Thymic hyperplasia is accurate to detect new-onset Graves' hyperthyroidism and resolves after restoring euthyroidism.

PURPOSE: Abnormal liver blood tests (ALBTs), neutropenia (NEU) and thymic hyperplasia (TH) are new features of Graves' disease (GD). Our objectives were: (a) to calculate the accuracy of TH in discriminating between Graves' and non-Graves' thyrotoxicosis, compared to ALBTs, NEU and Graves' orbitopathy (GO); (b) to explore the outcome of GD-associated TH and non-GD-associated TH. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed consecutive adult patients with newly diagnosed thyrotoxicosis from January 2018 to June 2023. TH was detected via neck ultrasound (nUS) then confirmed and followed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For GD vs non-GD clinical sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SPEC), accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of GO, TH, ALBTs and NEU were calculated. RESULTS: 264 thyrotoxic patients were included. TH was found in 16.4% (20/122) of GD vs 1.4% (2/142) in non-GD (p < 0.001). SE, SPEC, accuracy, PPV and NPV of the four extrathyroidal manifestations of GD were as follows, respectively: GO 26%, 100%, 66%, 100%, 61%; ALBTs 41%, 89%, 69%, 76%, 66%; NEU 5%, 100%, 56%, 100%, 55%; TH 16%, 98%, 61%, 91%, 98%. In 18 of them, TH regressed within 12 months after achieving euthyroidism under anti-thyroid drug therapy, while in the remaining 2, TH regressed 6 months after thyroid surgery. In the two non-GD patients with TH, thymus disappeared along with euthyroidism. CONCLUSIONS: TH in the hyperthyroidism scenario provides a high PPV for GD. A conservative approach for the diagnostic work-up and initial management of thyrotoxicosis-associated TH should be adopted.

Perspectives of nuclear diagnostic imaging in diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a ventricular dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease, valvular or hypertensive heart disease. The mechanisms underlying diabetic cardiomyopathy may involve metabolic disturbances, myocardial fibrosis, small vessel disease, microcirculation abnormalities, cardiac autonomic neuropathy and insulin resistance. Diagnostic problems emerge because no specific disease pattern characterizes the disease and because there may be coexistence in diabetes of coronary artery disease and hypertension as independent but compounding causes of biochemical, anatomical and functional alterations impairing cardiac function. In this paper we will review the role of nuclear imaging today, concentrating on the diagnostic capabilities of radionuclide ventriculography, to study the effect of insulin resistance and, more extensively, gated-single photon emission computed tomography with Tc-99m labelled agents. A broad analysis will be dedicated to: 1) positron emission tomography using perfusion agents, with the potential to quantify resting and stress blood flow and coronary flow reserve; 2) radionuclide procedures evaluating aerobic and anaerobic cardiac metabolism; and 3) cardiac neurotransmission imaging, studying the autonomic neuropathy.

[Current trend in the diagnosis and treatment of primary non refluxing megaureter]. / Orientamenti attuali nella diagnosi e nel trattamento del megauretere primitivo non refluente.

BACKGROUND: The terms megaureter or hydroureteronephrosis are non-specific because indicate various pathologic entities recognise different causes (obstruction, reflux, obstruction-reflux, primary and secondary). An undeveloped renal function in neonatal period makes more difficult the therapeutic approach. Actually the problem is to find the indicators that consent us the individualization of patients more suitable for nonoperative management. METHODS: From 1996 to 2002, we observed 60 patients with 74 megaureters. In 24 cases the diagnosis was antenatal, 6 cases were diagnosed immediately after birth, 13 in the first year of life and 17 after the first year (2y-10y). Patients were classified in two groups based on age; 43 cases diagnosed in the first year of life and 17 after. Both of them were classified in two further groups based on ureteral size and renal function, scintigraphically evaluated. RESULTS: In the first group (A) ureters with 10 mm of dilatation improved in 38.9% of the cases. Were stationary 50% and impaired 11,1% of them. Ureters with dilatation between 7 and 10 mm improved in 24%, were stationary in 72% and impaired in in 4% of the cases. Ureters with less than 7mm dilatation improved in 35.2% and were stationary in 64.8%. In the group A renal scintigraphy MAG3 demonstrated, in the patients with acceptable renal function and washout, an improvement in 65% of the cases. Was stationary in 30% and impaired in 10%. CONCLUSIONS: The grade of dilatation evaluated with ultrasonographic exam and the study of renal function with diuresis renal scintigraphy using Tc-99m MAG3 and washout grade with diuresis renal scintigraphy are remarkable markers for the treatment choice.

The present and future role of (111)In pentetreotide in the PET era.

Today, positron emission tomography (PET) using F-18 Fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) is, when available, the most important nuclear medicine procedure applied to oncology. Nevertheless, 2 main reasons for the clinical use of somatostatin analogues labeled with single photon emitting radionuclides are: a) the low accuracy of PET-FDG in neuroendocrine tumors (NET); b) the expression of somatostatin receptors (sstr) in most cells deriving from so-called neuroendocrine dispersed cells. The latter forms the premise for the use of radiolabeled somatostatin analogues, and (111)In pentetreotide (Octreo-scan) in particular, in the diagnosis of NET and other pathological conditions, including some benign diseases. Alongside diagnosis, staging and follow-up of NET, somatostatin analogues, whether radiolabeled or not, can have a role in evaluating prognosis and predicting therapeutic efficacy in cancer patients. Interesting indications have emerged with radioguided surgery and in diagnosing the activity of disease in patients with Graves' disease (exophthalmos), sarcoidosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The pathophysiological premises to imaging, starting from an analysis of cells expressing sstr, binding affinity of octreotide for sstr, in vivo uptake of Octreoscan in lesions expressing or not sstr are discussed, as is the possible role of quantitative receptor scintigraphy in improving diagnostic accuracy based on tumor expression of sstr.

Nuclear medicine in emergency.

The role of a procedure depends not only on its own capabilities but also on a cost/effective comparison with alternative techniques giving similar information. Starting from the definition of emergency as a sudden unexpected occurrence demanding immediate action, the role of nuclear medicine (NM) is difficult to identify if it is not possible to respond 24 h a day, 365 days a year, to clinical demands. To justify a 24 h NM service it is necessary to reaffirm the role in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in the spiral CT era, to spread knowledge of the capabilities of nuclear cardiology in reliably diagnosing myocardial infarction (better defining admission and discharge to/from the emergency department), to increase the number of indications. Radionuclide techniques could be used as first line, alternative, complementary procedures in a diagnostic tree taking into account not only the diagnosis but also the connections with prognosis and therapy in evaluating cerebral pathologies, acute inflammation/infection, transplants, bleeding, trauma, skeletal, hepatobiliary, renal and endocrine emergencies, acute scrotal pain.

Nuclear medicine in diagnosis, staging and follow-up of thyroid cancer.

Diagnostic strategy in thyroid cancer is conditioned by epidemiological, pathophysiological, cost-effective issues changing with age and countries. Nuclear medicine has a role mainly in differentiated carcinomas, i.e. in the large majority of thyroid cancers. In diagnosis of thyroid nodule (99m)Tc-perthecnetate is indicated in patients with low TSH levels, multinodular goiter, solid nodules at US negative at FNA. Radiolabeled somatostatin analogs or Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) can be used in suspicion of medullary carcinoma. There is no role in staging. WBS with 131I has a role after surgical resection of the thyroid gland and it is no more suggested before ablative therapy, because of the possible stunning effect. In the follow-up thyroglobulin (Tg) test is mandatory both after therapy withdrawal or after rhTSH administration. Some authors already suggest to use this test alone, as 1st step, in patients with differentiated carcinoma at low risk of recurrence, but this approach is not yet generally accepted and it has not yet been validated in tumors at intermediate/high risk. WBS with 131I is ever indicated when autoantibodies can affect reliability of Tg values and in presence of high Tg levels to better define a radiometabolic therapy. In case of negative WBS, PET-FDG can be proposed. In WBS, 123I can be an alternative to 131I, but it is not yet generally accepted mainly because of its higher costs. The clinical use of rhTSH to increase accuracy both of Tg and WBS can be already accepted in patients at high risk following hypothyroidism, with a worst prognosis or a low pituitary response.

Renal size and function in patients with neuropathic bladder due to myelomeningocele: the role of growth hormone.

PURPOSE: Patients with spina bifida have smaller kidneys than healthy individuals. We evaluated the correlation between small size and decreased renal function, and the possible role of growth hormone deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 54 patients (mean age 11.5 years, median 11, standard deviation +/- 4.52) were healthy except for neuropathic bladder due to spina bifida. Renal function was evaluated with mercaptoacetyltriglycine renal scintigraphy and creatinine clearance. Renal anatomy was evaluated with renal ultrasound and voiding cystourethrography. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels were measured in all patients with immunoradiometric assay. Renal measurements in our patients were compared using the Sutherland nomogram. RESULTS: A total of 22 patients (41%) had smaller kidneys than normal subjects and 31 appeared to have creatinine clearance values lower than 120 ml per minute per 1.73 m2. The statistical comparison between kidney size and creatinine clearance was significant (p <0.05, r = 0.381). Scintigraphic data showed total effective renal plasma flow less than 568 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 body surface area (normal mean value for age). Comparison between effective renal plasma flow and creatinine clearance was significant (p <0.05, r = 0.31). Serum levels of IGF-1 were normal for age in all patients (mean 332.06 ng/ml, median 303.4, range 39.4 to 732.3). CONCLUSIONS: The kidneys are smaller in patients with spina bifida than in healthy subjects when compared using the Sutherland nomogram. There is a significant correlation between smaller renal length and decreased renal function in all patients, even in those who are healthy except for neurogenic bladder secondary to spina bifida. IGF-1 levels were normal for age, and, therefore, these patients had no growth hormone deficiency. These findings call into question the hypothesis that growth hormone deficiency contributes to smaller kidney size. Other hypotheses can be suggested, such as a defect of embryological growth secondary to malformation, or the result of a defect in homocysteine-methionine metabolism.

[Modulation of the axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer]. / La modulazione della dissezione linfonodale dell'ascella nel carcinoma mammario. Nostra esperienza.

UNLABELLED: Several studies showed the reliability of the sentinel lymph node (SN) technique in the evaluation of the N parameter in breast cancer so much to induce surgeons to limit the axillary dissection to the biopsy of the SN alone (SNB) in case this is negative to the extemporaneous examination. After a period of focusing on the identification technique, biopsy and histological examination of the SN (October 97-January 98) always followed by a complete dissection of the three axillary node levels (ALND), we started a study to evaluate the reliability of a limited dissection of the 1st level of the axilla (FLND) in women with T < 3 cm, N0-1a, M0, that did not undergo any neoadjuvant treatment and in which the SN resulted free from metastases. We started this phase of the study in February 1998 till May 2001. In the present paper we show the results related to this period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 256 women with T < 3 cm, N0-1a, M0. In 49 cases we used vital dye, in 23 dye + radioguided surgery (RGS) and in 184 RGS only. The extemporaneous histological examination of the SN has been performed with thin sections, dyed with EE. When SN was negative to the intraoperative examination, we limited the dissection to the 1st level of the axilla, except that in 3 patients, with SN located to the 2nd level, in which we did an ALND. The FLND has been performed in 17 cases with a minimally invasive technique. The definitive histological examination of the SN always included the immunohistochemistry. If the SN was positive, usually underestimated to the intraoperative examination, the patients had an adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: In 203/207 patients (98.1%) SN was found to the pre-operative lymphoscintigraphy. During surgery the SN was identified in 46/49 (94%) using the vital dye, in 22/23 (96%) using the vital dye + RGS and in 176/179 (98.3%) using RGS. To the extemporaneous histological examination SN was negative in 140, metastatic in 101; to the histological definitive results of the SN we noticed 6 false negative, since others lymph nodes than SN were positive (4 cases) or for evidence of micrometastases at the immunohistochemistry which were not detected at the extemporaneous examination (2 cases). On 107 cases of N+ the SN was the only metastatic lymph node in 42 (39.3%). The false negative percentage was 5.6% and the diagnostic accuracy of the SNB was 97.5%. In the group treated with FLND we only noticed two cases of light lymphedema (1.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results are in concordance with the international literature and they induced us, from June 2001, to begin a new phase of the study in which we limit the dissection of the axilla to the SN only, if not metastatic, in women with T1 breast carcinoma.

[Immunological imaging using tagged octreotide]. / Imaging immunologico con octreotide marcato.

The diagnostic use of radiolabeled octreotide has shown that somatostatin receptor scintigraphy can be successfully used in various neoplasms with a strictly neuroendocrine derivation, because of a good correlation between in vitro receptor expression and in vivo uptake. Moreover, 111In-Octreotide uptake has been demonstrated in various pathologies owing to the receptorial expression on cell elements such as lymphocytes, fibroblasts and endothelium. Although main diagnostic role is in neuroendocrine tumours, octreotide can be also used to obtain an immunological imaging in other fields. The presence of type 2 receptors on activated lymphocytes has stimulated the use of somatostatin in both the treatment and diagnosis of disease activity in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Somatostatin analogs have been successfully used for the treatment and imaging of various tumours of thymic origin. Our research group has evaluated the possible clinical role of octreotide scintigraphy in paediatric patients with thymic hyperplasia after chemotherapy for lymphoma. Even if not routinely applicable, these approaches offer interesting diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic prospects.

[Role of somatostatin analogs in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumours]. / Ruolo degli analoghi della somatostatina nella teapia dei tumori neuroendocrini.

Current therapeutic approaches in neuroendocrine tumours include surgery, radiotherapy and polychemotherapy. Different metabolic patterns of neuroendocrine tumours allow the use of a wide range of diagnostic options in nuclear medicine, due to the presence of a wide spectrum of radiotracers electively concentrating in these neoplasms. Nuclear medicine, and in particular 111In Octreotide (OCT) scintigraphy, 123I Methaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) and pentavalent 99mTc-DMSA (V-DMSA), together with biohumoral markers, are currently able to locate tumours also not detectable using traditional diagnostic techniques. Somatostatin analogs, such as octreotide have become increasingly important over the years in the treatment of patients with neuroendocrine tumours. At present the therapeutic use of somatostatin analogs can be schematised as 1) pharmacological treatment (with cold octreotide); 2) surgical treatment (radioguided surgery); 3) radiometabolic treatment (with marked octreotide). The development of new synthetic molecules and new radiocompounds will probably open up interesting scenarios in the near future.

Unilateral vesicoureteric reflux: Low prevalence of contralateral renal damage.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the risk for the occurrence of renal damage in children with vesicoureteric reflux (VUR). STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed the records of 187 consecutive children, aged 3.8 +/- (SD) 2.8 years, with unilateral primary VUR diagnosed after urinary tract infection (UTI). Dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy was performed 4 to 6 months after the last UTI. Three patterns of renal damage were identified: global reduction (GR) of renal radionuclide uptake (20% to 40% of relative uptake), focal defects (FD) in uptake, and shrunken (relative uptake <20%) kidney (SK). We assumed that in these subjects FD indicated postpyelonephritic damage and that GR indicated congenital renal damage. RESULTS: Scintigraphic renal damage of any type was present in 36.9% of the refluxing and in 3.2% of the nonrefluxing kidneys (odds ratio [OR], 17.6; 95% CI, 7.4 to 41.9). FD were present in 15.5% and 2.7% (OR, 6.7; CI, 2.5-17.6), GR in 19% and 0.5% (OR, 44.3; CI, 6.1 to 327.2), and SK in 6.9% and 0%, respectively. Patients with severe VUR showed a higher probability of renal damage than those with nonsevere VUR. CONCLUSIONS: In children with UTI and VUR, the refluxing kidney is most at risk of both congenital and acquired renal damage, and this risk increases with severity of reflux.

Evaluation of cardiac and respiratory involvement in sarcoglycanopathies.

Sarcoglycanopathies constitute a subgroup of limb-girdle recessive muscular dystrophies due to defects in sarcoglycan complex that comprises five distinct transmembrane proteins called alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-and epsilon-sarcoglycans. As it is well known that sarcoglycans are expressed both in heart and in skeletal muscles and a complete deficiency in delta-sarcoglycan is the cause of the Syrian hamster BIO.14 cardiomyopathy, we studied cardiac and respiratory involvement in 20 patients with sarcoglycanopathies by clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, scintigraphic and spirometric assessments. A normal heart function was found in 31.3% of all patients; a preclinical cardiomyopathy in 43.7%; an arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy in 6.3% and initial signs of dilated cardiomyopathy in 18.7%. In one patient the data were examined retrospectively. No correlation was found between cardiac and skeletal muscle involvement. With reference to the type of sarcoglycanopathy, signs of hypoxic myocardial damage occurred in beta-, gamma- and delta-sarcoglycanopathies, while initial signs of a dilated cardiomyopathy in gamma- and delta-sarcoglycanopathies were found. A normal respiratory function was observed in 23.5% of all patients, a mild impairment in 35.4%, a moderate impairment in 29.4%, and a severe impairment in 11.7%.

[Role of radio-guided surgery with 111In-octreotide in the treatment of thoracic neoplasms]. / Ruolo della chirurgia radio-guidata con in-octreotide nel trattamento delle neoplasie toraciche.

The study evaluates the role of radio-guided surgery (RGS) with 111In-octreotide in the treatment of lung neoplasms. RGS with octreotide appears to be useful in surgery, above all during the intraoperative staging of the tumour; it can define with greater precision the extent of the resections extended towards the lung wall and ensure a radical approach in minimal lung resections.

Enhanced detection of vesicoureteric reflux with isotopic cystography.

We compared the accuracy of isotope cystography (IC) and fluoroscopic cystourethrography (FC) in detecting vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) in children. FC and IC were performed in 124 children, 56 boys and 68 girls, aged 1 month to 9.2 years (mean 2.1 years), admitted consecutively for suspected VUR over a 10-month period. VUR was diagnosed by one or both studies in 51 of 124 (41%) patients. The two methods were concordant for the detection of VUR in 84% of kidney-ureter units and in 93% for the detection or exclusion of severe VUR. IC detected VUR more accurately than FC, both when all grades of VUR were considered together (P=0.00001) and when only severe reflux was considered (P=0.004). VUR was missed by FC in 23 of 51 (45%) subjects. Of those 23, 12 had severe VUR detected on one side at least by IC. VUR was missed by IC in 3 subjects. IC is significantly more accurate than FC in the initial diagnosis of VUR, even of severe grade. IC is the method of choice for the first diagnosis of VUR. Boys with VUR diagnosed by IC also need FC to investigate for posterior urethral valves.

Effects of insulin-glucose infusion on left ventricular function at rest and during dynamic exercise in healthy subjects and noninsulin dependent diabetic patients: a radionuclide ventriculographic study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate: 1) the effects of insulin administration on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) during exercise, and 2) the eventual impairment of the cardiovascular response to insulin in noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. BACKGROUND: Insulin influences the cardiovascular system, but its effect on left ventricular function has yet to be established. METHODS: The effects of normal saline (test A) and insulin-glucose (insulin = 1.7 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1); glucose = 6 mg x kg(-1)min(-1)) (test B) infusions on systolic and diastolic functions at rest and during dynamic exercise were examined by radionuclide ventriculography. Twenty-two noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients and 22 gender, age and body mass index matched healthy subjects were investigated. RESULTS: Both groups had normal scintigraphic parameters at rest and during dynamic exercise. Rest- and stress-LVEF as well as rest- and stress-peak filling rate were significantly (p < 0.001) lower in diabetic than in healthy subjects, both in test A and B. Rest-LVEF was significantly higher during test B than it was in test A only in diabetic subjects (p < 0.01). Stress-LVEF was significantly higher (p < 0.05) during test B than it was in test A, in both groups. Insulin-glucose infusion did not modify rest- and stress-peak filling rate in either group. No difference in left ventricular end diastolic volume and in mean blood pressure was found between test A and B at rest and during exercise in either group. A significant linear correlation between LVEF and the index of insulin sensitivity was found in diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In both normal and diabetic humans, insulin induces a very important rise in LVEF after submaximal work. However, the rise is significantly lower in diabetic than in nondiabetic subjects. The increase in exercise-LVEF on insulin is likely due to an enhancement of ventricular contractility. Insulin resistance could justify the lower angioscintigraphic indexes in diabetic subjects.

High incidence of a generally small kidney and primary vesicoureteral reflux.

PURPOSE: We distinguished the scintigraphy pattern of congenital reflux nephropathy from that of acquired scarring in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the frequency and pattern of renal scintigraphy abnormalities in 41 patients with prenatally detected primary vesicoureteral reflux and in 322 with a mean age plus or minus standard deviation of 3.6 + or - 1 years in whom primary reflux was detected after urinary tract infection. Dimercapto-succinic acid scintigraphy was performed 4 to 6 and 1 to 4 months after reflux was diagnosed and/or the infection was cured in patients with urinary tract infection and prenatal detection, respectively. RESULTS: We identified 3 patterns of renal damage, including overall decreased uptake of renal radionuclide that was 20% to 40% of relative uptake, focal defects in uptake and shrunken kidney with relative uptake less than 20%. Scintigraphy revealed renal damage in 12 prenatally detected cases of vesicoureteral reflux, including overall decreased uptake in 58% and shrunken kidney in 42%, and in 111 cases of reflux detected at urinary tract infection, including overall decreased uptake in 50%, uptake focal defects in 37% and shrunken kidney in 13%. In the urinary tract infection group overall decreased uptake was present in 25 of 90 boys and in 40 of 232 girls (p = 0.05). Of these children 15% of the girls had uptake focal defects and 17% had overall decreased uptake. Overall decreased uptake and uptake focal defects were significantly more common in kidney-ureter units with reflux grade 4 or greater than in those with grade 3 or less (p = 0. 00001 and 0.027, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: When assuming that overall decreased radionuclide uptake indicates congenital reflux nephropathy and uptake focal defects indicate postnatal acquired scarring, congenital reflux nephropathy appears to be an important cause of renal damage in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux even beyond the neonatal age and even in girls. This finding is of interest because postnatally acquired scarring may but congenital reflux nephropathy may not be prevented.

Body growth in early diagnosed vesicoureteric reflux.

Body growth was studied in 32 subjects with vesicoureteric reflux (VUR), diagnosed following the prenatal finding of urinary tract dilatation, who had normal renal filtration function and who received antibacterial prophylaxis by the first few days of life. They were followed for 1-5 years (mean 2.3 years). Most had persistent VUR during the 1st year of life. Body growth performance was compared with that of 94 subjects with VUR diagnosed and treated by us after the neonatal period. During the follow-up period, none of the patients with prenatally detected VUR had a height Z score below -2, nor a weight-for-height index below 90%, and 1 had variations in height Z score >/=1. The difference in the percentage of patients with prenatally detected VUR (1/32) and those with VUR diagnosed and treated after the neonatal period (20/94) who had variations in height Z score >/=1 was significant (P=0.035). Patients with prenatally detected VUR and normal renal filtration function, given antibacterial prophylaxis by the first few days of life, have normal body growth, although VUR still persists.

Receptor imaging with 111In-pentreotide and 123I-methoxybenzamide, and inhibition tests with octreotide and bromocriptine of mixed growth hormone/prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors.

We have performed pituitary scintigraphy with 111In-pentreotide (OCT), a somatostatin analogue, and with metoxybenzamide (IBZM) by 123I-IBZM in two patients affected by mixed growth hormone/prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors. Short-term growth hormone (GH) inhibition by a single injection of OCT (100 micrograms s.c.), and short-term prolactin (PRL) inhibition by oral administration of 2.5 mg of bromocriptine (BCR), were also performed in both patients. The first patient, a 26 year old man, showed intense tumor uptake of 123I-IBZM scintigraphy, whereas 111In-OCT scintigraphy showed moderate tumor uptake. Five hours after the BCR inhibition test, a fall of 83% in PRL plasma levels (from 8,336 micrograms/L to 1,417 micrograms/L), and of 91.6% in GH plasma levels (from 39.5 micrograms/L to 3.3 micrograms/L) were observed. OCT inhibition test suppressed GH plasma levels from 36 micrograms/L to 3.5 micrograms/L. The patient was submitted to treatment with BCR and OCT. A dramatic shrinkage of the tumor was seen after six months of therapy. The lesion disappeared one year after the start of therapy. The second patient, a 64 year old man, showed intense uptake at 111In-OCT scintigraphy, while 123I-IBZM uptake was not observed. A test dose of BCR resulted in an acute fall of PRL (from 145 micrograms/L to 118 micrograms/L), but not of GH. A test dose of OCT decreased the GH plasma level from 61 micrograms/L to 4.5 micrograms/L. The patient was submitted to treatment with BCR and OCT that resulted in a computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging decrease of 45% of tumor volume one year after the start of therapy. Our results suggest that both suppression tests with OCT and BCR, and scintigraphic studies in vivo with 123I-IBZM and 111In-OCT can be predictive for the effectiveness of therapies with dopamine agonists and/or SS-analogs in patients with mixed PRL/GH-secreting pituitary tumors. Further studies are required to evaluate the role of suppressive tests in selecting patients for appropriate clinical treatments.

Intraoperative detection of lung cancer by octreotide labeled to Indium-111.

The contribution of radio surgery (RGS) using octreotide labeled with Indium-111 (In111) has been studied for surgical treatment of lung cancer. Thirteen patients were administered 111 Mbq of In111 octreotide intravenously. Scintigraphic images were preoperatively taken at 4, 24, and 48 hours after the tracer injection. Pulmonary resection and intraoperative evaluation by RGS technique were then performed to set the section limits. Histological staining of all the resected specimens and resection margins were assessed and their results were used as a confirmation of the RGS intraoperative findings. RGS is a simple method that can help the surgeon in the intraoperative assessment of bronchial, parenchymal, and parietal resection margins. Further research is needed to verify whether this method also may be useful in the intraoperative definition of the extent of mediastinal lymph node dissection.