a tether at tension forces of 75 N and 150 N showed 1000 cycles of protection at L1-L2, 2000 cycles at T9-T10, and 1426 cycles at T3-T4. Radiographic analysis corroborated these findings. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a tether in a cadaveric model prevents the development of proximal junctional kyphosis across all tested levels and an increased tension force of 150 N is protective at the proximal thoracic spine. These data can be used to develop further models for a tether system that reproducibly applies a fixed tension force above the thoracolumbar rod construct.

Trends in Spinal Orthosis Utilization Among Patients Insured through Medicare Part B.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective population-based database analysis from the Physician/Supplier Procedure Summary Medicare/Medicaid Dataset. OBJECTIVE: To provide a comprehensive analysis of trends in spinal orthosis utilization over a 12-year period. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Widespread prescription of spinal orthosis persists, despite evidence suggesting equivocal efficacy in many spinal conditions. The utilization of spinal orthosis on a national level, including prescribing specialty data, has not been previously analyzed. METHODS: Healthcare common procedure coding system (HCPCS) codes for cervical (CO), thoracic-lumbar-sacral (TLSO), lumbar (LO), lumbar-sacral (LSO), and cervical-thoracic-lumbar-sacral (CTLSO) orthosis were used to determine spinal orthosis utilization from 2010 to 2021. Provider specialty codes were utilized to compare trends between select specialties. Additionally, a neurosurgical CO analysis, based on subclassifications of cervical bracing, was performed. Linear trendlines were implemented to elucidate and present trends by slope (ß). RESULTS: Among 332,241 claims, decreases in CO (ß=-0.3387), TLSO (ß=-0.0942), LO (ß=-0.3485), and LSO (ß=-0.1545) per 100,000 Medicare Part B enrollees and CTLSO (ß=-0.052) per 1,000,000 Medicare Part B enrollees were observed. Decreases among neurosurgery (ß=-7.9208), family medicine (ß=-1.0097), emergency medicine (ß=-2.1958), internal medicine (ß=-1.1151), interventional pain management (ß=-5.0945), and chiropractic medicine (ß=-49.012), and increases among orthopedic surgery (ß=5.5891), pain management (ß=30.416), physical medicine and rehabilitation (ß=4.6524), general practice (ß=79.111), and osteopathic manipulative medicine (ß=45.303) in total spinal orthosis use per 100,000 specialty claims were observed. Analysis on subclassifications of cervical orthosis among neurosurgeons revealed decreases in flexible (ß=-1.7641), semi-rigid (ß=-0.6157), and collar bracing (ß=-2.7603), and an increase in multi-post collar bracing (ß=2.2032) per 100 neurosurgical cervical orthosis claims. CONCLUSIONS: While utilization of spinal orthosis decreased between 2010-2021, increased utilization was observed among a subset of specialties. Identifying these specialties allows for focused research and educational efforts to minimize unnecessary durable medical equipment use for effective healthcare spending.

Indications for Fusion With Intradural Spine Tumor Resection in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The evidence for instrumented fusion in the setting of degenerative, traumatic, or congenital deformity is well established. Data on fusion indications in intradural spinal tumors (IDST) are scarce and reduced to retrospective studies. The objective of this work is to systematically review the published literature since 2015 and analyze the change of practice patterns for stabilization and fusion after intradural tumor resection in adults. METHODS: A systematic literature review was performed via PubMed with the terms: "intradural spinal tumors", "intramedullary spinal tumors", and "intraspinal tumors". The analysis was limited to adult patients with IDST and studies with more than 10 patients. Data on the proportion of patients who underwent instrumentation and had postoperative deformity was pooled in a meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1073 articles were identified and 47 papers were selected. All the studies were retrospective series and a total of 2473 patients were included. The follow-up ranged from 1 to 96 months, the pooled spinal fixation rate was 6% (95% CI 4.5%-7.6%), the pooled laminoplasty rate was 14.4% (95% CI 5.9%-23%), the pooled rate of postoperative deformity or malalignment in patients with a follow up of at least 6 months was 2.1% (95% CI 1.2%-3%) and just 7 patients were reoperated due to progressive deformity. CONCLUSIONS: Based on existing evidence, the rate of fusion during resection of intradural spinal tumors is low. Prophylactic fixation is often unnecessary and only indicated in unique cases that require extensive bony resection.

History of Ablation Therapies in Neurosurgery.

Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) and high-intensity focused ultrasound thermal ablation are treatment options with great potential to treat glioblastoma, metastasis, epilepsy, essential tremor, and chronic pain. Results from recent studies show that LITT is a viable alternative to conventional surgical techniques in select patient populations. Although many of the bases for these treatments have existed since the 1930s, the most important advancement in these techniques has occurred in the last 15 years and the coming years hold much promise for these treatments.