Valorization of the Salmon Frame as a High-Calcium Ingredient in the Formulation of Nuggets: Evaluation of the Nutritional and Sensory Properties.

In the Chilean population, calcium consumption is deficient. Therefore, several strategies have been implemented to increase calcium intake, such as consuming dairy products and supplements. In this study, an ingredient composed of bone flour (BF) and protein hydrolysate (PH) obtained from salmon frame was used as an innovative source of calcium. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of BF and PH in a 1:1 ratio (providing two calcium concentrations to the nuggets, 75 and 125 mg/100 g) on calcium content and sensory attributes of salmon nuggets submitted to baking or shallow frying. Proximal chemical analyses, fatty acid composition, calcium content, and sensory evaluation (acceptability and check-all-that-apply test) were tested in the nuggets. The incorporation of BF/PH (1:1) in both concentrations increased the calcium content of salmon nuggets being higher for the 125 mg/100 g. On the other hand, no negative effects were observed on sensory properties where all samples showed good overall acceptability for baked and fried nuggets. Therefore, the incorporation of BF/PH (1:1) into salmon nuggets enhances the nutritional quality of these products by providing a higher calcium content without significantly affecting their sensory properties.

Development of an Apple Snack Enriched with Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus: Evaluation of the Refractance Window Drying Process on Cell Viability.

The objective of this study was to develop a dried apple snack enriched with probiotics, evaluate its viability using Refractance Window (RWTM) drying, and compare it with conventional hot air drying (CD) and freeze-drying (FD). Apple slices were impregnated with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and dried at 45 °C using RWTM and CD and FD. Total polyphenol content (TPC), color (∆E*), texture, and viable cell count were measured, and samples were stored for 28 days at 4 °C. Vacuum impregnation allowed for a probiotic inoculation of 8.53 log CFU/gdb. Retention values of 6.30, 6.67, and 7.20 log CFU/gdb were observed for CD, RWTM, and FD, respectively; the population in CD, RWTM remained while FD showed a decrease of one order of magnitude during storage. Comparing RWTM with FD, ∆E* was not significantly different (p < 0.05) and RWTM presented lower hardness values and higher crispness than FD, but the RWTM-dried apple slices had the highest TPC retention (41.3%). Microstructural analysis showed that RWTM produced a smoother surface, facilitating uniform moisture diffusion and lower mass transfer resistance. The effective moisture diffusion coefficient was higher in RWTM than in CD, resulting in shorter drying times. As a consequence, RWTM produced dried apple snacks enriched with probiotics, with color and TPC retention comparable to FD.

Fish Bones as Calcium Source: Bioavailability of Micro and Nano Particles.

The amount of by-products/waste in the fish industry is roughly 50%. Fish bones could be used to produce nanoparticles, which may have potential use in the food industry as a novel calcium source and at the same time, contribute to reduce waste production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability of nano-size salmon fish bone particles compared to micro-size salmon fish bone particles, and calcium carbonate. The study was carried out in 21-28-day-old C57BL/6 male mice fed for 21 days with the experimental diets. The groups were as follows: CaCO3 0.5% Ca (CN 0.5); CaCO3 1.0% Ca (CN 1.0); salmon fish bone (SFB) microparticles 0.5% Ca (MP 0.5); SFB microparticles 1.0% Ca (MP 1.0); SFB nanoparticles 0.5% Ca (NP 0.5); and SFB nanoparticles 1.0% Ca (NP 1.0). Calcium bioavailability, defined as the percent calcium in femur showed an increasing trend from CN 0.5 to NP 1.0 group. According to ANCOVA, the greatest Ca content was observed in the NP 1.0 group compared with all groups but NP 0.5. In conclusion, in a murine model, salmon fish bone nanoparticles present higher calcium bioavailability than salmon fish bone microparticles, and both, in turn, have better bioavailability than calcium carbonate.

Application of CO2-Laser Micro-Perforation Technology to Freeze-Drying Whole Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.): Effect on Primary Drying Time and Fruit Quality.

Freeze-drying (FD) processing preserves foods by combining the most effective traditional technologies. FD conserves the structure, shape, freshness, nutritional/bioactive value, color, and aroma at levels similar to or better than those of refrigerated and frozen foods while delivering the shelf-stable convenience of canned/hot-air-dehydrated foods. The mass transfer rate is the essential factor that can slow down the FD process, resulting in an excessive primary drying time and high energy consumption. The objective of this study was to reduce the FD processing time using CO2 laser technology to improve product competitiveness in the preservation of whole strawberries. The research process consisted of the selection and characterization of fresh strawberries, followed by preparation, pre-treatment, freeze-drying, a primary drying time assessment, and a quality comparison. Experiments were carried out using strawberries without micro-perforation and with five and eight micro-perforations. Quality parameters were determined for fresh, frozen/thawed, and freeze-dried/rehydrated strawberries. It was found that the primary drying time can be significantly reduced by 20% (95% CI) from 26.7 h for non-perforated fruits to 22.3 h when five micro-perforations are made on each strawberry. The quality parameters used to evaluate the strawberries did not show significant differences when comparing frozen/thawed fruits with freeze-dried/rehydrated fruits. The experiments conducted in this study showed that freeze-drying may efficiently compete with freezing technology when processing whole strawberries.

Trends on deaths from acute pesticide poisoning in Mexico, 2000-2021.

OBJETIVE: To provide a comprehensive analysis of mortality trends from acute pesticide poisoning in Mexico from 2000 through 2021. METHODS: The governmental records of deaths from acute pesticide poisoning were used. The age-standardized years of life lost and aged-standardized mortality rates were estimated. Significant changes in trends of annual percentage change were identified using Joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2021, mortality was primarily observed in individuals aged 15 to 19 years. Males were the most affected. Self-inflicted pesticide poisoning was the primary registered reason for death. The age-standardized mortality rate from acute pesticide poisoning was reduced from 2012 to 2021 (APC: -4.4; p=0.003). CONCLUSION: This report is the first study about the mortality rate from acute pesticide poisoning in Mexico. The results provided evidence to consider in developing laws to prevent acute pesticide poisoning.

Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys.

BACKGROUND: This is an updated version of a Cochrane Review first published in 2014. Phimosis is a condition in which the prepuce (foreskin) cannot be fully retracted past the head of the penis (glans). Phimosis is often treated surgically by circumcision or prepuce plasty; however, reports of non-invasive treatment using topical corticosteroids applied for four to eight weeks have suggested favorable outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of topical corticosteroids applied to the stenotic portion of the prepuce for the treatment of phimosis in boys compared with placebo or no treatment. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, and ClinicalTrial.gov. We checked reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews for additional studies. There were no restrictions on the language of publication. The date of the last search was 4 October 2023. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the use of any topical corticosteroid with placebo or no treatment for boys with any type or degree of phimosis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently selected studies, extracted data related to the review's primary and secondary outcomes, and assessed the studies' risk of bias. We used the random-effects model for statistical analyses and expressed dichotomous outcomes as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We contacted the authors of the primary articles to request details of the study design and specific outcome data. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence on a per-outcome basis. MAIN RESULTS: In this update, we identified two new studies with 111 participants, bringing the total number of included studies to 14 (1459 randomized participants). We found that types of corticosteroids investigated, participant age, degree of phimosis, type of phimosis, and treatment duration varied considerably among studies. Compared with placebo or no treatment, topical corticosteroids may increase the complete resolution of phimosis after four to eight weeks of treatment (RR 2.73, 95% CI 1.79 to 4.16; I² = 72%; 10 trials, 834 participants; low-certainty evidence). Based on 252 complete resolutions per 1000 boys in the control group, this corresponds to 436 more complete resolutions per 1000 boys (95% CI 199 more to 796 more). We downgraded the certainty of the evidence by one level for serious study limitations and by one level for serious inconsistency. Topical corticosteroids may also increase the partial resolution of phimosis at four to eight weeks of treatment compared with placebo or no treatment (RR 1.68, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.40; I² = 44%; 7 trials, 745 participants; low-certainty evidence). Based on 297 partial resolutions per 1000 boys in the control group, this corresponds to 202 more partial resolutions per 1000 boys (95% CI 50 more to 416 more). We downgraded the certainty of the evidence by one level for serious study limitations and by one level for serious inconsistency. We are uncertain of the effect of topical corticosteroids compared to placebo on change in retractability score (standardized mean difference [SMD] -1.48, 95% CI -2.93 to -0.03; I²91%; 2 trials, 177 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We downgraded the certainty of the evidence by one level for serious study limitations, one level for serious heterogeneity, and one level for serious imprecision. Compared with placebo, topical corticosteroids may increase the long-term complete resolution of phimosis six or more months after treatment (RR 4.09, 95% CI 2.80 to 5.97; I² = 0%; 2 trials, 280 participants; low-certainty evidence). Based on 171 long-term complete resolutions per 1000 boys in the control group, this corresponds to 528 more complete resolutions per 1000 boys (95% CI 308 more to 850 more). We downgraded the certainty of the evidence by one level for serious study limitations and by one level for serious imprecision. There may be little or no difference in the risk of adverse effects between topical corticosteroids and placebo or no treatment (RR 0.28, 95% CI 0.03 to 2.62; I² = 22%; 11 trials, 1091 participants; low-certainty evidence). Only two of 11 studies that recorded adverse effects reported any adverse effects; one event occurred in the corticosteroid group and six in the control group. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence by one level for serious study limitations and by one level for serious imprecision. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Topical corticosteroids, compared to placebo or no treatment, may increase complete and partial resolution of phimosis when assessed after four to eight weeks of treatment, and may increase long-term complete resolution of phimosis assessed six or more months after treatment. Topical corticosteroids may have few or no adverse effects, and we are uncertain about their effect on retractability scores. The body of evidence is limited by poor reporting of methods in the studies, important clinical heterogeneity, and serious imprecision in the results. Future, higher-quality trials with long-term follow-up would likely improve our understanding of the effects of topical corticoids on phimosis in boys.

Trends on deaths from acute pesticide poisoning in Mexico, 2000-2021 / Tendências das mortes por intoxicação aguda por pesticidas no México, 2000-2021

ABSTRACT Objetive: To provide a comprehensive analysis of mortality trends from acute pesticide poisoning in Mexico from 2000 through 2021. Methods: The governmental records of deaths from acute pesticide poisoning were used. The age-standardized years of life lost and aged-standardized mortality rates were estimated. Significant changes in trends of annual percentage change were identified using Joinpoint regression. Results: Between 2000 and 2021, mortality was primarily observed in individuals aged 15 to 19 years. Males were the most affected. Self-inflicted pesticide poisoning was the primary registered reason for death. The age-standardized mortality rate from acute pesticide poisoning was reduced from 2012 to 2021 (APC: -4.4; p=0.003). Conclusion: This report is the first study about the mortality rate from acute pesticide poisoning in Mexico. The results provided evidence to consider in developing laws to prevent acute pesticide poisoning.

RESUMO Objetivo: Fornecer uma análise abrangente das tendências de mortalidade por envenenamento agudo por pesticidas no México de 2000 a 2021. Métodos: Foram usados os registros governamentais de mortes por envenenamento agudo por pesticidas. Foram estimados os anos de vida perdidos estandardizados por idade e as taxas de mortalidade estandardizados por idade. Modificações significativas nas tendências de variação percentual anual foram identificadas usando a regressão Joinpoint. Resultados: Entre 2000 e 2021, a mortalidade foi observada principalmente em indivíduos na faixa etária de 15 a 19 anos. Os homens foram os mais afetados. O envenenamento por pesticida autoinfligido foi o principal motivo de morte registrado. A taxa de mortalidade estandardizada por idade por intoxicação aguda por pesticidas foi reduzida de 2012 a 2021 (Annual Percent Change — APC: -4,4; p=0,003). Conclusão: Este relatório é o primeiro estudo sobre a taxa de mortalidade por intoxicação aguda por pesticidas no México. Os resultados forneceram evidências a serem consideradas no desenvolvimento de leis para prevenir o envenenamento agudo por pesticidas.

Fractional Factorial Design to Evaluate the Synthesis and Electrochemical Transfer Parameters of h-BN Coatings.

In this study, we present a fractional factorial design approach for exploring the effects and interactions of key synthesis and electrochemical transfer parameters on the roughness and wettability of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) coatings, due to their essential role in biofilm formation. The studied parameters for the synthesis process include precursor mass, growth time, and substrate conditioning, whereas for the transfer process, applied voltage and aqueous medium concentration were studied. Through this polynomial model, we confirmed the strong influence of precursor mass and medium concentration parameters on h-BN surface roughness and its resulting antibiofilm properties.

Effect of Analgesic Low-Dose Ketamine Infusions on the Cardiovascular Response: A Retrospective Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Low-dose ketamine infusion (LDKI) has shown effectiveness for treating acute pain associated with surgical and nonsurgical (traumatic, neuropathic, and acute cancer-related) origin as an adjuvant to opioids. The increasing use of LDKI as an opioid-sparing agent in multimodal analgesia requires a better understanding of its effects on the cardiovascular response, a known dose-dependent side effect of ketamine administration. We investigated the cardiovascular response of acute pain patients treated with LDKI. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of LDKI in hemodynamic variables (blood pressure [BP] and heart rate [HR]) during LDKI analgesia for up to 48 hours of treatment in an acute pain setting. Secondary objectives were to evaluate psychomimetic effects. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective unicentric cohort design. SETTING: The study was conducted at an academic university hospital. METHODS: We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort analysis of adult patients who underwent LDKI to treat surgical and nonsurgical acute pain. We obtained data from the Hospital San Vicente Fundación Health Documentation System database and evaluated the medical records of 318 patients with surgical and nonsurgical pain. Patients received a 0.1 mg/kg/h ketamine infusion as part of a multimodal analgesic plan. Baseline systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and HR values were compared with those measured after 24 and 48 hours of treatment. Pain level and psychomimetic effects were measured at 24 and 48 hours. Cardiovascular complications and treatment duration were also recorded. Patients with a history of psychiatric, cardiovascular, or cognitive disease were excluded from the study. This study was registered in the clinicaltrials.gov database (identifier: NCT03979105). RESULTS: No statistical differences in SBP, DBP, MAP, or HR were observed when baseline and post-LDKI treatment values were compared (P < 0.05). When comparing hemodynamic variables after exposure to LDKI in patients with and without hypertension, we did not observe statistically significant differences in mean HR, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, or MAP values at 24 and 48 hours. The frequency of severe pain was reduced from 72% on day 0 to 4.4% on day 1 and 6.2% on day 2 post-LDKI. Observed psychomimetic effects were confusion 4.39%, hallucinations 2.51%, and nightmares 1.25%. No major cardiovascular events were observed. LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by its retrospective design, the lack of a comparative matching cohort, and the good general condition of the majority of patients included in the study. CONCLUSIONS: LDKI (0.1 mg/kg/h) was not associated with significant changes in baseline BP or HR. Our results suggest that as an adjuvant in multimodal analgesia for surgical and nonsurgical acute pain, LDKI has a low impact on the cardiovascular response. KEY WORDS: Ketamine, adverse effects, tachycardia, hypertension, postoperative pain, chronic postsurgical pain.

Effect of CO2 Laser Microperforation Pretreatment on the Dehydration of Apple Slices during Refractive Window Drying.

This research studied the use of CO2 LASER microperforation as a pretreatment for the refractive window (RW) drying of apple slices with respect to total polyphenol content (TPC), antioxidant capacity, color ΔE, and product stability under accelerated storage. For this purpose, the processing variables assessed were pore size (200-600 µm), pore density (9-25 pores/cm2), and drying temperature (70-90 °C). As baseline criteria, a comparison with respect to the control without microperforations and samples subjected to conventional tunnel and lyophilization were also considered. The increase in the pore size from 200 to 600 µm resulted in shorter drying times (≤40 min), minimal change in color (ΔE) and loss of TPC, while DPPH was negatively affected by the combined effect of the pore density and the drying temperature. In general, the use of RW with CO2 resulted in apples of higher quality than those obtained in conventional drying and comparable to those obtained through the use of freeze-drying. Finally, during accelerated storage, quality attributes decreased significantly for samples dried at 90 °C regardless of whether microperforations were used, suggesting that a compromise between drying temperature and pore size must be weighed to reduce processing time and to avoid further quality losses during storage.

Effect of Plasma Argon Pretreatment on the Surface Properties of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy.

Climate change has evidenced the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, and so for transport applications, lighter weight alloys have been studied, such as magnesium alloys. However, they are susceptible to corrosion; therefore, surface treatments have been extensively studied. In this work, the influence of argon plasma pretreatment on the surface properties of an AZ31 magnesium alloy focus on the enhancement of the reactivity of the surface, which was examined by surface analysis techniques, electrochemical techniques, and gravimetric measurements. The samples were polished and exposed to argon plasma for two minutes in order to activate the surface. Contact angle measurements revealed higher surface energy after applying the pretreatment, and atomic force microscopy showed a roughness increase, while X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed a chemical change on the surface, where after pretreatment the oxygen species increased. Electrochemical measurements showed that surface pretreatment does not affect the corrosion mechanism of the alloy, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals an increase in the original thickness of the surface film. This increase is likely associated with the high reactivity that the plasma pretreatment confers to the surface of the AZ31 alloy, affecting the extent of oxide formation and, consequently, the increase in its protection capacity. The weight loss measurements support the effect of the plasma pretreatment on the oxide thickness since the corrosion rate of the pretreated AZ31 specimens was lower than that of those that did not receive the surface pretreatment.

Children's Mental Health: Discrepancy between Child Self-Reporting and Parental Reporting.

(1) Background: Discrepancies between children's self-reports and their parents' reports on mental health indicators are associated with measurement errors or informant bias. However, they are a valuable tool in understanding the course of child psychopathology. This study aims to determine the level of discrepancies between parents' perceptions and children's self-reports in mental health indicators in Northern Chile. (2) Methods: A System of Evaluation of Children and Adolescents self-report (Sistema de Evaluación de Niños y Adolescentes, SENA) was responded to by 408 students between 8 and 13 years old and their parents. (3) Results: Children reported a significantly higher frequency of emotional problems, defiant behavior, and executive functions as compared to their parents' responses. (4) Conclusions: There is a disjunction between the report of parents and children, which could originate in poor family communication.

The degradation of performance of a state-of-the-art skin image classifier when applied to patient-driven internet search.

Model Dermatology ( https://modelderm.com ; Build2021) is a publicly testable neural network that can classify 184 skin disorders. We aimed to investigate whether our algorithm can classify clinical images of an Internet community along with tertiary care center datasets. Consecutive images from an Internet skin cancer community ('RD' dataset, 1,282 images posted between 25 January 2020 to 30 July 2021; https://reddit.com/r/melanoma ) were analyzed retrospectively, along with hospital datasets (Edinburgh dataset, 1,300 images; SNU dataset, 2,101 images; TeleDerm dataset, 340 consecutive images). The algorithm's performance was equivalent to that of dermatologists in the curated clinical datasets (Edinburgh and SNU datasets). However, its performance deteriorated in the RD and TeleDerm datasets because of insufficient image quality and the presence of out-of-distribution disorders, respectively. For the RD dataset, the algorithm's Top-1/3 accuracy (39.2%/67.2%) and AUC (0.800) were equivalent to that of general physicians (36.8%/52.9%). It was more accurate than that of the laypersons using random Internet searches (19.2%/24.4%). The Top-1/3 accuracy was affected by inadequate image quality (adequate = 43.2%/71.3% versus inadequate = 32.9%/60.8%), whereas participant performance did not deteriorate (adequate = 35.8%/52.7% vs. inadequate = 38.4%/53.3%). In this report, the algorithm performance was significantly affected by the change of the intended settings, which implies that AI algorithms at dermatologist-level, in-distribution setting, may not be able to show the same level of performance in with out-of-distribution settings.

Effects of exposure to environmental pollutants on mitochondrial DNA copy number: a meta-analysis.

Exposure to environmental pollutants has been associated with alteration on relative levels of mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn). However, the results obtained from epidemiological studies are inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether environmental pollutant exposure can modify the relative levels of mtDNAcn in humans. We performed a literature search using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. We selected and reviewed original articles performed in humans that analyzed the relationship between environmental pollutant exposure and the relative levels of mtDNAcn; the selection of the included studies was based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Only twenty-two studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria. A total of 6011 study participants were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. We grouped the included studies into four main categories according to the type of environmental pollutant: (1) heavy metals, (2) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), (3) particulate matter (PM), and (4) cigarette smoking. Inconclusive results were observed in all categories; the pooled analysis shows a marginal increase of relative levels of mtDNAcn in response to environmental pollutant exposure. The trial sequential analysis and rate confidence in body evidence showed the need to perform new studies. Therefore, a large-scale cohort and mechanistic studies in this area are required to probe the possible use of relative levels of mtDNAcn as biomarkers linked to environmental pollution exposure.

Internalizing Problems and Resilience in Primary School Students in Low and High Socioeconomic Vulnerability Establishments in Chile.

BACKGROUND: The processes involved in this study were 2-fold. First, we analyzed the levels of resilience and internalized problems (defined as group of emotional symptoms) in children aged 9 to 12 years. Second, we examined whether the relationship between them varies according to the low or high vulnerability of school communities. METHODS: About 1460 students from schools in northern Chile participated. A total of 52.6% were girls, and 47.4% were boys. The scales of internalizing problems of the System of Evaluation of Children and Adolescents (SENA) and the short scale of resilience (CYRM-12) were applied. Correlations in each group and differences between groups were analyzed using a MANOVA. A 2-level path analysis was also performed. RESULTS: Resilience was higher in the context of low vulnerability while depression, social anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptomatology were greater in the context of high vulnerability. A 2-level path analysis showed that the slope of gender, anxiety, and depression symptomatology varies between schools and an interaction effect between vulnerability and anxiety symptomatology. CONCLUSION: There are differences in the relationship between internalized problems and resilience according to whether the students belong to low or high vulnerability establishments. This study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between internalizing problems and resilience.

Efficacy and Safety of Heterologous Booster Vaccination after Ad5-nCoV (CanSino Biologics) Vaccine: A Preliminary Descriptive Study.

Several studies have reported the benefits and safety of heterologous vaccination among different approved vaccines; however, there are no specific reports on the effects of vaccination with the Ad5-nCoV and other vaccines of the same or different technologies. In the present study, we evaluated the neutralizing antibodies percentage against SARS-CoV-2 in Mexican patients immunized with the Ad5-nCoV vaccine six months after its application. Moreover, the effect of the heterologous vaccination with the Ad5-nCoV vaccine and a booster dose of ChAdOx1-S-Nov-19, Ad26.COV2.S, BNT162b2, or mRNA-127 were determined. Our results suggest that a heterologous regimen of one dose with Ad5-nCoV vaccine followed by a booster dose of a different vaccine is safe and induces a stronger humoral immune response.

Conductas y escenarios de riesgo en la adolescencia: voces de adolescentes y sus padres en la ciudad de Medellín / Risk behaviors and scenarios in adolescence. Voices of adolescents and their parents in Medellín city

Objetivo: describir las conductas y los escenarios de riesgo que adolescentes y sus padres relatan de sus experiencias cotidianas. Metodología: se realizó una investigación cualitativa con enfoque fenomenológico hermenéutico que posibilitó acceder a los relatos de los participantes a través de siete entrevistas semiestructuradas con adolescentes y siete con padres. Los resultados muestran relatos sobre el riesgo en torno a la sexualidad y el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en escenarios donde se relacionan con otros. Como conclusión se encuentra que hay una delgada línea entre la exploración y la práctica de riesgo y que los adolescentes, sujetos con capacidad de conciencia, pueden vivir las experiencias como una u otra de acuerdo con la presencia y el uso de los recursos con los que cuentan.

The objetive of this article is to describe the behaviors and risk scenarios that adolescents and their parents tell about their daily experiences. A qualitative research with a hermeneutical phenomenological approach was carried out that made it possible to access the participants' stories through seven semi-structured interviews with adolescents and other seven semi-structured interviews with their parents. The results show reports about the risk around sexuality and the consumption of psychoactive substances in contexts where they interact with people. As a conclusion, it is found that there is a little line between the exploration and the risk practice and the adolescents, subjects with the capacity for conscience, can live experiences as exploration or risk according to the presence and use of the resources they have

Assessing the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Salmon Frame Proteins through Different By-Product/Water Ratios and pH Regimes.

The enzymatic hydrolysis of fish by-product proteins is traditionally carried out by mixing ground by-products with water. In addition, pH control is used to avoid pH drops. Higher costs are involved due to the use of pH control systems and the consequent energy cost in the drying stage. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of these conditions on the hydrolysis of salmon frame (SF) proteins, including the SF hydrolysis without added water. SF hydrolysis by subtilisin at 50, 75, and 100% SF under different pH regimes were evaluated by released α-amino (α-NH) groups, total nitrogen, degree of hydrolysis, and estimated peptide chain length (PCL) at 55 °C. The concentration of released α-NH groups was higher in the conditions with less added water. However, the nitrogen recovery decreased from 50 to 24% at 50 and 100% SF, respectively. Changing the SF/water ratio had a more significant effect than changing the pH regime. Estimated PCL changed from 5-7 to 7-9 at 50 and 100% SF, respectively. The operating conditions affected the hydrolysis performance and the molecular characteristics of the hydrolysate.

Avocado Oil Prevents Kidney Injury and Normalizes Renal Vasodilation after Adrenergic Stimulation in Hypertensive Rats: Probable Role of Improvement in Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress.

Hypertension impairs the function of the kidney and its vasculature. Adrenergic activation is involved in these processes by promoting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, the targeting of mitochondrial function and mitochondrial oxidative stress may be an approach to alleviate hypertensive kidney damage. Avocado oil, a source of oleic acid and antioxidants, improves mitochondrial dysfunction, decreases mitochondrial oxidative stress, and enhances vascular function in hypertensive rats. However, whether avocado oil improves the function of renal vasculature during the adrenergic stimulation, and if this is related to improvement in renal damage and enhancement of mitochondrial activity is unknown. Thus, the effects of avocado oil on renal vascular responses to adrenergic stimulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and renal damage were compared with prazosin, an antagonist of α1-adrenoceptors, in hypertensive rats induced by L-NAME. Avocado oil or prazosin decreased blood pressure, improved endothelium-dependent renal vasodilation, prevented mitochondrial dysfunction and kidney damage in hypertensive rats. However, avocado oil, but not prazosin, decreased mitochondrial ROS generation and improved the redox state of mitochondrial glutathione. These results suggest that avocado oil and prazosin prevented hypertensive renal damage due to the improvement in mitochondrial function.

Variable Retort Temperature Profiles (VRTPs) and Retortable Pouches as Tools to Minimize Furan Formation in Thermally Processed Food.

Furan and its derivates are present in a wide range of thermally processed foods and are of significant concern in jarred baby and toddler foods. Furan formation is attributed to chemical reactions between a variety of precursors and a high processing temperature. Also, some kinetic models to represent its formation in different food materials have been studied and could predict the furan formation under simulated operating conditions. Therefore, this review aims to analyze and visualize how thermally processed foods might be improved based on optimal control of processing temperature and package design (e.g., retort pouches) to diminish furan formation and maximize quality retention. Many strategies have been studied and applied to reduce furan levels. However, an interesting approach that has not been explored is the thermal process design based on optimum variable retort temperature profiles (VRTPs) and the use of retortable pouches considering the microstructural changes of food along the process. The target of process optimization would be developed by minimizing the microstructural damage of the food product. It could be possible to reduce the furan level and simultaneously preserve the nutritional value through process optimization.