Energy status-promoted growth and development of Arabidopsis require copper deficiency response transcriptional regulator SPL7.

Copper (Cu) is a cofactor of around 300 Arabidopsis proteins, including photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transfer chain enzymes critical for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and carbon fixation. Plant acclimation to Cu deficiency requires the transcription factor SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE7 (SPL7). We report that in the wild type (WT) and in the spl7-1 mutant, respiratory electron flux via Cu-dependent cytochrome c oxidase is unaffected under both normal and low-Cu cultivation conditions. Supplementing Cu-deficient medium with exogenous sugar stimulated growth of the WT, but not of spl7 mutants. Instead, these mutants accumulated carbohydrates, including the signaling sugar trehalose 6-phosphate, as well as ATP and NADH, even under normal Cu supply and without sugar supplementation. Delayed spl7-1 development was in agreement with its attenuated sugar responsiveness. Functional TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN and SNF1-RELATED KINASE1 signaling in spl7-1 argued against fundamental defects in these energy-signaling hubs. Sequencing of chromatin immunoprecipitates combined with transcriptome profiling identified direct targets of SPL7-mediated positive regulation, including Fe SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE1 (FSD1), COPPER-DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1 (CITF1), and the uncharacterized bHLH23 (CITF2), as well as an enriched upstream GTACTRC motif. In summary, transducing energy availability into growth and reproductive development requires the function of SPL7. Our results could help increase crop yields, especially on Cu-deficient soils.

Translational fidelity and growth of Arabidopsis require stress-sensitive diphthamide biosynthesis.

Diphthamide, a post-translationally modified histidine residue of eukaryotic TRANSLATION ELONGATION FACTOR2 (eEF2), is the human host cell-sensitizing target of diphtheria toxin. Diphthamide biosynthesis depends on the 4Fe-4S-cluster protein Dph1 catalyzing the first committed step, as well as Dph2 to Dph7, in yeast and mammals. Here we show that diphthamide modification of eEF2 is conserved in Arabidopsis thaliana and requires AtDPH1. Ribosomal -1 frameshifting-error rates are increased in Arabidopsis dph1 mutants, similar to yeast and mice. Compared to the wild type, shorter roots and smaller rosettes of dph1 mutants result from fewer formed cells. TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) kinase activity is attenuated, and autophagy is activated, in dph1 mutants. Under abiotic stress diphthamide-unmodified eEF2 accumulates in wild-type seedlings, most strongly upon heavy metal excess, which is conserved in human cells. In summary, our results suggest that diphthamide contributes to the functionality of the translational machinery monitored by plants to regulate growth.

Root-to-shoot iron partitioning in Arabidopsis requires IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1) protein but not its iron(II) transport function.

IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1) is the root high-affinity ferrous iron (Fe) uptake system and indispensable for the completion of the life cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana without vigorous Fe supplementation. Here we provide evidence supporting a second role of IRT1 in root-to-shoot partitioning of Fe. We show that irt1 mutants overaccumulate Fe in roots, most prominently in the cortex of the differentiation zone in irt1-2, compared to the wild type. Shoots of irt1-2 are severely Fe-deficient according to Fe content and marker transcripts, as expected. We generated irt1-2 lines producing IRT1 mutant variants carrying single amino-acid substitutions of key residues in transmembrane helices IV and V, Ser206 and His232, which are required for transport activity in yeast. Root short-term 55 Fe uptake rates were uninformative concerning IRT1-mediated transport. Overall irt1-like concentrations of the secondary substrate Mn suggested that the transgenic Arabidopsis lines also remain incapable of IRT1-mediated root Fe uptake. Yet, IRT1S206A partially complements rosette dwarfing and leaf chlorosis of irt1-2, as well as root-to-shoot Fe partitioning and gene expression defects of irt1-2, all of which are fully complemented by wild-type IRT1. Taken together, these results suggest a regulatory function for IRT1 in root-to-shoot Fe partitioning that does not require Fe transport activity of IRT1. Among the genes of which transcript levels are partially dependent on IRT1, we identify MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN10, MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN72 and NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE4 as candidates for effecting IRT1-dependent Fe mobilization in roots. Understanding the biological functions of IRT1 will help to improve Fe nutrition and the nutritional quality of agricultural crops.

Constitutively enhanced genome integrity maintenance and direct stress mitigation characterize transcriptome of extreme stress-adapted Arabidopsis halleri.

Heavy metal-rich toxic soils and ordinary soils are both natural habitats of Arabidopsis halleri, a diploid perennial and obligate outcrosser in the sister clade of the genetic model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The molecular divergence underlying survival in sharply contrasting environments is unknown. Here we comparatively address metal physiology and transcriptomes of A. halleri originating from the most highly heavy metal-contaminated soil in Europe, Ponte Nossa, Italy (Noss), and from non-metalliferous (NM) soils. Plants from Noss exhibit enhanced hypertolerance and attenuated accumulation of cadmium (Cd), and their transcriptomic Cd responsiveness is decreased, compared to plants of NM soil origin. Among the condition-independent transcriptome characteristics of Noss, the most highly overrepresented functional class of 'meiotic cell cycle' comprises 21 transcripts with elevated abundance in vegetative tissues, in particular Argonaute 9 (AGO9) and the synaptonemal complex transverse filament protein-encoding ZYP1a/b. Increased AGO9 transcript levels in Noss are accompanied by decreased long terminal repeat retrotransposon expression. Similar to Noss, plants from other highly metalliferous sites in Poland and Germany share elevated somatic AGO9 transcript levels in comparison to plants originating from NM soils in their respective geographic regions. Transcript levels of Iron-Regulated Transporter 1 (IRT1) are very low and transcript levels of Heavy Metal ATPase 2 (HMA2) are strongly elevated in Noss, which can account for its altered Cd handling. We conclude that in plants adapted to the most extreme abiotic stress, broadly enhanced functions comprise genes with likely roles in somatic genome integrity maintenance, accompanied by few alterations in stress-specific functional networks.

Medicago truncatula Yellow Stripe-Like7 encodes a peptide transporter participating in symbiotic nitrogen fixation.

Yellow Stripe-Like (YSL) proteins are a family of plant transporters that are typically involved in transition metal homeostasis. Three of the four YSL clades (I, II and IV) transport metals complexed with the non-proteinogenic amino acid nicotianamine or its derivatives. No such capability has been shown for any member of clade III, but the link between these YSLs and metal homeostasis could be masked by functional redundancy. We studied the role of the clade III YSL protein MtSYL7 in Medicago truncatula nodules. MtYSL7, which encodes a plasma membrane-bound protein, is mainly expressed in the pericycle and cortex cells of the root nodules. Yeast complementation assays revealed that MtSYL7 can transport short peptides. M. truncatula transposon insertion mutants with decreased expression of MtYSL7 had lower nitrogen fixation rates and showed reduced plant growth whether grown in symbiosis with rhizobia or not. YSL7 mutants accumulated more copper and iron in the nodules, which is likely to result from the increased expression of iron uptake and delivery genes in roots. Taken together, these data suggest that MtYSL7 plays an important role in the transition metal homeostasis of nodules and symbiotic nitrogen fixation.

Medicago truncatula Ferroportin2 mediates iron import into nodule symbiosomes.

Iron is an essential cofactor for symbiotic nitrogen fixation, required by many of the enzymes involved, including signal transduction proteins, O2 homeostasis systems, and nitrogenase itself. Consequently, host plants have developed a transport network to deliver essential iron to nitrogen-fixing nodule cells. Ferroportin family members in model legume Medicago truncatula were identified and their expression was determined. Yeast complementation assays, immunolocalization, characterization of a tnt1 insertional mutant line, and synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence assays were carried out in the nodule-specific M. truncatula ferroportin Medicago truncatula nodule-specific gene Ferroportin2 (MtFPN2) is an iron-efflux protein. MtFPN2 is located in intracellular membranes in the nodule vasculature and in inner nodule tissues, as well as in the symbiosome membranes in the interzone and early-fixation zone of the nodules. Loss-of-function of MtFPN2 alters iron distribution and speciation in nodules, reducing nitrogenase activity and biomass production. Using promoters with different tissular activity to drive MtFPN2 expression in MtFPN2 mutants, we determined that expression in the inner nodule tissues is sufficient to restore the phenotype, while confining MtFPN2 expression to the vasculature did not improve the mutant phenotype. These data indicate that MtFPN2 plays a primary role in iron delivery to nitrogen-fixing bacteroids in M. truncatula nodules.

Do Arabidopsis Squamosa promoter binding Protein-Like genes act together in plant acclimation to copper or zinc deficiency?

The genome of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes approximately 260 copper (Cu)-dependent proteins, which includes enzymes in central pathways of photosynthesis, respiration and responses to environmental stress. Under Cu-deficient growth conditions, Squamosa promoter binding Protein-Like 7 (SPL7) activates the transcription of genes encoding Cu acquisition systems, and it mediates a metabolic reorganization to economize on Cu. The transcription factor SPL7 groups among comparably large proteins in the SPL family, which additionally comprises a second group of small SPL proteins targeted by miRNA156 with roles in plant development. SPL7 shares extended regions of sequence homology with SPL1 and SPL12. Therefore, we investigated the possibility of a functional overlap between these three members of the group of large SPL family proteins. We compared the spl1 spl12 double mutant and the spl1 spl7 spl12 triple mutant with both the wild type and the spl7 single mutant under normal and Cu-deficient growth conditions. Biomass production, chlorophyll content and tissue elemental composition at the seedling stage, as well as plant and flower morphology during reproductive stages, confirmed the involvement of SPL7, but provided no indication for important roles of SPL1 or SPL12 in the acclimation of Arabidopsis to Cu deficiency. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of zinc (Zn) deficiency on the same set of mutants. Different from what is known in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Arabidopsis did not activate Cu deficiency responses under Zn deficiency, and there was no Cu overaccumulation in either shoot or root tissues of Zn-deficient wild type plants. Known Zn deficiency responses were unaltered in spl7, spl1 spl12 and spl1 spl7 spl12 mutants. We observed that CuZnSOD activity is strongly downregulated in Zn-deficient A. thaliana, in association with an about 94% reduction in the abundance of the CSD2 transcript, a known target of miR398. However, different from the known Cu deficiency responses of Arabidopsis, this Zn deficiency response was independent of SPL7 and not associated with an upregulation of MIR398b primary transcript levels. Our data suggest that there is no conservation in A. thaliana of the crosstalk between Zn and Cu homeostasis mediated by the single SPL family protein CRR1 of Chlamydomonas. In the future, resolving how the specificity of SPL protein activation and recognition of target gene promoters is achieved will advance our understanding of the specific functions of different SPL family proteins in the regulation of either Cu deficiency responses or growth and development of land plants.

TransFlow: a modular framework for assembling and assessing accurate de novo transcriptomes in non-model organisms.

BACKGROUND: The advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies are allowing more and more de novo assembling of transcriptomes from many new organisms. Some degree of automation and evaluation is required to warrant reproducibility, repetitivity and the selection of the best possible transcriptome. Workflows and pipelines are becoming an absolute requirement for such a purpose, but the issue of assembling evaluation for de novo transcriptomes in organisms lacking a sequenced genome remains unsolved. An automated, reproducible and flexible framework called TransFlow to accomplish this task is described. RESULTS: TransFlow with its five independent modules was designed to build different workflows depending on the nature of the original reads. This architecture enables different combinations of Illumina and Roche/454 sequencing data, and can be extended to other sequencing platforms. Its capabilities are illustrated with the selection of reliable plant reference transcriptomes and the assembling six transcriptomes (three case studies for grapevine leaves, olive tree pollen, and chestnut stem, and other three for haustorium, epiphytic structures and their combination for the phytopathogenic fungus Podosphaera xanthii). Arabidopsis and poplar transcriptomes revealed to be the best references. A common result regarding de novo assemblies is that Illumina paired-end reads of 100 nt in length assembled with OASES can provide reliable transcriptomes, while the contribution of longer reads is noticeable only when they complement a set of short, single-reads. CONCLUSIONS: TransFlow can handle up to 181 different assembling strategies. Evaluation based on principal component analyses allows its self-adaptation to different sets of reads to provide a suitable transcriptome for each combination of reads and assemblers. As a result, each case study has its own behaviour, prioritises evaluation parameters, and gives an objective and automated way for detecting the best transcriptome within a pool of them. Sequencing data type and quantity (preferably several hundred millions of 2×100 nt or longer), assemblers (OASES for Illumina, MIRA4 and EULER-SR reconciled with CAP3 for Roche/454) and strategy (preferably scaffolding with OASES, and probably merging with Roche/454 when available) arise as the most impacting factors.

An important role for periplasmic storage in Pseudomonas aeruginosa copper homeostasis revealed by a combined experimental and computational modeling study.

Biological systems require precise copper homeostasis enabling metallation of cuproproteins while preventing metal toxicity. In bacteria, sensing, transport, and storage molecules act in coordination to fulfill these roles. However, there is not yet a kinetic schema explaining the system integration. Here, we report a model emerging from experimental and computational approaches that describes the dynamics of copper distribution in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Based on copper uptake experiments, a minimal kinetic model describes well the copper distribution in the wild-type bacteria but is unable to explain the behavior of the mutant strain lacking CopA1, a key Cu+ efflux ATPase. The model was expanded through an iterative hypothesis-driven approach, arriving to a mechanism that considers the induction of compartmental pools and the parallel function of CopA and Cus efflux systems. Model simulations support the presence of a periplasmic copper storage with a crucial role under dyshomeostasis conditions in P. aeruginosa. Importantly, the model predicts not only the interplay of periplasmic and cytoplasmic pools but also the existence of a threshold in the concentration of external copper beyond which cells lose their ability to control copper levels.

Differential expression of zinc transporters accompanies the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts.

Zinc transporters facilitate metal mobilization and compartmentalization, playing a key role in cellular development. Little is known about the mechanisms and pathways of Zn movement between Zn transporters and metalloproteins during myoblast differentiation. We analyzed the differential expression of ZIP and ZnT transporters during C2C12 myoblast differentiation. Zn transporters account for a transient decrease of intracellular Zn upon myogenesis induction followed by a gradual increase of Zn in myotubes. Considering the subcellular localization and function of each of the Zn transporters, our findings indicate that a fine regulation is necessary to maintain correct metal concentrations in the cytosol and subcellular compartments to avoid toxicity, maintain homeostasis, and for loading metalloproteins needed during myogenesis. This study advances our basic understanding of the complex Zn transport network during muscle differentiation.

Copper homeostasis networks in the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Bacterial copper (Cu+) homeostasis enables both precise metallation of diverse cuproproteins and control of variable metal levels. To this end, protein networks mobilize Cu+ to cellular targets with remarkable specificity. However, the understanding of these processes is rather fragmented. Here, we use genome-wide transcriptomic analysis by RNA-Seq to characterize the response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to external 0.5 mm CuSO4, a condition that did not generate pleiotropic effects. Pre-steady-state (5-min) and steady-state (2-h) Cu+ fluxes resulted in distinct transcriptome landscapes. Cells quickly responded to Cu2+ stress by slowing down metabolism. This was restored once steady state was reached. Specific Cu+ homeostasis genes were strongly regulated in both conditions. Our system-wide analysis revealed induction of three Cu+ efflux systems (a P1B-ATPase, a porin, and a resistance-nodulation-division (RND) system) and of a putative Cu+-binding periplasmic chaperone and the unusual presence of two cytoplasmic CopZ proteins. Both CopZ chaperones could bind Cu+ with high affinity. Importantly, novel transmembrane transporters probably mediating Cu+ influx were among those largely repressed upon Cu+ stress. Compartmental Cu+ levels appear independently controlled; the cytoplasmic Cu+ sensor CueR controls cytoplasmic chaperones and plasma membrane transporters, whereas CopR/S responds to periplasmic Cu+ Analysis of ΔcopR and ΔcueR mutant strains revealed a CopR regulon composed of genes involved in periplasmic Cu+ homeostasis and its putative DNA recognition sequence. In conclusion, our study establishes a system-wide model of a network of sensors/regulators, soluble chaperones, and influx/efflux transporters that control the Cu+ levels in P. aeruginosa compartments.

Bacterial Cu(+)-ATPases: models for molecular structure-function studies.

The early discovery of the human Cu(+)-ATPases and their link to Menkes and Wilson's diseases brought attention to the unique role of these transporters in copper homeostasis. The characterization of bacterial Cu(+)-ATPases has significantly furthered our understanding of the structure, selectivity and transport mechanism of these enzymes, as well as their interplay with other elements of Cu(+) distribution networks. This review focuses on the structural-functional insights that have emerged from studies of bacterial Cu(+)-ATPases at the molecular level and how these observations have contributed to drawing up a comprehensive picture of cellular copper homeostasis.

A cerato-platanin-like protein HaCPL2 from Heterobasidion annosum sensu stricto induces cell death in Nicotiana tabacum and Pinus sylvestris.

The cerato-platanin family is a group of small secreted cysteine-rich proteins exclusive for filamentous fungi. They have been shown to be involved in the interactions between fungi and plants. Functional characterization of members from this family has been performed mainly in Ascomycota, except Moniliophthora perniciosa. Our previous phylogenetic analysis revealed that recent gene duplication of cerato-platanins has occurred in Basidiomycota but not in Ascomycota, suggesting higher functional diversification of this protein family in Basidiomycota than in Ascomycota. In this study, we identified three cerato-platanin homologues from the basidiomycete conifer pathogen Heterobasidion annosum sensu stricto. Expression of the homologues under various conditions as well as their roles in the H. annosum s.s.-Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) pathosystem was investigated. Results showed that HaCPL2 (cerato-platanin-like protein 2) had the highest sequence similarity to cerato-platanin from Ceratocystis platani and hacpl2 was significantly induced during nutrient starvation and necrotrophic growth. The treatment with recombinant HaCPL2 induced cell death, phytoalexin production and defense gene expression in Nicotiana tabacum. Eliciting and cell death-inducing ability accompanied by retardation of apical root growth was also demonstrated in Scots pine seedlings. Our results suggest that HaCPL2 might contribute to the virulence of H. annosum s.s. by promoting plant cell death.

Doenças crônicas não transmissíveis em idosos: saberes e ações de agentes comunitários de saúde / Enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en losancianos: saberes y acciones de agentes de salud de la comunidad / Diseases chronicles do not encephalopathies in the elderly: knowledges and actions from community health agents

Objective: To analyze the knowledge and actions performed by Community Health Agents (CHA), relatedto chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) in elderly patients. Method: Qualitative and descriptive research. The data collection occurred through interviews with 20 ACS. The information was analyzed following the steps of content analysis. Results: The data converged for the construction of two categories. One is about knowledge for CHA performance, and the other the educative actions performed by CHA with the elderly population. Final considerations: They were identified limitations in the knowledge and actions developed by CHA regarding the CNCD in elderly, restricting the care concerning diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. This condition reflects in the work of these professionals, but it can be modified with educational actions intended to CHA, for which they can qualify their practices along with the elderly population.

Objetivo: Analisar os saberes e as ações realizados por Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) relativos às Doenças Crônicas Não-Transmissíveis (DCNT) em idosos. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa e descritiva. A coleta dos dados ocorreu por meio de entrevista junto a 20 ACS. As informações foram analisadas seguindo os passos da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Os dados convergiram para a construção de duas categorias. Uma versa acerca do saber para a atuação dos ACS e a outra, as ações educativas executadas pelos ACS junto à população idosa. Considerações finais: Identificam-se limitações no saber e nas ações desenvolvidas pelos ACS referentes às DCNT em idosos, restringindo o cuidado para doenças como diabetes e hipertensão. Esta condição reflete no trabalho destes profissionais, mas pode ser modificada com ações educativas destinadas aos ACS, para que estes possam qualificar suas práticas junto à população idosa.

Objetivo: Analizar los saberes y las acciones de los agentes comunitarios de salud (ACS), relacionados con las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) en ancianos. Método: Estudio cualitativo y descriptivo. La recogida de datos se produjo a través de entrevistas con 20 ACS. Las informaciones se analizaron siguiendo los pasos de análisis de contenido. Resultados: Los datos convergieron para la construcción de dos categorías. Una versa sobre el conocimiento para el trabajo de los ACS, y otra, las acciones educativas realizadas por ACS con la población anciana. Consideraciones finales: Identificar se las limitaciones en el conocimiento y acciones desarrolladas por ACS en relación con las ECNT en ancianos, la restricción de la atención de enfermedades como diabetes e hipertensión. Esta condición está reflejada en el trabajo de estos profesionales, pero se puede modificar con acciones educativas destinadas a los ACS, para que califiquen sus prácticas a lo largo de la población anciana.

Percepções de idosos que vivenciam o cuidado de enfermagem durante a hemodiálise / Perception of older adults who received nursing care during hemodialysis / Percepciones de ancianos que experimental el cuidado de enfermería durante la hemodiálisis

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar percepções de idosos sobre o cuidado de enfermagem em hemodiálise. Pesquisa qualitativaalicerçada na Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados, da qual participaram 10 idosos que recebiam cuidados de enfermagem durante tratamento em uma Clínica de Hemodiálise. A coleta de dados ocorreu durante as sessões de hemodiálise, por meio de entrevistas. Os dados submetidos à análise foram organizados em torno dos eixos temáticos: Tratamento em hemodiálise, subdividido nas categorias: a) vulnerabilidade e submissão frente ao tratamento, b) recuperação da autonomia e qualidade de vida; Cuidado de enfermagem em hemodiálise, com as respectivas categorias: a) competência profissional, b) relações interpessoais permeando o ambiente do cuidado de enfermagem. Identificou-se ambiguidade de sentimentos vivenciada pelos idosos relacionados ao cuidado de enfermagem, especificamente, à competência profissional e às relações interpessoais no ambiente. A relação entre os dois eixos temáticos emergentes apresenta-se como o cuidado de enfermagem ideal percebido pelos idosos.

The objective of this study was to identify the perception of older adults about the nursing care received during hemodialysis. A qualitative study based on Grounded Theory, with the participation of 10 older adults who received nursing care during treatment at a Hemodialysis Clinic. Data were gathered through interviews during hemodialysis sessions. Data were submitted to analysis and organized according to two thematic axes: Hemodialysis treatment, subdivided into categories a) vulnerability and submission to treatment; b) recovering autonomy and quality of life. The second category was nursing care during hemodialysis, subdivided into categories a) professional competence; b) interpersonal relationships permeating the nursing care environment. We identified ambiguous feelings experienced by patients regarding nursing care, especially with respect to professional competence and interpersonal relationships in the environment. The relationship between the two thematic axes constitutes ideal nursing care according to participants

Se objetivó identificar percepciones de ancianos sobre el cuidado de enfermería en hemodiálisis. Investigación cuantitativa basada en la Teoría Fundamentada en los Datos, participando 10 ancianos bajo cuidados de enfermería durante el tratamiento en una Clínica de Hemodiálisis. Datos recolectados durante las sesiones de hemodiálisis, mediante entrevistas. Los datos analizados fueron organizados en torno a dos ejes temáticos: Tratamiento en hemodiálisis, subdividido en categorías, a) vulnerabilidad y sumisión ante el tratamiento; b) recuperación de autonomía y calidad de vida. Cuidado de enfermería en hemodiálisis, con sus correspondientes categorías a) competencia profesional; b) relaciones interpersonales más allá del ambiente de cuidado de enfermería. Se identificó ambigüedad de sentimientos experimentados por los ancianos en relación al cuidado de enfermería; específicamente, a la competencia profesional y a las relaciones interpersonales en el ambiente. La relación entre los dos ejes temáticos emergentes se manifiesta como el cuidado de enfermería ideal percibido por los ancianos

Conhecimento, formação e memórias discentes: um estudo a partir do PET/ESEF / Knowledge, Formation And Student Memories: A Study On Wards PET/ESEF / Conocimiento, Formación y Memorias Discentes ­ Un Estudio a Partir del PET/ESEF

Este artigo analisa o papel que o PET/ESEF teve na formação dos seus ex-alunos. Através da Metodologia da Cartografia, analisou-se os dados coletados por meio de um questionário-cadastro enviado para todos os 54 ex-integrantes do grupo PET/ESEF/UFPel. As respostas dos ex-petianos apontam o programa como uma das experiências mais intensas em suas trajetórias acadêmicas, sendo lembrado como um diferencial na sua formação e na sua vida profissional

This article analyzes the importance that the University Students' Training Program (PET) of the Physical Education School (ESEF) of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL) has on the formation of former PET students. Through of Cartography Methodology to observe the information's the found in the questionnaire that sent to all 54 students of that group. The answer indicate the program how on experience more intense in their academicals life, it's very important in their formation and in their professional life

Eso artículo analiza lo papel que el Programa del Educación Tutorial (PET) de la Escuela Superior del Educación Física (ESEF) de la Universidad Federal del Pelotas (UFPel) tuve en la formación de los alumnos que integraran el PET en años anteriores. Con empleo de la Metodología del Cartografía analizamos las informaciones que colectamos con lo uso de un cuestionario-catastro que enviamos para todos los 54 estudiantes que hicieran parte de la historia del grupo. Las respuestas de los alumnos apuntan lo programa como una de las experiencias más intensas en sus vidas académicas, siendo recordado como un diferencial en sus formaciones y en sus vidas profesionales