Cadmium Associated Preeclampsia: A Systematic Literature Review of Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes.

Preeclampsia (PE), caused by multiple factors, is one of the most serious complications of pregnancy. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal environmental pollutant, reproductive toxicant, and endocrine disruptor, which can increase the risk of PE. Cd toxicity due to occupational, diet, and environmental factors has worsened the risk. Studies showed elevated Cd concentration in maternal blood and placenta of PE women. However, the implicit association between Cd associated PE is still not highlighted. We systematically reviewed Cd-associated PE and its effect on pregnancy and birth outcomes. Based on "Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA)" guidelines, eighty-six studies were identified by PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), and Scopus databases. Publications were included until October 2023 and articles screened based on our inclusion criteria. Our study identified that the exposure of controlled and uncontrolled Cd induces PE, which negatively affects pregnancy and birth outcomes. Given the serious nature of this finding, Cd is a potential adverse agent that impacts pregnancy and future neonatal health. Further comprehensive studies covering the whole trimesters of pregnancy and neonatal developments are warranted. Data on the molecular mechanisms behind Cd-induced PE is also essential for potential preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic targets.

Vulvar malignant melanoma: A case report and review of its management.

Vulvar malignant melanoma (VMM) is uncommon and poses a significant management challenge. Here, we presented a case of VMM managed by surgery, chemoradiation, and planned for targeted therapy. A 70- year-old woman with underlying diabetes mellitus and hypertension presented with a black-colored exophytic growth around her left vulva for two months. Initial biopsy confirmed malignant melanoma with positive staining for S100, HMB 45, and Melan A. An imaging study showed that the disease was localized to the vulva. She underwent bilateral radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinofemoral lymph node dissection followed by radiotherapy. She had a locoregional disease recurrence, which was subsequently managed by palliative perineal radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and planned for immunotherapy. Vulvar malignant melanoma is a rare and aggressive tumor, with a poor overall prognosis, and high recurrence rate. Adjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy may be beneficial for local recurrence and distant metastasis cases. Molecular Analysis has a potential role in targeted therapy to improve the survival and outcome of the patient.

Endometrioma Presented as Acute Abdomen in a Peritoneal Dialysis Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Laparoscopic management in patients on peritoneal dialysis offers good postoperative outcome and early resumption to peritoneal dialysis. This is a report of a 43-year-old woman with end-stage kidney disease on peritoneal dialysis presented with left iliac fossa pain due to a large endometrioma. Emergency diagnostic laparoscopy was performed with careful laparoscopic entry, Tenckhoff catheter care and anti-adhesive application. The patient underwent temporary hemodialysis for two weeks before full resumption to peritoneal dialysis. She was planned for GnRH analogue for three months post-operatively. In conclusion, laparoscopy is a safe and advantageous route of surgery for ovarian endometrioma in patients on peritoneal dialysis. However, mindful surgical strategies are needed to ensure the Tenckhoff catheter's longevity and early resumption to peritoneal dialysis post-operatively.

Adult giant hydronephrosis diagnosed in the second trimester of pregnancy: A case report and literature review.

Adult giant hydronephrosis in a normally sited kidney is unusual during pregnancy. The most frequent cause is congenital obstruction at the ureteropelvic junction. Ultrasound accompanied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are valuable in reaching the diagnosis, especially when clinical assessment of an abdominal mass is inconclusive regarding aetiology. We report a case of giant hydronephrosis in a woman who presented at 23 weeks of gestation with abdominal distension. She was managed conservatively. Unfortunately, the pregnancy was complicated by severe pre-eclampsia at 32 weeks of gestation, necessitating delivery via emergency caesarean section. She had a smooth postpartum recovery, and subsequently standard imaging was performed before nephrectomy. The literature and previously reported cases of giant hydronephrosis in pregnancy are reviewed.