Follicular mediated etodolac phosalosomal gel for contact dermatitis alleviation, insights from optimization to in-vivo appraisal.

Despite its long history as a preferential cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, the topical application of etodolac in inflammatory disorders does not achieve the desired clinical efficiency because of its poor water solubility and poor skin permeation. In the ongoing study, phosalosomes were designed to mitigate the etodolac drawbacks and to enhance its skin localization. Hyaluronic acid was utilized to prepare a dermal gel for the alleviation of skin inflammation. Etodolac loaded hyaluronic acid phosalosomal gel had a sustainable release profile and 10.59-fold enhanced skin retention compared to free etodolac, with boosted skin tolerability on histopathological examination after acute and chronic applications. Confocal laser microscopy imaging indicated that the etodolac amounts accumulated in the liver and kidney following dermal application were 29 and 5.7-fold lower than those following the systemic dose, respectively. For in vivo studies, etodolac loaded hyaluronic acid phosalosomal gel presented superior anti-oedemic and significant anti-nociception potential. The promising homogenous localization highlighted its potential for the delivery of lipophilic drugs for the targeted treatment of other localized skin disorders.

Hybrid lipid core chitosan-TPGS shell nanocomposites as a promising integrated nanoplatform for enhanced oral delivery of sulpiride in depressive disorder therapy.

Sulpiride (SUL), a benzamide derivative, acts as a multitarget drug with extensive biological properties. However, being a P-glycoprotein efflux substrate with a limited oral bioavailability imposes a challenge to its clinical efficacy. The current research explores the impact of tailored hybrid lipid-polysaccharide nanocomposites in augmenting the biological performance of SUL. Chitosan-graft-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) copolymers were synthesized and integrated as a polysaccharide shell into a SUL-loaded lipid nanocore. The optimized nanohybrids revealed a nanocore-shell structure with 110.1 nm particle size, 23.7 mV zeta potential, 85.42% encapsulation efficiency, a pH-dependent-release profile, and an acceptable mucoadhesive tendency. Employing TPGS into the chitosan backbone alleviated the cellular internalization of nanohybrids into the Caco-2 intestinal cells and hence increased the intestinal permeation and the oral bioavailability of SUL by 3.3, and 8.7-folds, respectively. Reserpine-induced depression rat model confirmed the superior antidepressant activity of nanohybrids, compared with free SUL and a marketed product. The nanohybrids exhibited 1.87- and 1.47-folds enhancement in both serotonin and dopamine levels, respectively. Additionally, nanohybrids were shown to attenuate brain oxidative stress state and SUL irritant effect on different body tissues. Overall, the newly tailored nanohybrids pave the way for an advance in the field of oral drug delivery.

Precisely Fabricated Sulpiride-Loaded Nanolipospheres with Ameliorated Oral Bioavailability and Antidepressant Activity.

BACKGROUND: Sulpiride (SUL), is a selective antidopaminergic drug that had extensive biological activities. However, its sparingly aqueous solubility and limited gastrointestinal permeability lead to scanty oral bioavailability which hinders its clinical efficacy. OBJECTIVE: SUL-loaded lipospheres (SUL-LPS) were designed to serve as an oral biocompatible nanovector for improving SUL permeability as well as conquering its low oral absorption and then in turn enhancing its antidepressant action. METHODS: SUL-LPS were fabricated via two processing techniques namely, melt emulsification and solvent evaporation. The impact of different lipid cores, phospholipid shells together with various surfactant concentrations and types on the lipospheres properties were screened. Detailed physicochemical elucidations were performed followed by ex vivo permeation appraisal using the non-everted intestine model. The pharmacokinetic parameters of SUL-LPS, free SUL and marketed product were assessed following oral administration to healthy rats. Reserpine-induced depression rat model was used to assess the antidepressant action of SUL-LPS on which full behavioural and biochemical analysis was conducted. Safety attributes of nanoencapsulated SUL on the brain and other internal organs were evaluated. RESULTS: The optimum LPS revealed an excellent nanosize with a narrow PdI, negative zeta potential and acceptable entrapment efficiency of 68.62 nm, 0.242, -30.4 mV and 84.12%, respectively. SUL-LPS showed a sustained release pattern and 2.1-fold enhancement in the intestinal permeation parameters with low mucin interaction. Oral pharmacokinetic appraisal exhibited that LPS provided 3.4-fold improvement in SUL oral bioavailability together with long-circulating properties, relative to the free drug. Pharmacodynamic study confirmed the superior antidepressant action of SUL-LPS as evident by 1.6 and 1.25-fold elevation in the serotonin and dopamine expressions, respectively. Meanwhile, nanotoxicological appraisal proved the biocompatibility of SUL-LPS upon repetitive oral administration. CONCLUSION: Rationally designed lipospheres hold promising in vitro and in vivo characteristics for efficient delivery of SUL with high oral bioavailability, antidepressant activity together with a good safety profile.

Combination of magnetic targeting with synergistic inhibition of NF-κB and glutathione via micellar drug nanomedicine enhances its anti-tumor efficacy.

Breast cancer is not only one of the most prevalent types of cancer, but also it is a prime cause of death in women aged between 20 and 59. Although chemotherapy is the most common therapy approach, multiple side effects can result from lack of specificity and the use of overdose as safe doses may not completely cure cancer. Therefore, we aimed in this study is to combine the merits of NF-κB inhibiting potential of celastrol (CST) with glutathione inhibitory effect of sulfasalazine (SFZ) which prevents CST inactivation and thus enhances its anti-tumor activity. Inspired by the CD44-mediated tumor targeting effect of the hydrophilic polysaccharide chondroitin sulphate (ChS), we chemically synthesized amphiphilic zein-ChS micelles. While the water insoluble SFZ was chemically coupled to zein, CST was physically entrapped within the hydrophobic zein/SFZ micellar core. Moreover, physical encapsulation of oleic acid-capped SPIONs in the hydrophobic core of micelles enabled both magnetic tumor targeting as well as MRI theranostic capacity. Combining magnetic targeting to with the active targeting effect of ChS resulted in enhanced cellular internalization of the micelles in MCF-7 cancer cells and hence higher cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. In the in vivo experiments, magnetically-targeted micelles (154.4 nm) succeeded in achieving the lowest percentage increase in the tumor volume in tumor bearing mice, the highest percentage of tumor necrosis associated with significant reduction in the levels of TNF-α, Ki-67, NF-κB, VEGF, COX-2 markers compared to non-magnetically targeted micelles-, free drug-treated and positive control groups. Collectively, the developed magnetically targeted micelles pave the way for design of cancer nano-theranostic drug combinations.

Recent advances in electrospun nanofibers for some biomedical applications.

Nanofibers provide multiple merits for the delivery of many therapeutic agents with versatile biomedical applications. With the fast recent advancement in nanotechnology, nanofibers could be easily fabricated with tunable morphologies and release profiles. Here, we review the most recent approaches in the fabrication of electrospun nanofibers incorporating some natural ingredients for their wound healing potential. In addition, electrospun nanofibers for treatment of skin carcinoma and delivery of different growth factors for tissue regeneration will also be highlighted in this review. Nanofibers incorporating different active therapeutical agents are very promising drug delivery platforms.

Inhalable Dual-Targeted Hybrid Lipid Nanocore-Protein Shell Composites for Combined Delivery of Genistein and All-Trans Retinoic Acid to Lung Cancer Cells.

Localized pulmonary delivery of anticancer agents to lungs has proven to be pioneering approach for lung cancer therapy. Hybrid lipid nanocore-protein shell nanoparticles (HLPNPs) coloaded with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and genistein (GNS) were prepared via sequential solvent evaporation followed by nanoprecipitation of zein shell onto the lipid core. The outer protein shell of HLPNPs provided additional drug reservoir for encapsulation of ATRA/stearyl amine ion pair and enabled dual tumor-targeting with biotin and ATRA. Enhanced uptake and cytotoxic activity of HLPNPs against A549 lung cancer cells was confirmed. To improve their deep lung deposition, dual-targeted drug-loaded HLPNP nanocomposites were fabricated. The nanocomposites prepared using mannitol/HPßCD/leucine demonstrated favorable aerosolization (MMAD = 2.47 µm and FPF = 70.81%). In vivo, the inhalable nanocomposites were superior to aerosolized or i.v. nanoparticle suspension against lung carcinoma bearing mice. Overall, inhalable dual-targeted HLPNPs nanocomposites provided localized codelivery of GNS and ATRA for lung cancer therapy.

A comparative study: the prospective influence of nanovectors in leveraging the chemopreventive potential of COX-2 inhibitors against skin cancer.

INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to elucidate the chemopreventive potential, cytotoxic, and suppression of cellular metastatic activity of etodolac (ETD)-loaded nanocarriers. METHODS: To esteem the effect of charge and composition of the nanovectors on their performance, four types of vectors namely, negative lipid nanovesicles; phosalosomes (N-Phsoms), positive phosalosomes (P-Phsoms), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and polymeric alginate polymer (AlgNPs) were prepared and compared. ETD was used as a model cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor to evaluate the potency of these nanovectors to increase ETD permeation and retention through human skin and cytotoxicity against squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SCC). Moreover, the chemopreventive activity of ETD nanovector on mice skin cancer model was evaluated. RESULTS: Among the utilized nanovectors, ETD-loaded N-Phsoms depicted spherical vesicles with the smallest particle size (202.96±2.37 nm) and a high zeta potential of -24.8±4.16 mV. N-Phsoms exhibited 1.5, and 3.6 folds increase in the ETD amount deposited in stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis. Moreover, cytotoxicity studies revealed a significant cytotoxic potential of such nanovector with IC50=181.76 compared to free ETD (IC50=982.75), correlated to enhanced cellular internalization. Its efficacy extended to a reduction in the relative tumor weight with 1.70 and 1.51-fold compared to positive control and free ETD, that manifested by a 1.72-fold reduction in both COX-2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen mRNA (PCNA-mRNA) levels and 2.63-fold elevation in caspase-3 level in skin tumors relative to the positive control group with no hepato-and nephrotoxicity. CONCLUSION: Encapsulation of ETD in nanovector enhances its in-vitro and in-vivo anti-tumor activity and opens the door for encapsulation of more relevant drugs.

Multicompartmental lipid-protein nanohybrids for combined tretinoin/herbal lung cancer therapy.

Aim: Multicompartmental lipid-protein nanohybrids (MLPNs) were developed for combined delivery of the anticancer drugs tretinoin (TRE) and genistein (GEN) as synergistic therapy of lung cancer. Materials & methods: The GEN-loaded lipid core was first prepared and then coated with TRE-loaded zein shell via nanoprecipitation. Results: TRE/GEN-MLPNs demonstrated a size of 154.5 nm. In situ ion pair formation between anionic TRE and the cationic stearyl amine improved the drug encapsulation with enhanced stability of MLPNs. TRE/GEN-coloaded MLPNs were more cytotoxic against A549 cancer cells compared with combined free GEN/TRE. In vivo, lung cancer bearing mice treated with TRE/GEN-MLPNs displayed higher apoptotic caspase activation compared with mice-treated free combined GEN/TRE. Conclusion: TRE/GEN-MLPNs might serve as a promising parenteral nanovehicles for lung cancer therapy.

On-Chip Preparation of Amphiphilic Nanomicelles-in-Sodium Alginate Spheroids as a Novel Platform Against Triple-Negative Human Breast Cancer Cells: Fabrication, Study of Microfluidics Flow Hydrodynamics and Proof of Concept for Anticancer and Drug Delivery Applications.

Spheroidal microparticles versatility as a drug carrier makes it a real workhorse in drug delivery applications. Despite of their long history, few research publications emphasize on how to improve their potential targeting ability, production rate, and dissolution characteristics. The current research presents an example of the combined state of the art of nano- and microparticles development technologies. Here in a novel on-chip, microfluidics approach is developed for encapsulating amphiphilic nanomicelles-in-sodium alginate spheroid. The designed nano-in-micro drug delivery system revealed a superior cytotoxicity against triple-negative human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231), besides, a more sustained release of the drug. Hydrodynamics of the designed microchip was also investigated as a function of different flow rates with an insight on the dimensionless numbers; capillary number and Weber number throughout the microchannels. Our study confirmed the efficient encapsulation of nanomicelles within the alginate shell. The current microfluidics approach can be efficiently applied for uniform production of nano-in-microparticles with potential anticancer capability.

Magnetically Guided Self-Assembled Protein Micelles for Enhanced Delivery of Dasatinib to Human Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells.

Magnetic nanocarriers are useful in targeted cancer therapy. Dasatinib (DAS)-loaded magnetic micelles were prepared for magnetically guided drug delivery. The magnetic nanoplatform is composed of hydrophobic oleic acid-coated magnetite (Fe3O4) core along with DAS encapsulated in amphiphilic zein-lactoferrin self-assembled polymeric micelles. Transmission electron microscope analysis manifested formation of these magnetic micelles with a mean diameter of about 100 nm. In addition, drug-loaded magnetic micelles displayed a saturation magnetization of about 10.01 emu.g-1 with a superparamagnetic property. They also showed good in vitro serum stability and hemocompatibility accompanied with a sustained release of DAS in acidic pH. More importantly, they exhibited 1.35-fold increase in their in vitro cytotoxicity against triple-negative human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) using an external magnetic field compared to drug-loaded magnetic micelles in the absence of a magnetic field. Enhanced inhibition of p-c-Src protein expression level and in vitro cellular migration under the effect of magnetic field was noted owing to the dual-targeting strategy offered by the presence of a magnetic sensitive core, as well as the active targeting property of lactoferrin corona. Taken all together, these results suggest that DAS-loaded magnetic micelles possess a great potential for targeted therapy of breast cancer.

Targeting sialic acid residues on lung cancer cells by inhalable boronic acid-decorated albumin nanocomposites for combined chemo/herbal therapy.

Etoposide (ETP), as a potential treatment for lung cancer, has limited application due to its poor solubility, and systemic side effects. In the current study, we propose inhalable boronate-targeted HSA nanocomposites for combined delivery of ETP and the herbal drug, berberine (BER) for localized therapy of lung cancer. First, ETP was pre-formulated as phospholipid complex (EPC) to enhance drug solubility and facilitate its encapsulation within the hydrophilic albumin nanoparticles (NPs). Second, EPC and BER were then co-loaded with high efficiency into HSA NPs as a synergistic therapy for lung cancer. The NPs displayed suitable size around 200 nm and sequential drug release pattern. Moreover, conjugation of aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) to HSA NPs resulted in enhanced cytotoxicity and internalization into A549 lung cancer cells, compared to non-targeted NPs or free drugs via binding to sialic acid residues over-expressed by cancer cells. Using mannitol as a spray-drying carrier, the developed inhalable nanocomposites demonstrated deep pulmonary deposition, confirmed by small MMAD (2.112 µm) and high FPF (77.86%). In vivo investigations in lung cancer animal models revealed the superior anti-tumor efficacy of the inhalable nanocomposites. Overall, the inhalable APBA-HSA nanocomposites offered an alternative strategy for systemic delivery of ETP and BER in lung cancer therapy.

Bioactivity of Hybrid Polymeric Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Drug Delivery.

BACKGROUND: Engineered magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) possess unique properties and hold great potential in biomedicine and clinical applications. With their magnetic properties and their ability to work at cellular and molecular level, MNP have been applied both in-vitro and in-vivo in targeted drug delivery and imaging. Focusing on Iron Oxide Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs), this paper elaborates on the recent advances in development of hybrid polymeric-magnetic nanoparticles. Their main applications in drug delivery include Chemotherapeutics, Hyperthermia treatment, Radio-therapeutics, Gene delivary, and Biotheraputics. Physiochemical properties such as size, shape, surface and magnetic properties are key factors in determining their behavior. Additionally tailoring SPIONs surface is often vital for desired cell targetting and improved efficiency. Polymer coating is specifically reviewed with brief discussion of SPIONs administration routes. Commonly used drug release models for describing release mechanisms and the nanotoxicity aspects are also discussed. METHODS: This review focus on superparamagnetic nanoparticles coated with different types of polymers starting with the key physiochemical features that dominate their behavior. The importance of surface modification is addressed. Subsequently, the major classes of polymer modified iron oxide nanoparticles is demonstrated according to their clinical use and application. Clinically approved nanoparticles are then addressed and the different routes of administration are mentioned. Lastly, mathematical models of drug release profile of the common used nanoparticles are addressed. RESULTS: MNPs emerging in recent medicine are remarkable for both imaging and therapeutics, particularly, as drug carriers for their great potential in targeted delivery and cancer treatment. Targeting ability and biocompatibility can be improved though surface coating which provides a mean to alter the surface features including physical characteristics and chemical functionality. The use of biocompatible polymers can prevent aggregation, increase colloidal stability, evades nanoparticles uptake by RES, and can provide a surface for conjugation of targeting ligands such as peptide and biomolecules with high affinity to target cells. CONCLUSION: Great efforts to bring MNPs from lab testing stage to clinic are needed to understand their physicochemical properties and how they behave in vivo, which resulted in few of them to exist in the market today. Although magnetic nanoparticles have not yet fully reached their optimal safety and efficiency due to the challenges they face in vivo, their shortcomings can be overcome through improvement of magnetictargeted carrier by pre-clinical trials and continuous studies.

Cubic magnetically guided nanoaggregates for inhalable drug delivery: in vitro magnetic aerosol deposition study.

The present work describes the in vitro aerosol deposition and enhanced deaggregation behavior of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoaggregates (SPIONs). SPIONs were surface-coated with amine functionalized polyrotaxane and were proposed as a carrier for inhalation dry powders. Polyrotaxane is primarily composed of beta cyclodextrin rings which are spontaneously threaded on the block copolymer, poly(propylene glycol) bis(2-aminopropylether). Variable concentrations of surface coating polymers showed controlled manipulation of the crystal size and morphology. Magnetic nanoaggregates fabricated with low concentration of polyrotaxane showed cubic crystal morphology. However, these nanoaggregates exhibited rhombic dodecahedron crystal structure upon increasing the coating polymer concentration. In comparison to the spherical uncoated magnetic nanoparticles, cubic phase magnetic nanoaggregates demonstrated an enhanced in vitro aerosol deposition using magnetic field alignment. This enhancement can be accomplished at low inhalation flow rates (15 and 30 L/min). However, transformation to the cubic crystal structure was observed to be associated with a reduction in the powder geometric standard deviation. Using a mathematical modeling approach, we noted significant enhancement in the deaggregation behavior of inhalation dry powders; that can be achieved with small amounts of magnetic nanoaggregates. Aggregates of cubic nanoparticles showed promise for targeted pulmonary deposition of anticancer drugs.

Controlled release of 5-fluorouracil and progesterone from magnetic nanoaggregates.

BACKGROUND: The potential use of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedical applications has witnessed an exponential growth in recent years. METHODS: In this study, we used nanoaggregates of magnetic nanoparticles as carriers for controlled drug delivery. The nanoaggregates are formed due to the presence of the block copolymer of polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide (Pluronic F-68) and beta-cyclodextrin that surround the magnetic core of the nanoparticles. The administration of the drug carriers occurs by inhalation, and the drug is delivered systemically via the pulmonary route. We tested the delivery of 5-fluorouracil and progesterone, which are used as models of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, respectively. RESULTS: The estimated nanoaggregates' diameters are between 293 nm ± 14.65 nm and 90.2 nm ± 4.51 nm, respectively. In-situ and post-synthesis techniques are two approaches for drug loading. The polymer composition of nanoaggregates and initial drug concentration showed a significant effect on both the drug entrapment efficiency and release kinetics. Average drug entrapment efficiencies ranged between 16.11% and 83.25%. In-situ loaded samples showed significantly slower release rates. The drug release mechanism is investigated by mathematical curve fitting to different drug release kinetics models. In most cases, the Peppas model has shown good correlations (coefficients of correlation, R(2), between 0.85 and 0.99) with the examined release profiles. The estimated release indices are below 0.5, which indicates the Fickian diffusion mechanism. For samples with an initial burst effect, the modified Peppas model can provide a better understanding of the drug release mechanism, both in the samples loaded with progesterone, or those high polymer concentrations. CONCLUSION: Our work showed prolonged delivery of drugs (5-fluorouracil and progesterone) by diffusion from nanoaggregates, with the potential to reduce dose-related adverse effects.

Crystallization of progesterone for pulmonary drug delivery.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the suitability of the crystallization process to produce microcrystals of progesterone for respiratory drug delivery. Crystallization of progesterone was carried out from water-isopropanol (IPA) mixture. The antisolvent (water) was added at two different addition rates (10 and 100 mL/min). The mass percentage of antisolvent was varied between (50% and 75%), and the initial drug concentration was adjusted at (0.5 and 1 g/L). The effect of crystallization method (antisolvent precipitation or combined cooling and antisolvent) was also examined. These operating conditions were investigated in a 2(4) factorial design in an effort to optimize the process. Different solid-state and surface characterization techniques were applied in conjunction with measurements of powder flow properties using aerodynamic particle sizer (APS). Powder dispersibility and aerosol performance were analyzed using Anderson Cascade Impactor (ACI). Antisolvent addition rate, initial drug concentration and dynamic solvent composition are shown to have a significant effect on the aerosol characteristics of progesterone microcrystals. An increase of 38.73% in the fine particle fraction (FPF) was demonstrated for some powders produced by combined cooling and antisolvent crystallization. In conclusion, it was possible to control particle size and hence, pulmonary deposition using process parameters alone, and produce particles with a narrow particle size distribution and a mean particle size of 5 microm with nearly no particles larger than 10 microm by direct crystallization. The suitability of deep pulmonary deposition was proved by the platelet-like morphology of processed microcrystals and greater surface-to-volume ratio than spherical particles.