Biocompatible green technology principles for the fabrication of food packaging material with noteworthy mechanical and antimicrobial properties-- A sustainable developmental goal towards the effective, safe food preservation strategy.

Biocompatible, eco-friendly, highly economical packaging methods should be needed as conventional packaging is known to cause undesirable effects. As food packaging is the major determining factor of food safety, the selection or methods of packaging materials plays a pioneering role. With this scope, modern food technology seeks unique sustainable approaches for the fabrication of package materials with notable desired properties. The principles, features, and fabrication methodology of modern food packaging are briefly covered in this review. We extensively revealed improved packaging (nanocoating, nanolaminates, and nano clay), active packaging (antimicrobial, oxygen scavenging, and UV barrier packaging), and intelligent/smart packaging (O2 indicator, CO2 indicator, Time Temperature Indicator, freshness indicator, and pH indicator). In particular, we described the role of nanomaterials in the fabrication of packaging material. Methods for the evaluation of mechanical, barrier properties, and anti-microbial assays have been featured. The present studies suggest the possible utilization of materials in the fabrication of food packaging for the production, utilization, and distribution of safe foods without affecting nutritional values.

Chitosan nanocomposite as an effective carrier of potential herbicidal metabolites for noteworthy phytotoxic effect against major aquatic invasive weed water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes).

In this current work, the herbicidal activity of fungal metabolites stacked chitosan nanocomposite against significant aquatic invasive weed Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) was examined. Herbicidal metabolites from the fungal strain Allophoma oligotrophica were extracted and purified under standard condition. Altered ionic gelation technique was received for the amalgamation of chitosan nanocomposite fabricated with herbicidal metabolites. Synthesized nanocomposite incited checked herbicidal impact on the leaflets of water hyacinth. Synthesized nanocomposite induced marked herbicidal effect on the tested leaflets of water hyacinth. Necrotic development on the tested leaflets at earlier incubation period followed by progressive enhancement of necrotic lesion reveals the noteworthy herbicidal activity of the synthesized nanocomposite. Parenchymal, mesenchymal tissue disintegration, reduction of total chlorophyll content, elevated anti oxidative enzymes and changes in qualitative protein profiling of tested leaflets reveals the nanocomposite induced noteworthy morphometric and functional effects. Effect of solvents on the release profile demonstrates that ethyl acetate treatment brought about controlled or sustained release of metabolites. No sign of toxic effect on the zebra fish embryonic developmental stages revealed biocompatibility of the nanocomposite.

Biocompatible formulation of cationic antimicrobial peptide Polylysine (PL) through nanotechnology principles and its potential role in food preservation - A review.

Food preservation using biopreservative agents mainly microbial based metabolites have gained more attention in the modern food sector due to their broad spectrum anti-microbial efficacy with high biocompatibility. However, the effectiveness of these biopreservatives is highly dependent on suitable formulation which will enhance the desired efficacy without affecting the nutritional value of the foods. Polylysine-actinomycete derived anti-microbial metabolite is used as biopreservative agent in various food products. This review provides a valuable insight into the formulation of polylysine with nanotechnology principles for enhanced antimicrobial efficacy against food spoilage organisms. This review highlighted the diverse methods of polylysine nanoformulation preparation. Formulation of polylysine as functionalised nanomaterials can be prepared via green science or green technology principles was extensively studied in this review. This study also revealed the methods for the determination of anti-microbial assays and biocompatibility tests in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility tests. Future prospects of nanoformulated polylysine in bio preservation can be extended to safe processing of canned and ready-to-eat food products without affecting the nutritional value of the foods.

Hepatitis B-surface antigen (HBsAg) vaccine fabricated chitosan-polyethylene glycol nanocomposite (HBsAg-CS-PEG- NC) preparation, immunogenicity, controlled release pattern, biocompatibility or non-target toxicity.

Antigen delivery framework utilising polymer-based nanomaterial is broadly used in biomedicine because of their high efficacy, antigenicity and biocompatibility. In this study, hepatitis B surface antigen fabricated chitosan-polyethylene glycol nanocomposite (HBsAg-CS-PEG NC) was prepared by in situ ionic gelation method which brought about highly stable nanoformulation that was characterised by electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Particles morphology by electron microscopy studies reveals spherical, electron-dense, nanostructure with 100-120 nm. AFM studies show a uniform distribution of particles with distinct roughness. Specific interaction of polymers with the vaccine or surface modification and functionalization were confirmed by FTIR analysis. Synthesised nanocomposite exhibited high antigen loading and entrapment efficiency. Release profile study carried out under in vitro condition indicates that a gradual increase in release at increasing time intervals which confirms noteworthy stability and release pattern. Enhanced immunogenicity of the nanocomposite was determined by induction of rosette formation and rate of phagocytosis using T cell rosette formation assay (TCRF assay) and mouse leukemic monocyte macrophage phagocytosis assay. Notable enhancement on rosette formation and phagocytosis percentage was recorded in nanocomposite treatment as dose-dependent manner. Biocompatibility or non-target effect was done by evaluating acute or subacute toxicity against Wistar rat model and hemocompatibility. Hemocompatibility was measured by determination of hemolysis, antioxidative enzymes, erythrocytes aggregation and serum protein profiling. No sign of toxicity and mortality was observed in all the tested parameters of nanocomposite treated animal model. Hemocompatibility studies indicate that nanocomposite treatment was not shown hemolysis, changes in antioxidative enzymes and serum protein profiling which all confirms the best biocompatibility of the synthesised nanocomposite. Phytotoxic effect of the nanocomposite studied with Vigna mungo, Vigna radiata) and Brassica nigra seeds indicate that the nanocomposite treatment was not affecting seedlings emergence or germination index. All these findings unmistakably uncover that the nanocomposite fabricated HBsAg vaccine nanoformulation utilised as a successful immunising agent which constructed from its high immunogenic property and best biocompatibility against appropriate test model framework and investigated another sight in inoculation immunology part.